氯化钆抑制枯否细胞对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨抑制枯否细胞对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法制作部分肝脏缺血再灌注大鼠模型80只,实验组注射氯化钆,对照组注射生理盐水,检测两组大鼠缺血前、再灌注后5min、1和6h血压、心率的变化,血清转氨酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和白细胞介素1(IL1)的水平及肝组织超微结构的改变。结果实验组再灌注6h血清TNFα和IL1为(0.475±0.069)μg/L和(0.221±0.056)μg/L,显著低于对照组的(0.831±0.167)μg/L和(0.335±0.127)μg/L(P<0.05),两组血压、心率和AST变化的差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组大鼠肝脏超微结构的损伤程度轻于对照组。结论抑制枯否细胞活化可减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,枯否细胞在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用很重要。     

Glycine attenuates endotoxin-induced liver injury by downregulating TLR4 signaling in Kupffer cells

BACKGROUND: Several experimental studies have observed better outcomes after glycine treatment in patients with endotoxin-induced liver injuries, but its molecular mechanism is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that glycine attenuates endotoxin-induced liver injury by affecting endotoxin signal transduction in liver macrophages. METHODS: An animal model of endotoxin-induced liver injury was established by intraperitoneally injecting mice with 10 mg/kg body weight endotoxin fed a pretreatment diet with or without 5% (w/w) glycine. Blood and liver samples were obtained for analysis of liver morphology and to determine concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, endotoxin receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin (IL)-10 at various time points after injection. To investigate the effect of glycine on liver macrophages, Kupffer cells (KCs) were isolated and challenged by LPS (100 ng/mL), with or without glycine (4 mmol/l) pretreatment, and the expressions of TLR4, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were assayed at mRNA and protein levels. DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was also analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Dietary glycine significantly improved the survival rate of endotoxemic mice (P < .05), whereas serum alanine aminotransferase and TNF-alpha levels were significantly decreased at different time points (P < .05); IL-10 levels were increased (P < .05). Concurrently, LPS-induced hepatic tissue injury was attenuated as indicated by morphologic analysis; secretion of IL-10 in liver tissue (P < .05) was enhanced; and expression of TLR4 and TNF-alpha in liver tissue was downregulated (P < .05). Consistent with these in vivo experiments, enhanced secretion of IL-10 and inhibited expression of TLR4 and TNF-alpha caused by glycine pretreatment were also observed in LPS-stimulated KCs. NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was also significantly inhibited by glycine (P < .05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary glycine improved survival rates and liver function in endotoxemic mice by regulating the production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines in liver. It attenuated liver injury by deactivating KCs through inhibiting TNF-alpha secretion and increasing IL-10 production. The downregulative effect of glycine on the endotoxin signaling pathway and TLR4/NF-kappaB/TNF-alpha may be a novel potential mechanism by which glycine inhibits KC activity.     

大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14基因及蛋白的表达

目的研究大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14基因及蛋白的表达,探讨其在再灌注损伤中的作用.方法分离培养大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后0（对照组）、2、6、12 h（IR组）的Kupffer细胞,用逆转录聚合酶联反应（RT-PCR）检测Kupffer细胞CD14 mRNA的表达,用免疫印迹检测CD14蛋白合成,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法测定培养上清TNF-α的分泌量.然后在上述时间点的细胞培养液中加入抗CD14抗体（anti-CD14组）,观察CD14抗体对TNF-α分泌的影响.结果再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14 mRNA、蛋白以及TNF-α随观察时间点呈逐步上升趋势（与对照组相比,P＜0.01）.应用抗CD14抗体后,TNF-α表达较IR组明显降低（P＜0.01）.结论再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14基因及蛋白的表达明显升高,TNF-α的合成和分泌也明显增强;抗CD14单抗能明显抑制TNF-α的产生;CD14在介导Kupffer细胞激活和肝移植缺血再灌注损伤中可能起重要作用.     

Kupffer细胞在肝移植缺血再灌注损伤中的双重作用

Kupffer细胞足定居于肝内的巨细胞,在月十移植缺血再灌注损伤中发挥着重要的作用,门静脉恢复血流后刺激Kupffer细胞激活,释放活性氧族、多种炎性介质和细胞因子,对肝脏造成损伤.另一方面又可上调HO-1的表达,保护肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,因此,Kupffer细胞在肝移植缺血再灌注损伤中发挥着双重效应.     

黄腐酸钠对肝硬化大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　观察黄腐酸钠对肝硬化大鼠肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　用四氯化碳橄榄油制作肝硬化大鼠模型后 ,术前 3d灌胃 2 %黄腐酸钠 10 0mg/ (kg·d) ,每天两次。两次肝门阻断后于下腔静脉取血 ,检测血清ET 1、TNF α、IL 6值 ,同时取肝左叶肝脏组织病理检查。结果　术后黄腐酸钠组血清ET 1、TNF α、IL 6值均较对照组降低。与对照组比较均有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。光学显微镜检查 ,黄腐酸钠组的肝细胞病理损伤程度比对照组轻。结论　术前用黄腐酸钠对肝硬化大鼠的肝缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用。     

肝脏Toll样受体4的激活与小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤的关系

目的探讨TOLL样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)的激活与肝缺血再灌注损伤的关系.方法以BALB/c小鼠复制肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型,采用免疫组织化学法观察TLR4在肝脏的分布和表达量,同时监测血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)及门静脉血清内毒素(endotoxin,EN)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)的变化;再以TLR4先天性缺损小鼠C3H/Hej和野生型鼠C3H/Heouj为模型,观察ALT和门静脉血清TNF-α的变化.结果 1. BALB/c小鼠肝脏左中叶缺血1 h后,再灌注1、3 h,缺血肝叶内TLR4表达增加,且再灌注1 h最强,阳性细胞主要是枯否细胞及血管内中性粒细胞;2.门静脉血清EN在各时间点与假手术组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);3.再灌注3 h,TNF-α较假手术组升高[Hej(152±43)pg/ml vs. (18±10)pg/ml,n=6,t=5.26,P<0.01;Heouj(249±52)pg/ml vs. (25±13)pg/ml,n=6,t=7.24,P<0.01];4. Hej组小鼠肝功能损伤轻于Heouj组小鼠[再灌注1 h(662±106)pg/ml vs. (1 216±174)pg/ml,n=6,t=4.21,P<0.01;再灌注3 h(1 145±132)pg/ml vs. (2 958±187)pg/ml,n=6,t=13.72, P<0.01],且再灌注3 h其血清TNF-α水平明显低于Heouj组小鼠[(152±43)pg/ml vs. (249±52)pg/ml,n=6,t=3.94,P<0.01].结论 TLR4受体在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤过程中被激活,通过TNF-α等细胞因子介导参与了肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的过程.     

常温肝缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法：采用大鼠部分肝缺血再灌注模型，将健康雄性SD大鼠24只随机分为三组：A组（手术对照），B组（肝缺血90min），C组（肝缺血90min再灌注120min）。观察每一动物肝组织病理切片；分别检测血浆谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF－α）、白介素1β（IL-1β）浓度；测定肝组织中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）含量。结果：肝缺血再灌注后，光镜下大鼠肝组织有明显的肝血窦和中央静脉瘀血，内皮细胞及肝细胞普遍水肿变性；C组肝细胞坏死较B组明显；血浆中肝功能酶学指标显著升高，（B、C组与A组比及C组比B组P均＜0．01）；肝组织中MPO活性升高，以再灌注120min组为著（C组比A组P＜0．01）；与血浆中TNF－α、IL-1β的变化趋势相同（TNF－α：C组比A组P＜0．05，IL－1β：B、C组比A组P均＜0．01）。结论：肝脏微循环障碍是肝缺血再灌注损伤的病理基础；TNF－α、IL-1β介导中性粒细胞参与的肝缺血再灌注损伤过程。     

Kupffer细胞CD14及Toll样受体4介导大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤的机制

目的研究大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14和Toll样受体4(TLR4)的表达及其参与缺血再灌注损伤的机制。方法建立肝移植缺血再灌注模型,并分为正常对照组、缺血再灌注组、抗CD14抗体组,每组均为10只大鼠。分离培养大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后的Kupffer细胞。检测Kupffer细胞CD14及TLR4的mRNA、蛋白表达、核转录因子κB(NFκB)活性以及培养上清TNFα的分泌量。结果再灌注后Kupffer细胞CD14及TLR4的mRNA和蛋白表达明显高于正常对照组(P<001),再灌注后核转录因子κB活性、培养上清TNFα表达量明显高于对照组(P<001)。用抗CD14抗体后NFκB活性,TNFα表达量明显下降(与再灌注组相比,P<005),但仍然高于对照组(P<001)。结论缺血再灌注后肠道内毒素(脂多糖)能够上调Kupffer细胞CD14及TLR4的表达,激活NFκB,启动细胞因子的转录和分泌,但除CD14和TLR4以外的其他信号途径参与了缺血再灌注损伤。     

小鼠肝内源性损伤下TLRs在Kupffer细胞和肝窦内皮细胞中的表达

目的　观察在小鼠内源性损伤模型下肝脏Kupffer细胞 (Kupffercell,KC)和肝窦内皮细胞 (sinusoidalendothelialcells,SEC)表面Toll样受体 2 (TLR2 )蛋白及mRNA表达。方法　在肝部分缺血 再灌注损伤模型下 ,采用原位灌注消化法分离并纯化KC和SEC ,用大鼠抗小鼠TLR2 IgG和异硫氰酸荧光素 (FITC)的二抗进行染色 ,流式细胞仪 (FCM)测定阳性细胞数 ,并用实时定量PCR(Real TimeRT PCR)检测两种细胞中TLR2 mRNA含量。结果　损伤组KCTLR2 的表达明显高于假手术组 ,蛋白质表达为 ( 9.19± 1.0 7) %vs ( 1.5 2± 0 .2 1) % ,P<0 .0 1;mRNA表达为 0 .5 4± 0 .77vs 2 .6 2± 2 .19,P<0 .0 5。SEC差异并无显著性意义。结论　在肝缺血 再灌注损伤中 ,小鼠肝KCTLR2 在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达明显增高     

TLR2/4蛋白在小鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤肝脏的表达及意义

目的观察Toll样受体2／4蛋白在小鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤中肝脏的表达，并分析其与肝功能损伤的关系。方法通过夹闭BALB／c小鼠肝门，复制小鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型。采用Western blot方法定量检测缺血肝叶中TLR2／4蛋白的表达变化，并检测门静脉血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶（pALT）、肿瘤坏死因-α（TNF-α）及门静脉血清内毒素（endotoxin，EN）水平。结果与假手术组（sham-operated group，SH组）相比：（1）全肝缺血20min并行再灌注后，缺血再灌注组（ischemic／reperfusion group，I／R组）血清ALT在再灌注1h即明显升高，且在再灌注3h时较1h时明显升高；（2）I／R组缺血肝脏TLR2／4蛋白的表达（OD值）明显升高，TLR2蛋白的表达在再灌注3h较1h明显高；而TLR4蛋白的表达以再灌注1h时水平最高。（3）I／R组中门静脉血清TNF-α在再灌注1h即开始高，在再灌注3h达高峰。（4）门静脉血清内毒素水平明显升高（与SH相比，P〈0．01），但I／R组在不同灌注时间点之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论TLR2／4蛋白表达的上调参与了小鼠全肝脏缺血再灌注中肝脏的损伤。     

肝硬变大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤

为比较硬化肝与正常肝在缺血再灌注损伤时的差异和意义。作者采用四氯化碳复制大鼠肝硬变模型,通过大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,检查不同时限大鼠门静脉血内毒素、肝静脉血一氧化氮。结果显示：肝硬变大鼠再灌注时门静脉内毒素水平更高;肝脏ＮＯ合成释放显著增加。作者认为肝硬变时对缺血再灌注损伤反应与正常大鼠不同,可能是肝硬变时对缺血再灌注损伤更敏感,更易发生肝功能衰竭的重要原因。     

青藤碱对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后树突状细胞功能的影响

目的 观察青藤碱对大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后肝脏树突状细胞功能的影响.方法 应用"二袖套法"建立大鼠肝移植模型,48只BN大鼠分为对照组、低剂量(40 μg/g)和高剂量青藤碱组(80 μg/g),每组16只,术后第3天切取肝脏,分离、纯化肝脏树突状细胞.流式细胞仪对树突状细胞OX62、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ,MHC-Ⅱ)和CD86等分子表型进行分析.RT-PCR测定细胞因子IL-12、IL-1、TNF-a mRNA表达水平,Western blot检测树突状细胞表达的Toll样受体4(Toll-likereceptor4,TLR4).结果 青藤碱处理组树突状细胞呈现不成熟的表型,树突状细胞表面MHC-Ⅱ和CD86表达显著下降.树突状细胞表达IL-12、IL-1、TNF-a mRNA和TLR4蛋白水平明显降低.结论 青藤碱能明显抑制大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注后肝脏树突状细胞成熟和免疫功能.     

人枯否细胞在同种肝移植免疫中作用机制初步探讨

目的 探讨肝脏枯否细胞(KC)在肝移植后早期免疫反应中的可能作用.方法 将KC和(或)异体PBMC共培养,收集细胞上清液,培养结束时分别收获培养的KC和PBMC.检测HLA-G在细胞表面的表达;测定上清液中NO、IFN-γ、IL-10和TGF-β1的浓度;MTT试验观察KC对淋巴细胞增殖的影响.结果 实验组及对照组中KC和PBMC表面均未检测到HLA-G的表达.与不含KC实验组相比,含KC实验组中,NO、IL-10和TGF-β1的产量显著升高,而IFN-γ呈相对偏低趋势;对照组中未能检测到IL-10和IFN-γ的分泌,仅含KC的对照组中含少量NO及TGF-β1,且显著低于实验组.MTT实验发现,不含KC实验组OD值显著高于含KC实验组及对照组.结论 体外KC接触异体PBMC后早期,各细胞膜表面均无HLA-G表达,但参与了NO及Th2/Th3样细胞因子的分泌调节,并能抑制淋巴细胞增殖反应,可能促进肝脏移植早期免疫耐受的形成.     

Hsp27在脂多糖预处理减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨热休克蛋白27(Hsp27)在脂多糖(LPS)减轻小鼠肝脏缺血再灌注(IR)损伤中的作用及其机制。方法实验动物为雄性C57BL/6小鼠,将小鼠分为4组:对照假手术组,IR组,LPS预处理组和Hsp27干扰后LPS预处理组。小鼠肝脏IR损伤通过血清ALT和AST水平,肝脏组织病理情况和凋亡相关蛋白Bax的表达评价。小鼠肝脏内Hsp27的干扰通过门静脉内注射包装有干扰Hsp27表达的短发夹RNA的重组腺病毒100μl来靶向抑制Hsp27的表达。结果 1、与IR组相比,LPS预处理组小鼠ALT和AST水平明显下降(P0.05),肝组织损伤明显减轻。2、与IR组相比,LPS预处理组小鼠Hsp27蛋白显著增加,凋亡相关蛋白bax显著降低。3、LPS预处理肝脏IR后,肝脏Hsp27干扰小鼠ALT和AST水平较Hsp27未干扰组显著升高(P0.05),肝组织损伤明显加重,同时凋亡相关蛋白bax显著增加。结论 Hsp27在LPS预处理可减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中具有重要作用,可能与Hsp27减少细胞Bax凋亡蛋白表达相关。     

去除门静脉淤血减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨去除门静脉淤血对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响及机制.方法 检测家兔肝脏原位冷灌注20、30、40 min后淤血的门静脉中内毒素含量变化,观察门静脉淤血去除对恢复灌流后4 h血清内毒素、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、透明质酸(HA)、肝组织匀浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及肝组织核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性的影响.结果 门静脉淤血中内毒素含量随阻断时间延长明显升高(P＜0.01),同一阻断时间每去除2.5 ml淤血血清内毒素含量显著下降(P＜0.01).在阻断30 min和40 min组,去除门静脉淤血能降低血清ALT、HA、及肝组织匀浆MDA的含量和肝组织NF-κB活性,增加肝组织匀浆SOD活性,与不去除相比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在阻断20 min组去除门静脉淤血与不去除相比较,各检测指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 门静脉淤血中内毒素含量随阻断时间延长明显升高,可能是引起肝脏损伤的主要原因;去除门静脉淤血可以减轻肝脏的再灌注损伤,其机制可能与门静脉淤血去除减少内毒素吸收,进而降低肝组织NF-κB活化有关.     

Pancreatic elastase induces liver injury by activating cytokine production within Kupffer cells via nuclear factor-kappa B

Liver injury is a manifestation of the systemic inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis. We have demonstrated that elastase induces macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in distant organs, thus mimicking pancreatitis-associated organ injury. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which elastase induces hepatic cytokine production. Rat livers (n = 40) were perfused with elastase ± gadolinium (Gd) to inhibit Kupffer cells. Liver parenchymal enzymes and TNF were measured in the effluent. In vitro, rat hepatocytes or Kupffer cells were treated with elastase (1 U/ml) ± Gd (0.5 mg/ml) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 0.5 mg/ml). TNF protein, TNF messenger RNA, and NF_-kB activation were determined. In vivo, Gd blunted the elastase-induced TNF production and decreased AST, ALT, LDH, and nonviable cells (propidium iodide) (P ≤ 0.03 vs. elastase). In vitro, elastase induced TNF production from Kupffer cells (P < 0.001 vs. control) but not from hepatocytes. Gd or PDTC significantly attenuated the elastase-induced TNF production (P < 0.001). Elastase-induced overexpression of TNF messengerRNA and activation of NF_-kB was attenuated by Gd. Pancreatic elastase induces a pattern of liver injury similar to that seen during acute pancreatitis by activating cytokine production and gene expression within Kupffer cells via NF_-kB. Gd exhibits a protective effect against elastase-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of NF_-kB. Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Association of VA Surgeons, Atlanta, Georgia, May 5–7, 2001; the Annual Meeting of the Japan Surgical Society, Sendai, Japan, April 7–14, 2001; and the Forty-Second Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Atlanta, Georgia, May 20–23, 2001 (poster presentation); and published as abstracts in Gastroenterology 120:A174 and A348, 2001. Recipient of the 2001 SSAT Career Development Reward at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting of The Society for the Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Atlanta, Georgia, May 20–23, 2001. Supported by a Veterans Administration Merit Award (J.N.) and a University of South Florida-Surgery Seed Grant (M.M.).     

小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立

目的 建立小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型并分析损伤评估指标的变化趋势.方法 采用96只7～8周龄的纯系C57BL/6雄性小鼠作为研究对象,建立70％肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型.按照缺血时间将小鼠分为假手术组和缺血30、60、90 min组,每组24只.各组小鼠分别于再灌注后6、12、24和48 h处死.通过检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)水平以及病理组织学评分、细胞凋亡指数等方法评估各组小鼠肝组织的损伤情况.两独立样本比较采用t检验.结果 术后88只小鼠存活,8只死亡,造模成功率为91.7％ (88/96).假手术组、缺血30、60、90 min组ALT水平分别为(35±24) U/L、(1703±442) U/L、(5133±681) U/L和(8233±808) U/L,缺血30、60、90 min组ALT水平显著高于假手术组(t=6.54,12.97,17.56,P＜0.05);AST水平分别为(87±28) U/L、(2667 ±451) U/L、(6333±778)U/L和(9967±1168) U/L,缺血30、60、90 min组AST水平显著高于假手术组(t=9.89,13.89,14.65,P＜0.05);TNF-α水平分别为(14 ±5) μg/L、(83±14) μg/L、(133±17) μg/L和(202±21) μg/L,缺血30、60、90 min组TNF-α水平显著高于假手术组(t=7.78,11.82,15.34,P＜0.05);IL-6水平分别为(32 ±9) μg/L、(493±168) μg/L、(844±166) μg/L和(1345±198) μg/L,缺血30、60、90min组IL-6水平显著高于假手术组(=4.74,8.46,11.48,P＜0.05);MIP-2水平分别为(37±11) μg/L、(102±35) μg/L、(177±32)μg/L和(279±50) μg/L,缺血30、60、90 min组MIP-2水平显著高于假手术组(t=3.05,7.28,8.19,P＜0.05);细胞凋亡指数分别为1.7％±2.1％、22.7％±8.6％、54.3％±11.2％和76.3％±14.8％,缺血30、60、90 min组细胞凋亡指数显著高于假手术组(t=4.10,8.04,8.63,P＜0.05).在缺血时间相同的情况下,随着再灌注时间的延长,各监测指标呈“抛物线”样变化趋势.结论 小鼠肝脏部分缺血再灌注损伤模型能较好地反映小鼠肝组织的损伤情况.随着缺血时间的延长,小鼠肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤程度逐渐加重;随着再灌注时间的延长,ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6、MIP-2以及病理组织学评分和细胞凋亡指数均呈现“抛物线”样变化趋势.     

Mechanisms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and protective effects of nitric oxide

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) is a patho-physiological event post liver surgery or transplantation and significantly influences the prognosis of liver func-tion. The mechanisms of IRI remain unclear, and effec-tive methods are lacking for the prevention and therapy of IRI. Several factors/pathways have been implicated in the hepatic IRI process, including anaerobic metabo-lism, mitochondria, oxidative stress, intracellular cal-cium overload, liver Kupffer cells and neutrophils, and cytokines and chemokines. The role of nitric oxide(NO)in protecting against liver IRI has recently been report-ed. NO has been found to attenuate liver IRI through various mechanisms including reducing hepatocellular apoptosis, decreasing oxidative stress and leukocyte adhesion, increasing microcirculatory flow, and enhanc-ing mitochondrial function. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the mechanisms of liver IRI, indicating the potential protective factors/pathways that may help to improve therapeutic regimens for control-ling hepatic IRI during liver surgery, and the potential therapeutic role of NO in liver IRI.