肝门胆管癌的磁共振诊断

评价磁共振成像在肝门胆管癌检查中的用途肝门胆管癌的ＭＲＩ表现与组织病理学的关系。材料与方法搜集２４例经手术和病理证实的肝门胆管癌,分析肿瘤在ＭＲＩ上的表现,包括肿瘤生长类型,自旋回波（ＳＥ）Ｔ１和Ｔ２ＷＩ上的信号特点以及动态增强规律,评价用ＭＲＩ判断肿瘤累及范围的准确性,研究肿瘤的组织病理学特点。     

Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma and clonorchiasis: CT findings

Sixteen patients with peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of the liver were examined with computed tomography (CT). None of the 16 patients presented with jaundice or had documented cirrhosis. On scans obtained both before and after the injection of contrast material, the tumors were depicted as low-attenuation masses in all cases, with wide variations in homogeneity. The tumor margin was irregular in 12 cases, and there was minimal contrast enhancement of the tumor in 14 cases. In 11 (69%) patients, CT demonstrated masses of markedly low attenuation, which corresponded to areas of diffuse microcystic change seen at histologic examination of resected specimens. In ten (63%) patients, the results of stool or intradermal tests for Clonorchis sinensis were positive. In all ten cases of clonorchiasis, mild, diffuse dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts was seen in addition to the low-attenuation masses, but there was no dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tree. In five of the ten patients with clonorchiasis, stippled or aggregated, powderlike areas of high attenuation were seen on precontrast CT scans; at pathologic examination, those areas were found to be mucin. Extrahepatic metastases were demonstrated in ten (63%) patients. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma should be the primary diagnostic consideration when these characteristic CT findings are detected in a noncirrhotic patient.     

胆管癌的CT表现及诊断价值

目的：提高胆管癌ＣＴ诊断的正确率，探讨ＣＴ及超声对胆管癌的诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾经手术病理证实的６４例胆管癌资料，包括ＣＴ６４例、Ｂ超４９例。分析病变的ＣＴ表现，评价ＣＴ和超声对胆管癌的诊断准确率。结果：按胆管癌的发生部位将其分为三类：（１）肝内胆管癌；（２）肝门区胆管癌；（３）胆总管癌。三种类型各有其ＣＴ特征。ＣＴ确诊率为８４％，超声确诊率为８６％，ＣＴ和超声作为互补的检查方法，其确诊率可达９６％。结论：ＣＴ和超声互补，可作为胆管癌尤其是肝门区胆管癌和胆总管癌术前可靠的诊断方法。     

肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法:收集23例经手术、病理证实的肝内外胆管癌,回顾性分析其螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现。结果:肝内胆管癌5例,CT平扫为边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有高密度钙化影,增强扫描随时间延长病灶由边缘向中央逐步强化,最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质,病灶周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。肝门胆管癌6例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄、充盈缺损、轻中度强化的肝门软组织肿块。中下段胆管癌12例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张、病变以上胆总管扩张、病变处胆总管狭窄、中断,梗阻近端胆管壁不均匀增厚、腔内见软组织结节影或周围软组织肿块。结论:肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据CT动态增强表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析CT薄层放大增强表现鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

胆管内生长型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT诊断

目的:探讨胆管内生长型肝内胆管细胞癌(IICC)的CT表现特征。方法:对手术及病理证实的11例IICC的临床及CT资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果:11例ICIG中4例为周围型,5例为肝门型,2例同时侵润肝门及肝内胆管(下称混合型)。肝叶或肝段肝内胆管扩张,伴有或不伴有胆管内乳头状肿块、无定形态结构或只有轻度的扩张胆管密度增高是IICC的CT特点,管内肿块的大小决定了其是否在CT表现出来。结论:IICC的CT表现具有一定的特征性,对提高本病的术前CT诊断的准确性有一定的价值。     

胆管癌螺旋CT强化特征与病理学对照研究

目的　探讨胆管癌的螺旋CT增强扫描表现与病理学的关系 ,以及螺旋CT的诊断价值。资料与方法　 2 8例经手术及病理证实的肝门区胆管癌的螺旋CT平扫及多期增强扫描资料 ,重点观察肿块相对于肝脏的密度变化。结果　肝门区胆管癌CT主要表现为肝门区不规则低或略低密度软组织肿块 ,在动态扫描过程中相对于肝脏密度的变化趋势为高、低、高。 75 % (2 1/ 2 8)的病变于门脉期 (10例 )和延迟期 (11例 )显示最清楚 ,19例有延迟强化 ,延迟强化率为 6 7.9% (19/ 2 8) ;此外螺旋CT还清楚地显示了胆管扩张 ,肝叶萎缩 ,病变周围的异常强化区等间接征象。结论　肝门区胆管癌的CT表现与病理密切相关 ,螺旋CT多期增强扫描是诊断和鉴别诊断肝门区胆管癌的理想检查手段     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma. An evaluation of subtypes with CT and angiography.

Sixty-seven patients had hilar cholangiocarcinomas which were divided into 3 types based on tumor morphology as observed on cholangiography and CT. The pathology, vascularity, and pattern of tumor spread of these types were compared. Most of the infiltrative tumors (n = 44) were scirrhous adenocarcinomas, which on CT showed poor or no contrast enhancement with frequent lymph node metastases and liver atrophy. At angiography, there was vascular encasement in 52%, in rare cases neovascularity, and tumor stain. The exophytic type (n = 19) was divided into 2 subgroups depending on the main location of the tumor. The nodular subtype (n = 16) was mainly inside the liver and somewhat hypervascular similar to peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, often with intrahepatic metastases. The periductal subtype (n = 3) was hypovascular, similar to the infiltrative cholangiocarcinoma, and had a tendency to spread along the portal vein. The intraductal type (n = 4) was observed as a filling defect on cholangiography. CT revealed an intraluminal low density mass. Histologically, they were papillary adenocarcinomas. The radiologic types of hilar cholangiocarcinoma showed different characteristics with regard to pathologic findings, vascularity, and pattern of spread.     

MR imaging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma--comparative study with CT]

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 18 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma were evaluated to compare the effectiveness of Gd-DTPA with that of high dose contrast enhancement computed tomography (HCE-CT) in detecting the primary tumor. The primary tumor was demonstrated as having slightly low intensity compared with liver parenchyma and high intensity compared with the dilated bile duct on T1 weighted images. In contrast, MRI using Gd-DTPA, which was carried out in five cases, revealed intense enhancement of the tumor. As the differentiation between cholangiocarcinoma and dilated bile duct was difficult, it was concluded that the use of Gd-DTPA improves the efficacy of MRI in diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. Gd-DTPA was also effective in differentiating the growth pattern of the tumor: the infiltrating type was demonstrated as thickening of the wall of the bile duct, the polypoid type as a soft tissue mass in the bile duct. Contrast MRI study is effective for the detection of cholangiocarcinoma. It is also expected to be effective in the staging diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma.     

肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT与MRI对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析18例经手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI表现,评价两种检查方法对病灶的显示情况及定位诊断的准确率。结果 CT与MRI对肝门部胆管癌的定位诊断准确率分别为88．89％、100％;18例肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI均表现为肝内胆管不同程度扩张;MBI示肝门部软组织肿块16例,胆管壁浸润2例,门静脉受侵10例,淋巴结肿大8例;而相应的CT显示为11、0、5和6例。结论 CT与MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效方法,MRI在显示肝门部肿块大小、范围,沿胆管壁浸润,门静脉侵犯及淋巴结肿大方面比CT更有价值。     

Role of US in the detection, characterization, and staging of cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare tumor with a broad range of pathologic and clinical manifestations that demonstrates a myriad of imaging findings. Recent experience indicates that a more definitive role is possible for ultrasonography (US) in the evaluation of cholangiocarcinoma. Dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts is the most frequently seen US abnormality in patients with ductal cholangiocarcinoma. Klatskin tumors classically manifest as segmental dilatation and nonunion of the right and left ducts at the porta hepatis. Papillary and nodular ductal cholangiocarcinoma are relatively easy to see at US: Papillary tumors resemble polypoid intraluminal masses, whereas nodular cholangiocarcinoma manifests as a discrete smooth mass with associated mural thickening. Infiltrating ductal cholangiocarcinoma at the porta hepatis is the most common subtype but is the most difficult to appreciate at US. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma may be either nodular or infiltrating at US: The nodular form predominates and appears as a solitary mass with a distinct right lobe predilection, whereas the infiltrative form is rare and manifests as a diffusely abnormal liver echotexture. In capable hands, modern high-resolution US equipment with color Doppler imaging capability is highly sensitive in the detection, characterization, and determination of the potential for resectability of cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, use of US may obviate more invasive procedures in some patients and help identify those patients for whom further investigation would be contributory.     

胆管癌误诊和漏诊的影像学分析

目的：分析胆管癌误诊和漏诊的原因，评价不同检查方法对肝门区胆管癌诊断的价值，提高胆管癌的影像学诊断和鉴别诊断水平。方法：收集31例临床和病理诊断为胆管癌的病例(ERCP检查31例，B超检查31例，25例CT检查，11例行MRCP检查)，回顾性分析不同检查方法的影像学表现。结果：31例中发生在肝门区的胆管癌25例。2例初次ERCP显示胆管内出血，再次行鼻胆管造影后诊断为胆管癌，4例合并有总胆管结石。6例为总胆管中下段癌。初次诊断准确性为90．3％。11例MRCP中9例显示病变，2例显示不满意，7例显示胆管或胆囊结石。25例CT中23例显示肝内胆管扩张，9例显示肝门区肿块，2例见后腹膜转移淋巴结，1例见肝内多发性转移瘤。12例初次诊断正确(48％)。B超检查23例提示肝内胆管扩张，6例提示总胆管结石，18例诊断为胆囊炎、胆囊结石，8例提示胆管占位(25．8％)。结论：良好的直接胆管造影是诊断胆管癌的金标准，MRCP可以在一定程度上准确显示病变的范围，是ERCP的良好补充，很大程度上取代了诊断性ERCP；CT诊断的关键在于显示扩张的胆管和梗阻的定位，肝门区梗阻多为胆管癌所致。多种影像检查方法的结合明显提高了诊断的准确性，对胆管癌治疗方案的选择有重要价值。     

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT与病理对照研究

目的：研究周围型肝内胆管细胞癌CT表现的病理基础。探讨与其它肝内肿瘤的鉴别点。材料和方法：对照分析22例肝内胆管细胞癌(低分化腺癌18例、中分化腺癌2例、乳头状粘液腺癌2例)手术切除标本病理所见与CT(22例)，超声(9例)，血管造影(2例)表现。结果：CT上瘤块呈均匀低密度(90%)——反映肝内胆管细胞癌瘤体很少出现出血，坏死、囊变的均质特征；瘤块边界不清(100%)与肿瘤的浸润性生长方式和缺少纤维包膜有关；增强后仅有轻度强化提示肿瘤的少血管特性；所有病例都无肝硬化的CT表现。结论：周围型肝内胆管细胞癌有着和其他肝肿瘤(特别是肝细胞癌)不同的病理特征，CT检查对此可作出较正确判断。     

Three-dimensional imaging of liver tumors using helical CT during intravenous injection of contrast medium.

PURPOSE: The goal of this work was to determine whether 3D reconstruction of images from CT during intravenous injection of contrast medium, performed in tandem with advanced rendering algorithms, could accurately depict major anatomic structures and hepatic tumors. METHOD: Thirty-one patients (22 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 8 with metastatic lesions, and 1 with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) underwent CT imaging. Twenty-three of the 31 patients underwent needle biopsy or surgery, yielding a histologic diagnosis. The remaining eight patients were diagnosed from imaging findings and laboratory data. We compared the ability of maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume-rendered technique (VRT) images to depict the hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal veins. RESULTS: Both MIP and VRT depicted the course of vessels up to the second or third branches. The techniques did not significantly differ. In this regard, in most cases, visualization of the liver surface and tumor was excellent with VRT images. CONCLUSION: Volume-rendered 3D-CT images during intravenous injection without the MIP technique produced 3D images of high quality with excellent visualization of tumors and their relationships to vital structures.     

胆管癌的MRI诊断(附32例报告)

目的：探讨胆管癌的MR表现及鉴别诊断,方法：收集32例经手术,病理证实的胆管癌,回顾性分析其MR表现,结果：肝内胆管癌2例,MR表现为肝内块状长T1长T2信号,可见中心瘢痕,卫星结节,增强后呈中度环形强化,肝门胆管癌18例,MR表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄,充盈缺损,肝门软组织肿块,中下段胆管癌12例,MR表现为肝内胆管扩张,病变以上胆总管扩张,病变胆总管狭窄,中断及周围软组织肿块,MRCP对扩张的肝内胆管,胆总管及狭窄端胆总管形态显示良好。结论：肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据MR表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析MR及MRCP表现,鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

Hepatic lobar atrophy following obstruction of the ipsilateral portal vein from hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Gross deformity of the liver associated with hilar carcinoma is rare. In 17 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, the relationships between lobar or segmental atrophy, compensatory hypertrophy, and patency of portal vein branches were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) and angiography. All six patients with obstructed or narrowed portal veins (group A) had lobar or segmental atrophy on CT scans and angiograms. Compensatory hypertrophy was observed in the unaffected lobe with a patent portal vein in five. In contrast, neither hepatic atrophy nor hypertrophy was demonstrated in the other 11 patients with patent portal veins. All group A patients had differences in hepatic attenuation on CT scans or dense opacification during the hepatogram phase of angiography. Biliary decompression was optimized when the bile duct selected for percutaneous drainage paralleled a patent portal vein. Knowledge of radiologic findings will assist in determining the primary site along the bile duct from which carcinoma has arisen.     

CT features of intraductal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this report was to describe the CT features of intraductal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Segmental or lobar dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts associated with or without intraductal polypoid mass, amorphous structures, or both with slight hyperattenuation are common CT findings of intraductal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The size of the intraductal mass determines the visibility on CT.     

肝门区胆管细胞癌的多层螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨肝门区胆管细胞癌直接征象的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）表现。方法 应用MSCT对19例无痛性黄疸患者行上腹部常规平扫及静脉注射对比剂后25和60s双期增强扫描，15例应用增强扫描数据行三维图像重组，以3级评分法，判断MSCT对肝门区胆管细胞癌直接征象的显示能力。分析病变胆管的形态学特征、胆管受累范围。19例均经手术病理（15例）或内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP，4例）证实为胆管细胞癌。结果 15例行三维图像重组者有14例显示肿瘤直接征象和肿瘤累及范围，19例行25和60s双期增强扫描者分别有8例和7例显示肿瘤直接征象和肿瘤累及范围，三者问差异具有统计学意义（P值均〈0．05）。注药25s时肿瘤强化最明显，表现为肝总管管壁环行增强、增厚、管腔局部狭窄或完全闭塞，三维图像呈模拟染色体样表现，并可观察到病变远、近端胆管内播散结节。结论 MSCT在注射对比剂后25s扫描，病变增强最明显；三维重组图像可观察胆管的直接征象和受累范围。     

CT of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: late contrast enhancement in six patients

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma usually appears on CT scans as a low-density or isodense mass that abruptly obstructs converging dilated bile ducts. In four of six patients with histopathologically proved hilar cholangiocarcinoma who had late enhanced CT 8-15 min after dynamic CT, the lesion was seen as a high-density mass instead of the low-density lesion seen earlier on unenhanced and dynamic CT scans. The other two patients had ring enhancement with evidence of a thickened wall of the bile duct both on early and late enhanced CT scans. In the first four patients, carcinoma invaded the neighboring hepatic parenchyma and produced a mass, whereas in the last two, carcinoma was localized in the wall of the bile duct. Histopathologically, all lesions consisted of adenocarcinoma associated with a dense fibrotic tissue. As late enhanced CT shows hilar cholangiocarcinoma as a high-density mass, the exact location of the tumor and its relation to neighboring vessels can be determined, especially in relatively small tumors, and differentiation from sclerosing cholangitis is possible.     

胆管细胞型肝癌的CT表现

目的 :探讨胆管细胞型肝癌的CT表现。材料和方法 :回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的 2 6例胆管细胞型肝癌的CT资料。所有患者均做了CT平扫及双期增强扫描 ,其中 8例另做了延迟扫描。结果 :CT主要表现有 :( 1)平扫 :单发性体积较大的肿块 ,边界不清 ,瘤内及瘤周可见扩张的胆管。 ( 2 )动脉期 :早期边缘不规则环状明显增强。 ( 3 )门脉期 :病灶进一步呈网格状增强 ,常略低于正常肝实质增强。 ( 4 )延迟期 :病灶不均匀向心性增强 ,略高于正常肝实质。结论 :胆管细胞型肝癌的CT表现有特征性 ,在与肝内其他常见的占位性病变的鉴别方面有重要价值。     

Computed tomography of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a new sign

Thirty-seven patients with histologic proof of cholangiocarcinoma at the confluence were examined by computed tomography (CT) to determine whether this examination is of value in the assessment of these patients for surgery and whether there are any features specific to this type of tumor. Thirty-two patients showed intrahepatic duct dilatation; six of these showed dilatation of ducts in one lobe only. Eighteen patients had intrahepatic low-attenuation areas, while eight had a mass lesion in the porta hepatis. Two of the lesions in the porta hepatis and four of the low-attenuation lesions enhanced. Atrophy of a lobe was noted in seven patients. This feature is not commonly recognized and is suggestive of cholangiocarcinoma rather than other hepatic tumors. The results of this study show that CT provides useful anatomic information preoperatively but that the appearances are nonspecific. Lobar atrophy is highly suggestive of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, either of long-standing or with unilateral portal venous involvement.