静脉输注氨甲环酸对初次单侧全膝关节置换术后隐性出血的影响

目的探讨静脉输注氨甲环酸对初次单侧全膝置换术后隐性出血的影响。方法选取全膝关节置换治疗的患者240例,分为A组(静脉滴注)70例,B组(局部应用)92例,C组(空白对照)78例。A组术前10 min予氨甲环酸10 mg/kg静脉滴注,缝合伤口前再次给予10 mg/kg静脉滴注;B组于松止血带之前经引流管关节腔灌注(氨甲环酸2 g溶于50 ml 0.9%氯化钠注射液);C组在手术开始时予250 m10.9%氯化钠注射液静脉滴注。比较3组术前凝血功能、输血比例、术后引流量、深静脉血栓和肺栓塞发生率,计算隐性失血量。结果 3组病例术中失血量、术后引流量的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。术后隐性失血量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A、B两组隐性失血量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与C组相比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。A、B两组术后输血率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与C组相比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。3组血栓形成率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论氨甲环酸静脉滴注与局部应用均可有效地减少全膝置换术后隐性失血量,减少术后输血,同时不增加下肢静脉血栓形成风险。     

氨甲环酸静脉联合关节腔内注射后引流管夹闭时间对Superpath人工全髋关节置换术失血量的影响

目的探讨在Superpath人工全髋关节置换术中应用氨甲环酸静脉联合关节腔内注射后引流管夹闭时间对术后失血量的影响。方法筛选出75例符合诊断及排除标准的患者随机分为A、B、C、D、E五组,每组15例。五组患者均于切皮前10 min静脉滴注氨甲环酸氯化钠100 mL。缝合关闭切口后,A组通过引流管向关节腔内注射生理盐水50 mL,B、C、D、E组向关节腔内注射氨甲环酸氯化钠溶液50 mL,然后各组均夹闭引流管;A、B两组于夹闭引流管30 min后打开。C、D、E三组患者分别于夹闭引流管60 min、90 min、120 min后打开,记录各组术后48 h引流量、总失血量和隐性失血量及术后第1、3、5天及1个月血红蛋白和红细胞比容、术后输血次数及输血量以及下肢深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞发生情况。结果 A组患者术后48 h引流量、总失血量和隐性失血量均高于其他四组,A组各项结果与C、D、E三组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但A、B两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。引流管内注入氨甲环酸的各组中,随着术后引流管夹闭时间的增加,术后48 h引流量逐渐减少,C、D、E三组术后48 h引流量明显少于B组,C、D、E三组与B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);从术后夹管60 min开始,随着夹管时间的增加,术后48 h引流量D组和E组较C组减少不明显,C、D、E三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B、C、D、E四组间总失血量和隐性失血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。从A组到E组,术后5组的血红蛋白减少量和红细胞比容减少量呈现下降的趋势,但5组之间比较结果显示各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后患者未发现下肢深静脉血栓的形成及肺栓塞的发生,术后无患者进行输血。结论静脉滴注联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸可减少Superpath人工全髋关节置换术围手术期失血量;氨甲环酸注射入关节腔后夹闭引流管的时间对术后止血效果有影响,夹管60 min再开放引流止血效果最佳。     

全髋关节置换围手术期联用氨甲环酸止血的安全性及有效性

目的 探讨静脉联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸对全髋关节置换围手术期出血及深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 选择行单侧全髋关节置换的102例患者进行研究.采用随机数字表法将其分为4组:A组26例,静脉联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸;B组26例,静脉注射氨甲环酸;C组25例,关节腔内注射氨甲环酸;D组25例,未使用氨甲环酸.比较4组术中失血量、术后引流量、术后总失血量、血红蛋白含量、输血量及深静脉血栓发生率.结果 术后引流量、术后总失血量、血红蛋白含量、输血量,A组优于B、C组,B组优于C、D组,C组优于D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).4组患者术中失血量及深静脉血栓发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 静脉联合关节腔内注射氨甲环酸能明显降低全髋关节置换围手术期失血量,并且不增加深静脉血栓形成发生的风险,较单独使用氨甲环酸效果更好.     

静脉应用氨甲环酸对单侧全膝关节置换术后失血量的影响观察

目的 探讨术前静脉应用氨甲环酸在减少单侧膝关节置换术围术期失血量的作用.方法 选取2014年5月-2015年8月我院收治的68例首次行单侧全膝关节置换术患者,随机分为观察组34例和对照组34例.观察组在置换开始前将氨甲环酸15 mg/kg稀释于100 mL生理盐水中静滴,术后夹闭引流管3h后开放;对照组用100 mL生理盐水静滴,余步骤同观察组.记录2组术后显性失血量、隐性失血量、输血比率及输血量,同时观察下肢是否有深静脉血栓的症状.结果 观察组显性失血量和隐性失血量较对照组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组患者术后14d均未发现有下肢深静脉血栓形成.结论 单侧全膝关节置换术静脉应用氨甲环酸能明显减少术后的显性、隐性失血量、输血量,降低了输血比率,且没有增加心脑血管意外、下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险.     

术中应用氨甲环酸对减少全膝关节置换出血量的临床研究

目的：探讨氨甲环酸在全膝关节置换术中的止血作用。方法选择80例行单侧全膝关节置换术患者,平均分为A、B2组（n=40）,A组应用氨甲环酸,B组应用同量生理盐水,观察2组患者失血量、输血情况以及凝血指标变化情况。结果 A组总失血量、显性及隐性失血量均显著低于B组（P＜0.05);输血量和输血例数A组均显著低于B组（P＜0.05);2组患者在松止血带时和术后3 h凝血功能没有明显改变。结论应用氨甲环酸能显著减少全膝关节置换术的出血量,缩短康复周期,且安全性较高。     

全膝关节置换中静脉和局部应用氨甲环酸的止血效果对比

目的：寻找一种更适合全膝关节置换术（TKA）的氨甲环酸（TXA）应用途径。方法选取2014年1月至2015年8月石河子大学第一附属医院符合纳入标准的60例患者,根据不同的给药方法将其分为A、B两组,A组（n＝30）静脉滴入100 mL TXA ,B组（n＝30）局部注入100 mL TXA ,两组术后均夹闭引流管3 h。记录术中、术后显性失血量与隐性失血量相关指标、总失血量,定期监测两组患者的凝血指标及D‐二聚体水平,观察血栓发生率与术后不良事件。结果 B组患者总失血量[（895．41±239．02）m L ]低于A组[（1020．89±210．83）m L ],差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;且术后总引流量B组[（294．33±54．25）m L ]亦低于A组[（373．33±48．02）m L ],差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;术后的凝血指标、D‐二聚体和隐性失血量两组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。两组均未出现输血、症状性深静脉血栓、致死性肺栓塞。结论初次行TKA的患者局部应用TXA其初期止血效果优于静脉滴注。     

氨甲环酸序贯利伐沙班在全髋关节置换术中的效果评价

目的 探索氨甲环酸(TXA)序贯利伐沙班在全髋关节置换术(THA)围术期减少出血及预防血栓的疗效.方法 筛选从2012-2015年在广西壮族自治区人民医院拟行初次一侧THA的患者,共150例,用随机对照的实验方法将患者分为5组,分别命名为A、B、C、D、E组,每组患者各30例.A组患者作为空白组,不应用药物干预;B组在手术前应用10 mg/kg TXA溶于100mL生理盐水静脉滴注;C组在手术前应用15 mg/kg TXA溶于100mL生理盐水静脉滴注;D组在手术前及3h后分别应用15 mg/kgTXA溶于100mL生理盐水静脉滴注;E组在手术前应用15 mg/kg TXA静脉滴注,关闭切口时再局部应用1 gTXA.术后6～12 h视引流量予以抗凝,一般在引流量小于30 mL/h口服利伐沙班10 mg,按常规剂量抗凝至术后35 d.统计5组患者术中失血量、术后引流量、隐性失血量、输血人数和输血率、术后开始抗凝及拔除引流管时间、术后第1天凝血酶原和部分活化凝血活酶时间、血红蛋白下降值及深静脉血栓(DVT)和肺栓塞(PE)的发生率.结果 术中失血量、术后引流量、隐性失血量、输血人数和输血率、术后第1天血红蛋白下降值在5组患者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而D组患者术中出血量、术后引流量、隐性失血量、输血率、术后第1天Hb下降值、术后开始抗凝时间、术后拔除引流管时间与A组各项指标比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).所有患者在围术期及术后3个月内随访均未发生症状性DVT及PE.结论 THA应用TXA序贯利伐沙班是安全、有效的,且术前及3h后各应用15 mg/kgTXA对减少THA失血量的效果最显著.     

抗凝治疗对全膝关节表面置换术后疗效的影响

目的通过比较利伐沙班、依若肝素和非抗凝治疗对全膝关节表面置换术后的疗效,分析全膝关节置换术后抗凝治疗的必要性、有效性及安全性。方法选取2010年1月—2013年8月我科收治的全膝关节表面置换术的患者154例,按治疗方式分成利伐沙班组(A组)、依若肝素钠组(B组)及非抗凝组(C组)。观察各组术后静脉血栓栓塞发生率;术前及用药后凝血功能指标的变化;术后总失血量、显性失血量、隐性失血量;伤口情况;膝关节功能HSS评分。结果 A组与B组术后无静脉栓塞症发生,C组出现静脉栓塞症3例;A、B、C三组术前与术后凝血功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组术后显性失血量高于A组(P<0.05);三组患者术前及术后各回访时间点膝关节功能HSS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论抗凝药物预防全膝关节置换术后静脉血栓栓塞症的效果确切,利伐沙班与依若肝素疗效相当;抗凝治疗不会增加术后失血量及伤口并发症的发生率,且对术后膝关节中期功能恢复无影响。全膝关节表面置换术后使用抗凝治疗效果良好,安全性可。     

关节腔注射氨甲环酸对全膝关节置换术后的影响

目的：探讨关节腔注射氨甲环酸（ TXA）对全膝关节置换术（ TKA）术后出血量、术后功能恢复及术后并发症的影响。方法因骨性关节炎（ OA）行全膝关节置换术的患者46例,随机分为氨甲环酸组（ A组,23例）,对照组（ B组,23例）,A组于手术缝皮结束后关节腔注射氨甲环酸（2．0 g氨甲环酸溶入20 mL生理盐水）,B组注射20 mL生理盐水,均夹闭引流管2 h。比较两组术后可见失血量、输血例数、输血量、术后血红蛋白（Hb）及红细胞比容（HCT）,术后6周随访膝关节HSS评分及下肢深静脉血栓（ DVT）或肺栓塞发生情况。结果两组患者术后可见失血量、输血例数、输血量、术后Hb及HCT比较差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。比较两组术中、术后3小时纤维蛋白原（Fg）、凝血酶原时间（PT）和活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。两组患者膝关节HSS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。46例患者术后2周行下肢血管多普勒超声检查未发现DVT形成,术后6周随访未发现下肢DVT或肺栓塞发生。结论关节腔注射氨甲环酸在全膝关节置换术后能明显降低患者术后失血量及输血率,并且没有增加下肢DVT形成的风险。     

氨甲环酸局部注射对初次单侧全膝关节置换术后失血量的影响

目的  探讨氨甲环酸局部注射对初次单侧全膝关节置换术后失血量的影响。方法  采用随机对照研究2013年12月-2016年08月在湖南省人民医院关节外科因骨关节炎行单侧初次关节置换术的60例患者，根据在关节腔关闭之前，关节囊局部是否注射氨甲环酸进行随机分组，分为实验组和对照组，各30例。实验组：在关节腔关闭之前，关节囊局部注射10 ml（1.0 g）氨甲环酸并放置高负压引流瓶；对照组：在关节腔关闭之前，关节囊囊壁周围局部注射10 ml生理盐水，同样放置高负压引流瓶。记录两组患者的术前血红蛋白、术后引流量及术后第1、4及7天血红蛋白和总失血量，并比较其术后输血率、输血量及发生深静脉血栓的概率。结果  实验组术后24 h引流量、隐性失血量及总失血量均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；两组患者术前血红蛋白、红细胞比容（HCT）比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05），术后第1、4及7天血红蛋白、HCT比较，实验组均高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；实验组输血率和接受输血量均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；两组患者术后深静脉血栓发生率分别为16.7%及10%，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论  高负压引流基础上联合氨甲环酸局部注射可以降低单侧初次全膝关节置换术后出血及输血需求，并不增加深静脉血栓的发生率。

     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.