某包装物厂职业病危害控制效果评价

目的探讨某厂塑料编织袋和塑料包装容器生产装置的职业病危害因素控制效果,确保作业人员的生产安全和身体健康。方法通过职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平和定量分级结果,对试运行期间的作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。结果本项目存在的职业病危害因素中化学物质有丁醇、二甲苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、一氧化碳、甲醛;粉尘有聚乙烯粉尘、聚丙烯粉尘;物理因素为噪声,共计12种。检测结果表明,部分工种甲苯、聚乙烯粉尘超过国家卫生标准。对其防护设施进行改造后,各工种接触甲苯、聚乙烯粉尘的浓度均符合标准要求。结论本项目职业病防护设施改造前职业病危害严重,对职业病防护设施进行改造后,作业场所作业人员接触职业病危害因素的浓（强）度均符合国家卫生标准。     

某浮式生产储油和卸油装置职业病危害控制效果

目的通过了解浮式生产储油和卸油装置（以下简称FPSO）项目存在的职业病危害因素及其控制效果,提出职业病危害的关键控制点和防护的进一步改进措施。方法对项目进行职业卫生调查,对作业场所进行职业病危害因素检测分析。结果该项目正常生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素主要有甲烷、非甲烷总烃、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、硫化氢、异丙醇、乙酸、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、噪声、高温、微波辐射、工频电场等。生产过程中各现场操作岗位均可接触到上述有害因素。检测正戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、异丙醇、乙酸、一氧化碳、氮氧化物的浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准;检测的15个工种中仅有5个工种的个体噪声水平符合国家标准,微波辐射和工频电场的测量结果均符合国家标准。结论该项目针对其产生职业病危害因素所采取的防护措施,制定的规章、制度有效可行,其职业病防护设施满足职业卫生验收要求。     

某公司涂料生产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别和分析某涂料生产项目产生的职业病危害因素的种类和程度,分析和评价其职业病危害防护措施及效果。方法通过职业卫生现场调查、职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查、检查表分析法等方法对该项目进行评价。结果该企业在生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素有化学毒物〔苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、环己酮、二异氰酸甲苯酯（TDI）〕,粉尘（滑石粉尘、二氧化钛粉尘、其他粉尘）,噪声。检测结果表明：化学毒物中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸丁酯、环己酮、TDI的短时间接触浓度（STEL）和时间加权浓度（TWA）的检测结果均符合国家卫生标准要求。仅有化学毒物乙酸乙酯STEL的检测结果超出国家卫生标准要求,检测结果为12.18~340.69mg/m3,在10个检测点中有1个检测点超标。粉尘浓度和噪声强度均符合国家卫生标准限值。结论在确保各类防护设施有效运行、保证生产设备的正常运转的情况下,该项目在职业病危害控制方面是可行的。     

某石化企业重整装置改造项目职业病危害预评价

目的对某石化企业重整装置改造项目职业病危害进行识别、分析和评价,提出有效的职业病危害防护对策,为安监部门审批建设项目提供科学依据。方法依据相关的法律、规范和标准,采用类比分析法和检查表法,对其拟采取的职业病危害防护设施等进行分析与评价。结果该项目的主要职业病危害因素为硫化氢、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、氯化氢、液化石油气、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、催化剂粉尘和噪声等,除噪声类比检测存在超标点外,其余各项职业病危害因素均符合国家职业卫生标准的有关要求。结论拟建项目属于职业病危害严重的建设项目,但只要认真落实报告提出的防护措施,该项目从职业卫生角度分析是可行的。     

甘肃省某石油管道涂层公司职业病危害因素调查

目的了解甘肃省某石油管道涂层公司职业病危害因素在各作业点的分布及工人接触水平,提出预防措施、个人防护措施和管理措施。方法 2017年12月,采用职业危害现场调查、系统工程分析、现场检测和实验室分析等方法对甘肃省某石油管道涂层公司进行综合分析与评价。结果公司存在的主要职业病危害因素为氧化铝粉尘、环己酮、丙烯酸、一氧化碳、甲烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和噪声。化学有害物质全部符合国家职业卫生标准限值。粉尘超标岗位1个。噪声8 h等效声级超标率58.3%。结论氧化铝粉尘和噪声是喷砂除锈和喷涂岗位的主要职业病危害因素,应采取通风和隔离等职业病防护设施,加强设备、防护设施的日常管理和维护、个体防护、职业健康监护和监督管理工作,预防职业病发生。     

某油页岩综合利用项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某油页岩综合利用项目职业病危害控制效果,找出关键控制点,探讨防护对策和措施,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供技术依据。方法采用职业卫生现场调查,结合职业病危害因素检测检验进行评价。结果该项目主要职业病危害因素有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、焦炉逸散物、硫化氢、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、噪声等。检测结果粉尘中游离二氧化硅的含量为12.7%～18.3%,粉尘浓度检测10个岗位,岗位超标率为50.0%,噪声强度检测12个岗位,岗位超标率为33.3%。高温检测5个岗位,岗位超标率为25.0%。其他职业病危害因素符合职业接触限值要求。结论该项目职业病危害因素较复杂,其中主要危害因素为粉尘、焦炉逸散物和噪声,应从职业病危害发生的关键控制部位加强防治。综合评价表明,该工程生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害因素是可以预防和控制的。     

某重工集团传动机械有限公司建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价分析

目的 对某重工集团传动机械有限公司存在的职业病危害因素及采取的防护措施进行识别、评价和分析,旨在有效控制重工传动机械企业的职业病危害,保护劳动者健康. 方法 采用现场职业卫生学调查、职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查法、定量分级法、经验法、检查表分析法相结合的方法进行评价. 结果 该项目存在粉尘、锰及其化合物、氮氧化物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、紫外辐射、高温、噪声等职业病危害因素,粉尘最大的CTWA为15.12 mg/m3、一氧化碳、二氧化碳最大的CTwA分别为133.9、10 254.1 mg/m3,噪声强度最高102.2dB（A）,该建设项目工作场所中其他岗位工人接触的职业病危害因素浓度（强度）均符合国家职业卫生标准. 结论 该项目属于较重职业病危害的项目,在按提出的建议完成整改后,在确保职业病危害防护设施正常运行、个人防护措施和职业卫生管理制度落实到位的情况下,职业病危害控制效果基本合格.     

某煤焦油加工项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某煤焦油加工项目职业病危害控制效果,提出合理可行的防护对策。方法采用职业卫生现场调查和工程分析,识别生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素及部位,并采用职业卫生检测检验法对职业病危害因素的浓度(或强度)进行测定和分析,评价其职业性危害程度及防护设施效果。结果该项目主要职业病危害因素为:硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、联苯、甲酚、萘和噪声,经检测各化学物质的浓度和噪声强度均符合工作场所有害因素职业接触限值。硫化氢最高浓度为1.12 mg/m3,萘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯的CSTEL最大值分别为2.84、8.03、1.20、3.30 mg/m3,CTWA最大值分别为1.59、0.83、0.60、1.65 mg/m3。结论该项目采取的职业病危害防护措施和管理措施是可行的。     

某阀门企业技术改造项目职业病危害因素调查与评价

目的 通过对某阀门企业技术改造项目职业病危害因素调查,了解项目产生的职业病危害因素及对劳动者健康的影响,检测其浓度强度,评价职业卫生危害防护设施的防护效果.方法 采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测和分析相结合的综合评价方法 .结果 该项目生产工艺过程中存在的职业病危害因素主要为粉尘:电焊烟尘、砂轮磨尘;有毒物质:苯、甲苯、二甲苯、二氧化锰、臭氧、氮氧化物、铜尘、铜烟;物理因素:噪声、局部振动、高温、紫外辐射.除普通车床、卧式车床处噪声8 h等效连续A声级超过卫生接触限值外,其余均未超过国家标准.结论 该项目职业病危害防护设施运行状况良好,可起到相应的防护作用,能将工作场所粉尘、毒物的浓度控制在国家卫生标准要求范围内.     

某炭素企业职业病危害及关键控制点分析

通过对某炭素企业进行现场职业卫生学调查、职业病危害因素检测结果分析,确定该炭素企业存在的职业病危害因素主要有粉尘、化学毒物(一氧化氮、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、3,4-苯并[a]芘、煤焦油沥青挥发物)、物理因素(噪声、高温)等,其中噪声超标率54%、高温超标率56%,其余职业病危害因素均符合国家规定的职业接触限值。职业健康检查结果提示,职工的健康损害与接触的职业病危害因素相关,应对职业病危害的关键控制点进行针对性防护。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.