结核菌Mtb8.4基因疫苗对结核杆菌感染小鼠的免疫保护效果研究

为研究Mtb8.4基因疫苗的免疫原性及对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果,将雌性C57BL/6N小鼠32只,随机分为4组,即Mtb8.4基因疫苗组、BCG组、pcDNA3.1(+)组和PBS组。小鼠脾细胞培养上清检测细胞因子水平;并按效靶比例分别为100∶1、50∶1、10∶1进行CTL杀伤活性检测。用结核杆菌H37Rv强毒株静脉攻击小鼠,计数肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数,对小鼠部分肺和脾组织作病理切片,HE染色观察组织病变程度,Z-N染色查抗酸杆菌,观察该疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果。结果表明,Mtb8.4基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染有一定的免疫保护效果,能够诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2分泌增加,IL-4分泌减少,特异性CTL活性增加;使小鼠肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数较空载体组显著减少,组织病变明显减轻。     

人IL-12表达质粒联合含信号肽Mtb8.4基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果

目的研究结核分枝杆菌含信号肽Mtb8.4(MS)基因疫苗与人白细胞介素12(hIL-12)联合免疫小鼠后,诱导的细胞免疫应答及对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果。方法将40只C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为联合免疫组(MS基因疫苗 hIL-12组)、MS基因疫苗组、卡介苗(BCG)组、空载体组和PBS组。将基因疫苗、空载体和PBS,经肌内注射免疫各组小鼠,每隔3周免疫1次,共免疫3次;BCG组经尾部皮下注射1×106CFU BCG免疫1次。采用ELISA法检测小鼠脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子的水平;用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测免疫小鼠细胞毒性T细胞的杀伤活性。用结核杆菌强毒株H37Rv静脉攻击小鼠后,计数肺和脾组织中结核杆菌的菌落数。对小鼠的部分肺和脾组织作病理切片,经HE染色观察组织病变的程度,经ZN染色检查抗酸杆菌,观察该疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果。结果联合免疫组能诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,免疫小鼠脾细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ和IL-2的水平,与BCG组相当,显著高于MS基因疫苗组,IL-4分泌减少,特异性CTL的杀伤活性增强,对小鼠结核杆菌感染有较好的免疫保护效果。表现为小鼠肺和脾组织中结核杆菌的菌落数显著减少,组织病变明显减轻,其效果与卡介苗(BCG)组相当,但优于MS基因疫苗组。结论以hIL-12表达质粒与MS基因疫苗联合免疫后,能显著增强MS基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护效果。     

含信号肽Mtb8.4基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用

目的研究含信号肽MTB8.4基因疫苗的免疫原性及对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用。方法雌性C57BL/6N小鼠32只,随机分为4组,即含信号肽的MTB8.4(MS)基因疫苗组、BCG组、pcDNA3.1 组和PBS组。ELISA检测小鼠脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子水平;并按效、靶比例分别为100∶1、50∶1、10∶1进行CTL杀伤检测。用结核杆菌H37Rv强毒株静脉攻击小鼠,计数肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数,观察小鼠部分肺和脾组织的病变程度;Z-N染色查结核杆菌,观察该疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染的免疫保护作用。结果MS基因疫苗能够诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2分泌增加,IL-4分泌减少,特异性CTL活性增加;免疫组小鼠肺和脾组织中的结核杆菌菌落数较空载体组显著减少,组织病变明显减轻。结论结核病MS基因疫苗能诱导较强的Th1型细胞免疫应答,对小鼠结核杆菌感染有一定的免疫保护作用,但尚需进一步提高。     

Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因疫苗免疫原性

目的:构建克隆结核分枝杆菌Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因疫苗,并在COS7细胞中表达,研究该疫苗的免疫原性。方法:克隆Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因,并导入真核表达载体pCIneo中,构建pCIneoMtb8.4/hIL12重组真核质粒。用限制性内切酶消化、PCR及DNA序列测定等鉴定后,转染COS7细胞,用RTPCR和Westernblot鉴定Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因在转录水平的表达。用Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因疫苗免疫C57BL/6N小鼠,收集脾细胞培养上清检测细胞因子的水平,并用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法测定细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)的杀伤作用。结果:pCIneoMtb8.4/hIL12重组质粒构建成功。以其转染COS7细胞后,Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因在转录水平获得表达。Mtb8.4/hIL12嵌合基因疫苗能诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,IFNγ和IL2的分泌增加,IL4的分泌减少,特异性CTL的杀伤活性增强。结论:成功地构建pCIneoMtb8.4/hIL12重组质粒,并在COS7细胞中表达。构建的Mtb8.4/hIL12基因疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,可明显诱导CTL的杀伤活性。     

pIHsp65GM的构建及其对结核杆菌感染小鼠的保护

目的构建pIHsp65GM双顺反子真核表达质粒,并在真核细胞中表达,研究该基因疫苗的免疫原性及其对小鼠感染结核杆菌后的免疫保护效果。方法制备基因疫苗,将C57BL/6小鼠于胫前肌注射质粒DNA免疫,末次免疫后用h37rv强毒株经尾静脉攻击小鼠,计数肺和脾组织中结核杆菌的菌落数,对小鼠的部分肺和脾组织作病理切片,经HE染色观察组织病变的程度,测血清特异性IgG,MTT测定脾淋巴细胞特异性增殖指数,测小鼠脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ的水平,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法测定免疫小鼠特异性细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)活性。结果 pIHsp65GM基因疫苗构建成功并且诱导小鼠特异性IgG的产生、脾淋巴细胞增殖以及IFN-γ的分泌(平均含量显著高于2个阴性对照组(P<0.001))。pIHsp65GM免疫组小鼠的脾和肺的平均结核菌载量分别低于两个阴性对照组的相应器官的结核菌载量(P<0.001),同时也显著高于BCG免疫对照组。结论成功构建和表达pIHsp65GM质粒,该基因疫苗对小鼠结核杆菌感染有一定的免疫保护效果,能够诱导较强的抗原特异性Th1型细胞     

结核分枝杆菌含信号肽的Mtb8.4/hIL-12嵌合基因疫苗免疫保护效果研究

目前人类预防结核病的惟一疫苗——卡介苗（BCG）存在着不足，研制新型、有效、安全的预防结核病的疫苗成为国内外学者共同关注的一个重要课题。目前由于大多数结核病DNA疫苗的免疫保护效果尚不如BCG，因此，提高DNA疫苗免疫效力是目前结核病核酸疫苗研究的热点。本研究选择新近从结核杆菌培养滤液（CF）中纯化分离出的一种低分子量蛋白抗原——含信号肽的Mtb8．4（Ms）作为目的抗原，与人白细胞介素12（hIL-12）构建成结核病嵌合基因疫苗，旨在提高MS的免疫效力。     

结核分枝杆菌Ag85A基因DNA疫苗的构建及其联合人IL-12表达质粒诱导的小鼠细胞免疫应答观察

目的:构建编码结核分枝杆菌Ag85A分泌蛋白重组真核表达质粒,研究其与hIL-12联合免疫小鼠后的细胞免疫应答。方法:(1)构建质粒:采用PCR法从H37Rv菌株中扩增Ag85A编码基因,用限制性内切酶消化后,插入克隆载体PMD20-T中,经酶切鉴定与序列测定证实后,以亚克隆法构建于真核表达载体PCDNA3.1的相应酶切位点。(2)动物实验:50只C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为:①Ag85A基因疫苗+hIL-12质粒组(联合免疫组);②重组Ag85A基因疫苗组;③卡介苗BCG组(阳性对照);④空载体组(阴性对照);⑤PBS组(空白对照)。基因疫苗、空载体和PBS经肌内注射法免疫各组小鼠,每隔3周免疫1次,共免疫3次,BCG组经尾部皮下注射1×106CFU BCG免疫1次,约0.3 ml/只。第三次免疫小鼠后28天,处死各组小鼠,分离脾细胞,ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清液中IFNγ-、IL-2、IL-4水平;乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测脾细胞杀伤活性;分离的脾细胞经TB-PPD刺激后,XTT比色法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖活性。结果:(1)成功构建结核分枝杆菌Ag85A基因DNA疫苗。(2)联合免疫组能诱导较强烈的抗原特异性Th1型细胞免疫应答,免疫小鼠脾细胞培养上清液IFN-r和IL-2水平显著高于Ag85A基因疫苗组,与BCG组相当,IL-4分泌减少;特异性CTL杀伤活性明显增强;淋巴细胞增殖活性也明显高于其他组别。结论:hlL-12表达质粒能够增强结核分枝杆菌Ag85A基因DNA疫苗所诱导的小鼠免疫应答。     

探讨BCG初次免疫结核杆菌DNA疫苗加强免疫方案的效应

目的:探讨BCG初次免疫(BCG-prime),结核杆菌共表达DNA疫苗加强免疫(DNA疫苗-boost)的策略对小鼠的免疫效果。方法:将BCG及结核杆菌重组DNA疫苗依次免疫小鼠,通过检测CTL和NK细胞的杀伤活性和特异性淋巴细胞增殖,以及小鼠血清抗体及细胞因子的水平,观测BCG-prime、共表达结核杆菌Ag85A/GM-CSFDNA疫苗boost策略对小鼠的免疫效果。结果:采用prime-boost免疫策略组的小鼠CTL的杀伤活性明显增强、特异性淋巴细胞明显增殖、IFN-γ的水平明显增高,NK细胞杀伤活性与对照组相比也有一定提高,但未超过BCG单独免疫效果。免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体的滴度超过单独DNA疫苗免疫组。结论:在采用BCG-prime-结核杆菌DNA疫苗boost免疫策略后,能增强对小鼠的免疫效应,尤其是Th1型细胞免疫反应增强明显,为进一步在动物体内进行保护性效应试验的研究提供了实验依据。     

IL-18和HIV-1 gag-gp120嵌合基因DNA疫苗联合免疫小鼠的免疫应答

目的 :探讨IL 18和HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗联合免疫小鼠的免疫应答。方法 :构建含IL 18的真核表达质粒pVAXIL18,将他与表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXGE共同肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体滴度。结果 :联合免疫组小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体水平均显著高于单独免疫组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,空白质粒对照组 (P <0 .0 1)和PBS对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :IL 18和HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗联合免疫可诱导小鼠产生特异性细胞和体液免疫 ,且IL 18发挥了免疫佐剂的作用。     

表达结核分枝杆菌融合蛋白的DNA疫苗构建及免疫保护

目的评价构建的结核DNA疫苗pVS3in1免疫的小鼠体外产生细胞因子能力和抵抗结核分枝杆菌H37Rv攻击的效果。方法将结核菌mtb8.4、Mr38 000和ag85b插入pVAX1载体,构建表达结核菌Mtb8.4-Mr38 000 CTL表位-Ag85B融合蛋白的DNA疫苗pVS3in1。将雌性C57BL/6小鼠分成5组,每组20只,分别用pVS3in1、pVAX1、pIL2S和PBS免疫3次,每隔2周。另一组用BCG(105CFU)皮内免疫1次。每组10只鼠在最后1次免疫后,培养脾细胞,检测上清液细胞因子。另10只用结核菌H37Rv经静脉攻击,2周后取脾、肝和肺培养结核菌并计数。结果pVS3in1组鼠脾细胞培养上清液mIL-2和mIFN-γ含量分别为(379.6±58.2)pg/mL和(529.7±63.7)pg/mL,显著高于3个阴性对照组(P<0.001),与BCG组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。5组的mIL-6和mIL-10无显著性差异。pVS3in1组的脾、肝和肺结核菌载量分别为(17 443.6±3 202.5),(19 047.2±3 395.5)和(14 822.2±2 882.2)CFU/g,低于pVAX1、pIL2S和PBS等3组相应器官的载量(P<0.001),仅脾菌落数显著高于BCG组。结论pVS3in1能够刺激机体产生抗结核菌所需的Th1型免疫应答,诱导小鼠抵抗H37Rv攻击的能力与BCG相当。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.