珠海地区哮喘、鼻炎及皮炎儿童变应原检测结果分析及指导

目的了解珠海地区儿童变应原情况,确认变应性疾病的主要诱因,指导临床治疗。方法采用22种标准化变应原,对珠海地区2487例0～18岁患有哮喘、鼻炎或皮炎的儿童进行皮肤点刺实验。结果 2487例儿童患者中,1855例(74.59%)皮肤点刺试验为阳性反应。在阳性反应的患者中,35.10%对粉尘螨过敏,40.85%对户尘螨过敏;而对海鲜类的海虾、海蟹的阳性率分别为35.59%和24.53%;儿童常见的食入性过敏原如花生、牛奶、鸡蛋等的阳性率接近30%,分别是30.00%,29.71%,29.03%。通过分年龄段分析,我们发现在0～3岁儿童中,主要过敏原为食入性过敏原如海鲜、牛奶、花生、鸡蛋等;而在4～7岁儿童中,这几种食入性过敏原阳性率增加的同时,吸入性过敏原如户尘螨和粉尘螨的阳性率大幅升高;而在8～18岁患者中,主要过敏原则为吸入性过敏原。结论食入性过敏原是0～3岁过敏性疾病儿童的主要过敏原,4～7岁儿童中除了食入性过敏原阳性率高外,吸入性过敏原主要是尘螨类开始成为主要过敏原,而在8～18岁患者的主要过敏原为吸入性过敏原。     

1050例过敏原皮肤点刺实验观察与护理

目的明确肇庆地区1050例过敏性鼻炎患者过敏原分布情况。方法对肇庆地区1050例过敏性鼻炎患者进行过敏原皮肤点刺试验。结果 1050例患者皮肤点刺试验阳性率为90.01%(947例)。其中主要致敏原为屋尘螨(907例)、粉尘螨(885例)。结论肇庆地区过敏性鼻炎主要由尘螨引起,这对该地区过敏性鼻炎的防治及有针对性的健康知识宣教有重要的指导意义。     

支气管哮喘儿童青少年过敏原特点分析

目的了解温州市1 025例支气管哮喘(哮喘)儿童青少年过敏原分布特点及影响因素,为儿童青少年哮喘防治提供依据。方法选择2008—2015年在温州医科大学附属育英儿童医院就诊的1 025例2~16岁哮喘患者,对皮肤点刺试验(SPT)结果进行分析,尘螨SPT阳性的影响因素采用Logistic回归分析。结果 1 025例哮喘患者的过敏原总阳性率为91.80%,过敏原前6位是屋尘螨(89.46%)、粉尘螨(88.09%)、热带螨(41.36%)、猫毛(31.02%)、狗毛(26.53%)和蟑螂(22.14%)。尘螨SPT阳性影响因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,5~16岁年龄组哮喘患者的尘螨SPT阳性风险相对高于0岁~组(屋尘螨:OR=2.189,95%CI:1.409~3.398;粉尘螨:OR=2.569,95%CI:1.689~3.907);哮喘合并过敏性鼻炎患者的尘螨SPT阳性风险高于单纯哮喘患者(屋尘螨:OR=4.083,95%CI:2.484~6.710;粉尘螨:OR=4.904,95%CI:2.999~8.022);性别、居住环境与哮喘患者尘螨SPT阳性均未见统计关联(P0.05)。结论屋尘螨、粉尘螨是温州市哮喘儿童青少年最常见的吸入性过敏原,年龄大、哮喘伴过敏性鼻炎患儿的尘螨SPT阳性率更高。     

顺德地区变应性鼻炎患者皮肤点刺结果分析

目的调查顺德地区变应性鼻炎患者主要变应原的分布特点。方法采用标准化变应原对519例变应性鼻炎患者分成青少年组和成年人组进行皮肤点刺试验。青少年组175例,成年人组344例,比较两组变应原阳性率的差异。结果皮肤点刺试验阳性率89.4%,前3位的吸入性变应原分别为粉尘螨(79.0%)、户尘螨(74.1%)、蟑螂(46.8%);多数变应性鼻炎患者对多个变应原皮试反应阳性。青少年组对粉尘螨的敏感程度明显高于成人组(p<0.005)。结论顺德地区尘螨是最重要的变应原,应重视对尘螨的特异性免疫治疗。     

潍坊地区过敏性鼻炎和支气管哮喘患儿过敏原检测结果分析

目的 了解潍坊地区过敏性鼻炎、支气管哮喘患儿的主要过敏原,为过敏性疾病的预防及诊治提供参考。方法 对234例患儿(71例过敏性鼻炎、84例支气管哮喘、46例过敏性鼻炎合并支气管哮喘)进行皮肤点刺试验(SPT),并对试验结果进行统计学分析。结果 234例被检测患儿中阳性201例(85.90%)。最常见的两种过敏原为屋尘螨和粉尘螨,分别占总阳性例数的79.10%、77.11%;其余依次为带鱼(17.91%)、狗上皮(17.41%)、海虾(16.92%)、牛奶(13.43%)、青霉菌(12.44%)等;吸入性过敏原组SPT阳性率显著高于食物类过敏原组(P＜0.001);过敏性鼻炎、支气管哮喘、过敏性鼻炎合并支气管哮喘三组,SPT阳性率分别为88.75%、86.60%、80.70%,且三组间SPT阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 屋尘螨、粉尘螨是潍坊地区最常见的过敏原;随年龄的增长吸入性过敏原皮肤点刺的阳性率有增高趋势,食物类过敏原阳性率随年龄的增长而减少;吸入性过敏原是儿童过敏性鼻炎和支气管哮喘最常见的诱发因素。     

过敏性鼻炎及哮喘患者吸入性过敏原调查

目的 通过对百色市呼吸道变态反应性疾病过敏性鼻炎、哮喘患者进行吸入性过敏原检测及分析,筛查该市常见吸入性过敏原.方法 采用皮肤点刺诊断试剂盒,对210例儿童患者和200例成人患者的吸入性过敏原进行检测分析.结果 儿童患者中过敏原阳性检出209例(占99.52％),以户尘螨、犬毛、蟑螂过敏原的阳性率最高,分别检出146例(占69.52％)、131例(占62.28％)、127例(占60.48％);成人患者中过敏原阳性检出192例(占96.00％),以粉尘螨、户尘螨和芒果花粉过敏原的阳性率最高,分别检出124例(占62.00％)、113例(占56.50％)、89例(占44.50％).结论 户尘螨、犬毛、蟑螂及粉尘螨、户尘螨、芒果花粉分别与该市儿童及成人患者呼吸道变态反应性疾病有关.     

儿童过敏性鼻炎变应原检测分析

目的了解儿童过敏性鼻炎变应原分布情况,为预防和治疗儿童过敏性鼻炎提供依据。方法采用体外特异性过敏原检测试剂盒(IVT)对过敏性鼻炎患儿同时进行吸入性过敏原(IVT713)和食物性过敏原(IVT706)检测。利用回顾性方法分析256例过敏性鼻炎患儿变应原的分布情况及与患者年龄、伴随过敏性疾病、家族过敏史的关系。结果256例过敏性鼻炎患儿变应原检测总阳性率为83%。其中IVT713阳性率为71%,其中尘螨类最高51%,其次是花粉类19%。IVT706总阳性率为20%,其中以鱼类为最高。吸入性过敏原的阳性率与年龄、家族过敏史、病程及伴随过敏性疾病呈正相关。结论尘螨为儿童过敏性鼻炎主要过敏原,明确过敏原对过敏性鼻炎的预防、诊断及采取特异性免疫治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

武汉地区儿童变应性鼻炎变应原分布特征

目的:探讨武汉市城区儿童变应性鼻炎变应原的分布情况。方法:对2～13岁641例临床诊断为变应性鼻炎的患儿,应用该地区常见的标准化变应原试剂行皮肤点刺试验,对变应原的分布按学龄前及学龄期进行分析。结果:在该地区AR的患儿中,粉尘螨和屋尘螨依然是主要的变应原,其次为艾蒿和霉菌、豚草。变应原总体阳性率排序为粉尘螨(67.13%)、屋尘螨(65.42%)、艾蒿(27.17%)、霉菌Ⅰ(24.96%)、豚草(18.43%)。学龄期儿童较学龄前期儿童变应原的阳性率有增高趋势,以屋尘螨、粉尘螨、豚草阳性率增高显著。结论:尘螨是该地区儿童的最重要的变应原,学龄期儿童较学龄前期儿童的各种变应原的阳性率有增高趋势。     

1000例临床诊断变应性鼻炎儿童皮肤点刺试验结果分析

目的研究长沙地区变应性鼻炎儿童的变应原分布及其随年龄增长的变化情况,为预防主要的变应原提供理论依据。方法以2013年7月至2015年2月就诊于我科门诊临床诊断为变应性鼻炎的患儿为调查对象,所有患儿均采用变应原皮肤点刺试验(SPT)检测过敏原,计算各变应原的阳性率,并分析其与年龄变化的关系。结果 1在1 000例诊断为变应性鼻炎的患儿中,皮肤点刺试验阳性者687例,阳性率为68.70%。其中包括吸入性变应原阳性患儿534例,阳性率为53.40%(534/1 000),单纯尘螨过敏占212例,阳性率21.20%(212/1 000),占吸入性变应原的39.70%(212/534),粉尘螨和户尘螨是最主要的两种吸入性过敏原;其次,蟑螂、霉菌、猫毛的阳性率分别为20.40%(204/1 000)、13.60%(136/1 000)及12.20%(122/1 000)。食入性过敏患儿178例,阳性率17.80%(178/1 000),单一食物过敏44例,阳性率4.40%(44/1 000),占食入性的24.72%(44/178),海虾(6.60%)、牛奶(6.60%)和鸡蛋(6.40%)是主要的食入性过敏原。2粉尘螨、户尘螨、猫毛及禾草的阳性率随年龄的增长显著升高,差异有统计学意义。3变应原检测阳性率与性别之间无显著统计学差异。结论 1尘螨是长沙地区主要的过敏原,7~13岁是变应性鼻炎高发年龄段。2SPT是变应性疾病常用的检测手段,但受其他因素的干扰,存在假阴性及假阳性,应谨慎判断。     

阿罗格点刺试验在变应性鼻炎病原诊断中的应用

目的了解变应性鼻炎患者的常见变应原,为临床诊断预防和治疗提供依据。方法应用阿罗格点刺液对门诊变应性鼻炎患者380例行皮肤点刺试验以测定变应原。结果380例患者阳性结果检出率85.5%,吸入组屋尘螨、粉尘螨的阳性检出率最高,分别为77.8%,74.2%;豚草、艾蒿、霉菌、多价兽毛、春季花粉Ⅰ、春季花粉Ⅱ的阳性检出率分别为17.8%,17.1%,13.4%,9.4%,8.6%,7.8%;全部阴性55例,占14.4%,皮肤划痕强阳性1例。结论屋尘螨、粉尘螨、豚草、艾蒿、霉菌是本地区变应性鼻炎最常见的过敏原;点刺试验在变应原检测中准确、安全、痛苦小、易操作,尤其适于小儿,可为变应性鼻炎的特异性诊断和免疫治疗提供依据。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.