肝肾同期联合移植术围手术期护理

目的:探讨肝肾同期联合移植术围手术期护理方法。方法:术前充分准备,改善患者一般状况,术后密切监测生命体征,加强基础护理和引流管的护理,控制感染,预防排斥反应发生,做好健康教育指导。结果:本例患者术后肝肾功能恢复良好,除胸腔积液外,未发生其他并发症。结论:加强围术期护理,可有效提高手术成功率,防止移植术后感染及各种并发症的发生。     

肝肾同期联合移植术围手术期护理

目的探讨肝肾同期联合移植术围手术期护理方法.方法术前充分准备,改善患者一般状况,术后密切监测生命体征,加强基础护理和引流管的护理,控制感染,预防排斥反应发生,做好健康教育指导.结果本例患者术后肝肾功能恢复良好,除胸腔积液外,未发生其他并发症.结论加强国术期护理,可有效提高手术成功率,防止移植术后感染及各种并发症的发生.     

胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病82例围术期护理

目的：探讨胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期的护理方法。方法：对82例胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者采用手术治疗，通过精心围术期护理，积极控制血糖水平，防止发生糖尿病酮症酸中毒等严重并发症，做好切口及引流管的护理，术后合理饮食，预防感染。结果：82例患者术后均无严重并发症发生，无手术死亡。结论：加强胃肠道肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期的护理，能使患者顺利度过围术期，减少术后并发症的发生，提高手术治疗效果。     

结直肠癌围手术期的护理体会

目的：提高结直肠癌患者围手术期的护理水平。方法：回顾性总结118例实施根治性手术治疗的结直肠癌患者的资料。包括加强术前心理指导，积极做好肠道准备；术后保持各种引流管通畅，鼓励早期下床活动，积极治疗伴发疾病，注意心肺功能的监测。结果：无围手术期死亡，术后发生吻合口漏2例，切口感染及裂开8例，肺部感染2例，泌尿系感染1例。结论：加强结直肠癌围手术期护理，能使患者顺利渡过围手术期，降低术后并发症的发生。     

肝肾联合移植患者的观察与护理

目的总结肝肾联合移植患者术后并发症的观察及护理。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年12月实施的24例肝。肾联合移植患者的临床资料。结果24例受体手术均获得成功。24例中,13例（54．2％）出现术后并发症,其中7例患者出现胸腔积液,2例发生术后腹腔出血,2例出现术后胆道并发症,1例术后出现反复多次上消化道出血,1例术后发生经肝穿刺活检证实的移植肝急性排斥反应,而无移植肾急性排斥;所有并发症均经相应非手术治疗后治愈。本组患者随访期间死亡5例,其中围手术期死亡占3例,均为病情较重的肝肾联合移植受者。结论肝肾联合移植手术过程复杂,对患者的循环功能和体液平衡干扰较大,术后并发症较多。术后细心护理,加强围手术期的液体管理,合理的免疫抑制方案和防治移植术后的感染,加强并发症的观察对提高患者的长期存活率至关重要。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术170例围手术期的护理

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）患者围手术期的护理经验，防止术后并发症的发生。方法：对我院2005—10／2007—03间的170例LC患者围手术期的护理经验和做法，进行回顾性的分析。结果：本组仅有4例患者术后发生并发症，占总数的百分比为2．35％，包括肺部感染1例，胆漏3例，经过精心的护理，患者均顺利治愈出院。结论：加强腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者围手术期的护理，可减少术后并发症的发生，对促进患者术后早日康复有重要的意义。     

重症心脏手术108例的呼吸道护理

目的：探讨重症心脏病心内直视手术围术期呼吸道规范化管理程序。方法：在体外循环心内直视手术常规护理的基础上，加强术前后有效的呼吸道管理。结果：108例重症心脏手术患者，无1例发生严重肺部感染。结论：加强围术期规范化呼吸道管理，可以有效的预防围术期呼吸系统并发症的发生。     

腹部手术患者合并糖尿病42例的护理

目的：探讨腹部手术患者合并糖尿病的围手术期护理。方法：对本院42例患者围手术期做好心理护理和糖尿病教育。注意病情变化和监测血糖，加强基础护理。结果：42例患者术后切口感染3例，低血糖1例，平均住院14d。结论：充分、细致的围手术期护理能有效地降低术后并发症的发生，对患者恢复有重要作用。     

呼吸道管理在老年肺癌患者围手术期的护理探讨

目的：探讨低肺功能老年肺癌患者围手术期呼吸道管理的方法。方法：在肺癌患者围手术期护理的基础上，对低肺功能老年肺癌患者，加强术前、术后有效的呼吸道管理。结果：40例70岁以上低肺功能老年肺癌患者中，1例因术前伴有重度通气功能障碍，术后发生呼吸衰竭合并肺部感染死亡。结论：加强围手术期呼吸道管理，可有效的预防和减少术后并发症的发生，提高低肺功能老年肺癌患者术后的生活质量。     

108例大肠癌患者围手术期的护理

目的：探讨大肠癌患者围手术期的护理特点。方法：108例采用手术治疗的大肠癌患者加强围手术期的护理，做好患者手术前的心理护理，积极治疗伴发的糖尿病、高血压、冠心病及营养不良等慢性疾病，有效的肠道准备；术后密切观察病情变化，注意心肺功能及血糖的监测，保持各种引流管通畅，鼓励早期下床活动。结果：术后发生吻合口漏1例，切口感染4例，肺部感染2例，肠粘连4例，无手术死亡。结论：加强大肠癌围手术期的护理，能使患者平稳渡过围手术期，降低术后并发症的发生，提高手术治疗效果，改善患者生活质量，缩短住院时间，降低病人的医疗费用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.