Predictors of extubation failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Few studies have focused on extubation outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). We conducted a study using prospectively collected data in a cohort of patients with COPD requiring invasive MV to identify variables associated with extubation failure. Use of noninvasive or invasive MV within 48 hours after extubation was defined as extubation failure. A total of 148 patients with COPD were studied. Extubation failure occurred in 35% of studied patients. Using multiple regression analysis, independent predictors of extubation failure were physiologic abnormalities measured by Simplified Acute Physiology Score II above 35 on intensive care unit (ICU) admission (odds ratio [OR], 3.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-9.12), home noninvasive MV (OR, 12.99; 95% CI, 2.86-58.89), and sterile endotracheal aspirations on the day of extubation were predictors of success (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.52). Despite high rate of extubation failure, survival to ICU discharge was 91% of the studied population. Extubation failure in patients with COPD remains high despite a successful spontaneous breathing on T piece. Simplified Acute Physiology Score II at ICU admission, home noninvasive MV, and isolated pathogens on quantitative cultures of tracheobronchial secretions within 72 hours preceding extubation were predictors of extubation failure in the study population.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的肺保护性通气研究

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者进行小潮气量机械通气的肺保护效果。方法 35例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为小潮气量组(17例)和常规潮气量通气组(18例)，观察两组患者机械通气后支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF—α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的变化，机械通气期间发生呼吸机相关性肺损伤的情况，机械通气时间、平均住院时间及最终预后情况。结果 两组患者在存活率方面差异无显著性意义；小潮气量组机械通气后BALF中TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8的水平明显低于常规通气组；小潮气量组气压伤发生率、机械通气时间、住院时间也明显少于常规通气组。结论 对于COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者，选用小潮气量进行机械通气，可以减轻机械牵拉诱发的细胞因子释放，减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤，缩短机械通气时间和住院时间。     

氦-氧混合气体治疗重症慢性阻塞性肺病

目的：探讨吸入氦－氧混合气对重症慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）机械通气患者的治疗作用以及对机械通气患者脱机的作用。方法：选择12例重症COPD机械通气患者随机分为氦－氧混合气组（70％氦；30％氧）和对照组（FiO2:30%),观察治疗前、治疗后30、90min、6h的呼吸力学指标（气道峰压、平台压、吸气阻力、呼气阻力）以及内源性呼气末正压的变化；选择准备脱机的机械通气患者6例，按自身对照方式脱机后随机先后吸入氦－氧混合气，（70％氦－30％氧）和低浓度氧（FiO2:30%)观察治疗前、治疗后30、90min、6h和停止治疗后30min(重新上机进行压力支持通气）的动脉血气指标。结果：机械通气患者应用氦氧混合气治疗后气道压力、气道阻力和内源性呼气末正压均有明显下降，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义；脱机患者吸入氦－氧混合气后与对照组比较pH、PaO2、PaCO2差异均具有显著性意义。结论：吸入氦－氧混合气在治疗重症COPD机械通气患者方面能够明显降低气道压力和气道阻力，避免气压伤的发生；应用氦氧混合气可以有效避免脱机患者血气指标的恶化，可以有助于患者的顺利脱机。     

呼吸训练对COPD患者脱机后肺功能及抑郁情绪的影响

目的：观察呼吸训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者脱机后肺功能及抑郁情绪的影响。方法：将60例采用机械通气治疗的COPD患者脱机后随机分为训练组（30例）及对照组（30例）。对照组患者仅给予常规治疗，训练组患者在此治疗基础上加用呼吸训练，治疗时间持续9．12个月。2组患者均于脱机后l周内及治疗9～12个月期间对其进行肺功能和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评定。结果：训练组患者经9～12个月治疗后，与治疗前及对照组治疗后相应数据比较，其肺功能各项指标均改善显著（P〈0．05），SDS评分亦显著低于训练前及对照组治疗后相应数据（P〈0．05）。结论：对于脱机后的COPD患者应尽早给予呼吸功能训练，可显著改善患者的肺功能及抑郁情绪，值得临床进一步推广、应用。     

Hemodynamic and gas exchange responses to inhalation of nitric oxide in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome and in hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective: Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) can improve oxygenation and decrease mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is not known whether inhaled NO exerts a similar effect in hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: General intensive care unit in Sabadell, Spain. Patients: Nine mechanically ventilated COPD patients (mean age 72±2 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.91±0.11 l) and nine ARDS patients (mean age 57±6 years; mean lung injury score 2.8±0.1) Measurements and results: We measured hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters before NO inhalation (basal 1), during inhalation of 10 ppm NO (NO-10), and 20 min after NO was discontinued (in basal 2) in the ARDS group. In the COPD group, these parameters were measured before NO inhalation (basal 1), during different doses of inhaled NO (10, 20, and 30 ppm), and 20 min after NO was discontinued (basal 2). A positive response to NO was defined as a 20% increment in basal arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂). MPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreased significantly, while other hemodynamic parameters remained unchanged after NO-10 in both groups. Basal oxygenation was higher in the COPD group (PaO₂/FIO₂ (fractional inspired oxygen) 190±18 mmHg) than in the ARDS group (PaO₂/FIO₂ 98±12 mmHg), (p<0.01). After NO-10, PaO₂/FIO₂ increased (to 141±17 mmHg, p<0.01) and Qva/Qt decreased (39±3 to 34±3%, p<0.01) in the ARDS group. There were no changes in PaO₂/FIO₂ and Qva/Qt when the NO concentration was increased to 30 ppm in the COPD group. In both groups, a correlation was found between basal MPAP and basal PVR, and between the NO-induced decrease in MPAP and in PVR. The NO-induced increase in PaO₂/FIO₂ was not correlated with basal PaO₂/FIO₂. In the ARDS group, six of the nine patients (66%) responded to NO and in the COPD group, two of nine (22%) (p=0.05). Conclusions: NO inhalation had similar effects on hemodynamics but not on gas exchange in ARDS and COPD patients, and this response probably depends on the underlying disease. Received: 19 December 1995 Accepted: 28 September 1996     

Noninvasive ventilation in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. other conditions: effectiveness and predictors of failure

Objective This study compared the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and the risk factors for NIV failure in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vs. non-COPD conditions.Design and setting Prospective cohort study in the medical intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients and participants 111 patients with hypercapnic ARF, 43 of whom had COPD exacerbations and 68 other conditions. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar.Measurements and results The risk of NIV failure, defined as the need for endotracheal intubation, was significantly lower in COPD than in other conditions (19% vs. 47%). High APACHE II score was an independent predictor of NIV failure in COPD (OR 5.38 per 5 points). The presence of pneumonia (OR 5.63), high APACHE II score (OR 2.59 per 5 points), rapid heart rate (OR 1.22 per 5 beats/min), and high PaCO₂ 1 h after NIV (OR 1.22 per 5 mmHg) were independent predictors of NIV failure in the non-COPD group. Failure of NIV independently predicted mortality (OR 10.53).Conclusions Noninvasive ventilation was more effective in preventing endotracheal intubation in hypercapnic ARF due to COPD than non-COPD conditions. High APACHE II score predicted NIV failure in both groups. Noninvasive ventilation was least effective in patients with hypercapnic ARF due to pneumonia.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the abstract all occurrences of 95% CI were deleted, and in the main text some orthographical corrections were made.     

Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: Effect on outcome and quality of life

Purpose

To estimate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed heart failure in mechanically ventilated patients with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to evaluate the impact of specific heart failure treatment on patients' outcome.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective study, we included 107 consecutive patients with COPD without known history of cardiac disease who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of hypercapnic respiratory failure leading to mechanical ventilation.

Results

Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the echocardiographic findings: patients with isolated right or left ventricular failure, biventricular failure, and normal heart function. Three of 4 patients demonstrated findings of heart failure. In 41%, the presence of previously unrecognized left ventricular dysfunction was revealed. Patients with isolated left ventricular dysfunction experienced less days on mechanical ventilation, less intensive care unit days, improved quality of life, and decreased in-hospital and 6-month mortality compared with patients with normal heart.

Conclusions

In mechanically ventilated patients with severe exacerbation of COPD, unrecognized left or right ventricular failure is common. Among patients with isolated left ventricular failure, the early detection and appropriate treatment improves long-term quality of life and may decrease the short- and 6-month morbidity and mortality.     

有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）所致呼吸衰竭患者救治中的方法与疗效。方法对41例COPD呼吸衰竭患者进行气管插管并施行机械通气,出现HC窗后,随机分为序贯治疗组（21例）和对照组（20例）。序贯组治疗方法：出现PIC窗后,立即拔出气管插管,改用口鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）。对照组治疗方法：出现HC窗后,继续按常规有创机械通气方法治疗,按临床常用压力支持通气（PSV）模式脱机。两组同时进行监护,观察两组患者VAP发生例数、有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU监护时间、住院时间、住院费用和院内死亡例数。结果序贯组与对照组比较,VAP发生少,有创通气时间、总通气时间、ICU监护时间及住院时间短,住院费用减少（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。结论在“肺部感染控制窗”指导下的有创一无创序贯性脱机治疗方法,可以明显降低VAP发病率,缩短机械通气,ICU和总住院时间,提高疗效,降低治疗费用,是具有一定临床实用价值的有效脱机方案。     

无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨应用无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值.方法 将56例COPD急性加重并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组应用BiPAP+常规综合治疗,对照组常规综合治疗.观察2组治疗后血气分析结果、呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌动用评分、气管插管率、病死率.结果 观察组治疗后PO2明显升高,PCO2明显降低,pH明显改善,呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌动用评分下降;对照组各指标无改善.观察组气管插管率、住院病死率与对照组相比显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 对COPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,在常规药物治疗的基础上,给予BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗可以提高疗效,缓解呼吸肌疲劳,降低气管插管率及病死率.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭应用机械通气治疗的护理体会

目的:总结慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者应用机械通气治疗的临床护理经验。方法:回顾性分析68例慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在接受常规性治疗基础上进行机械通气治疗与护理,观察并总结患者预后及转归情况。结果:68例患者中有60例病情逐渐好转并安全脱机,8例因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。结论:对慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在应用机械通气治疗期间,积极采取相应的、有效的护理措施,严密观察治疗反应和病情变化是治疗成功的重要保障。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床分析

目的:评价无创正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病引起的呼吸衰竭的治疗价值。方法:回顾性分析35例伴严重Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期患者的临床资料。结果:无创正压通气3h可迅速改善患者的血气(P<0.05),24～72h可获进一步改善(P<0.01)。治疗成功率88.6%。结论:无创正压通气对以高二氧化碳血症为主要表现的慢性阻塞性肺部疾病并重度呼吸衰竭的患者有良好的治疗效果,对于二氧化碳的排出效果明显。     

Steroid-induced myopathy in patients intubated due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To determine incidence, risk factors and impact on various outcome parameters of the development of acute quadriplegic myopathy in a selected population of critically ill patients.Setting A prospective cohort study carried out in the intensive care unit of a tertiary-level university hospital.Patients All patients admitted due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who required intubation and mechanical ventilation, and received high doses of intravenous corticosteroids.Interventions A neurophysiological study was performed in all cases at the onset of weaning. Muscular biopsy was taken when the neurophysiological study revealed a myopathic pattern.Measurements and results Twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. Nine patients (34.6%) developed myopathy. Only seven patients were treated with muscle relaxants. Histology confirmed the diagnosis in the three patients who underwent muscle biopsy. APACHE II score at admission, the rate of sepsis and the total doses of corticosteroids were significantly higher in patients with myopathy compared with those patients that did not develop it. Myopathy is associated with an increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation [15.4 (9.2) versus 5.7 (3.9) days; p<0.006], the length of ICU stay [23.6 (10.7) versus 11.4 (7.05) days; p<0.003] and hospital stay [33.3 (19.2) versus 21.2 (16.1) days; p<0.034)]. Myopathy was not associated with increased mortality.Conclusions In the population under study, severity of illness at admission, the development of sepsis and the total dose of corticosteroids are factors associated with the occurrence of myopathy after the administration of corticosteroids. Myopathy was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and in-hospital stay.     

COPD患者有创机械通气时间的相关因素研究

目的探讨影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者有创机械通气时间的相关因素。方法 COPD患者40例,采取有创机械通气,患者按通气时间长短分为通气短、中、长三组。详细记录患者的性别、年龄、机械通气过程中是否合并上消化道出血情况、发生腹胀情况、一年内COPD急性加重次数、入ICU时APACHEⅡ评分、体质指数(BMI)、血清生化指标、伴发病、入RICU时胸片是否有渗出病灶、撤机方式等指标。结果在众观察指标中,消化道出血、腹胀、一年内COPD急性加重次数、入ICU时APACHEⅡ评分、BMI、TP、Alb、pre-Alb、Na+、伴发病糖尿病、心功能不全、入ICU时胸片是否有渗出病灶为与通气时间相关的因素(P0.05)。消化道出血、发生腹胀、一年内COPD急性加重次数≥2次、高APACHEⅡ评分、低BMI、低Alb、低pre-Alb、低Na+、伴发病糖尿病、心功能不全和有渗出病灶为影响COPD患者有创机械通气时间独立危险因素。结论 COPD是一个全身系统疾病,其有创机械通气时间受多种因素影响,针对这些因素采取有效措施干预,有助于缩短机械通气时间。     

影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者预后相关因素研究

目的 探讨影响ICU中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性呼吸衰竭患者预后的相关因素.方法回顾性分析2005年5月至2007年5月因COPD急性加重39例患者的临床资料,分析不同预后患者各指标的差异.结果死亡组患者肺动脉压、肌酐、APACHE Ⅱ评分、APACHE一Ⅲ评分等升高(均P<0.05),ICU住院时间延长(P<0.05);呼吸频率和格拉斯哥昏迷评分下降(P<0.05).结论肺动脉压、肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅢ评分、呼吸频率和GCS可以预测慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者的预后.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者两种通气模式应用效果比较

目的探讨两种不同呼吸机通气模式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者的影响。方法 85例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为2组,观察组(n=41)患者采用适用性支持通气模式(ASV),对照组(n=44)患者采用压力支持通气模式(PSV)和同步间歇指令通气模式(SIMV)。结果 2组患者HR、呼吸频率、MAP、pH、SpO_2、p(O_2)、p(CO_2)及p(A-a)O_2指标比较无显著差异(P0.05)。观察组MRV显著高于对照组(P0.01),潮气量(VT)显著低于对照组(P0.01)。观察组患者吸气流量显著高于对照组(P0.01),呼吸比、气道闭合压显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论相比SIMV+PSV模式,ASV通气模式可以维持COPD伴呼衰患者自主呼吸功能。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者机械通气时间的影响因素

目的 探讨影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者机械通气(MV)时间的危险因素.方法 回顾性研究128例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者插管前及通气过程中的临床指标.单凶素分析采用t检验、秩和检验及X2检验.将统计意义的变量导人多元逐步togis～e回归分析.结果 NV>7 d、14 d和21 d的患者比例分别为61%、20%和9%.MV>7 d、14 d和21 d的患者,分别与MV≤7 d、14 d和21 d的患者进行比较,在COPD病史、吸烟指数、肺功能和合并症等方面差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素回归分析显示,APACHEⅡ评分是影响MV>7 d的独立危险因子(OR:2.3;95%CI:1.2～5.7,P=0.02);影响MV>21 d的危险因素是休克(OR:0.7;95%CI:1.0～1.9,P=0.04)和低白蛋白水平(OR:0.4,95%CI:0.2～0.8,P=0.003);机械通气相关性肺炎(VAP)是影响机械通气时间最重要的危险因素(P<0.05).结论 APACHEⅡ评分、血清白蛋白水平、发生休克或VAP是影响COPD患者机械通气时间的主要因素.     

稳定期Ⅱ、Ⅲ级慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的吸气分数与呼吸肌力研究

目的:观察Ⅱ、Ⅲ级慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者的深吸气量(IC)及吸气分数(IC/TLC)与呼吸肌力的关系。方法:将78例稳定期COPD患者根据中华医学会呼吸病学会制订的诊断标准分为Ⅱ级(40例)和Ⅲ级(38例)两组。所有患者受试前8h内均未应用支气管舒张剂,并在吸入沙丁胺醇400μg后接受常规肺功能和呼吸肌力测试。结果:Ⅲ级COPD患者的IC、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、呼气峰流速(PEF)和最大通气量(MVV)均显著低于Ⅱ级COPD患者,两组患者的最大吸气压(PImax)和最大呼气压(PEmax)均显著降低,但两者间无显著差异。38例Ⅲ级COPD患者中IC/TLC≤25%者有11例(28.9%),而仅有2例(5%)Ⅱ级COPD患者的IC/TLC≤25%。COPD患者的IC与PImax和PEmax呈显著相关(r分别为0.375与0.386,P     

集束化护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气病人预后的影响

目的:探讨集束化护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气病人预后的影响。方法:将我科慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气病人60例分为观察组、对照组各30例,观察组给予集束化护理干预,对照组给予常规护理,比较两组病人经过治疗后在VAP发生率、有创机械通气时间、病死率方面有无差异。结果:观察组较对照组VAP发生率降低,有创机械通气时间缩短,病死率下降(P<0.05)。结论:集束化护理干预能显著降低慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气病人VAP发生率和病死率,明显缩短有创机械通气时间。     

静脉营养对慢性阻塞性肺病呼吸衰竭患者营养状态的影响

目的观察静脉营养支持对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者营养状态的影响。方法观察COPD急性加重、存在呼吸衰竭伴营养不良患者营养支持(A组)和非静脉营养支持(B组)人体测量、血生化指标、免疫功能、呼吸功能的变化,比较两组平均住院日和带机时间。结果A组患者体重、三头肌皮皱厚度(TSF)、上臂肌围长(MAMC)、上臂中部臂围(MAC)、血清转铁蛋白(TRF)、前白蛋白(PALB)、甘油三酯(TG)均显著增加,B组患者测量值下降,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);两组免疫功能指标、血气指标均有明显改善(P<0.05);A组平均住院与带机时间均较B组短,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论静脉营养支持能显著改善COPD呼吸衰竭患者的营养状态,增强免疫功能,缩短住院时间和带机时间。     

Helium-oxygen reduces work of breathing in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To evaluate whether helium-oxygen mixture reduces inspiratory work of breathing (WOB) in sedated, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Design and setting Open, prospective, randomized, crossover study in the medical intensive care unit in a university hospital.Patients and participants 23 patients admitted for acute exacerbation of COPD and mechanically ventilated.Measurements Total WOB (WOBt), elastic WOB (WOBel), resistive WOB (WOBres), and WOB due to PEEPi (WOBPeepi) were measured. Static intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEPi), static compliance (Crs), inspiratory resistance (Rins), inspiratory (tinsp) and expiratory time constant (texp) were also measured. These variables were compared between air-oxygen and helium-oxygen mixtures.Results WOBt significantly decreased with helium-oxygen (2.34±1.04 to 1.85±1.01 J/l, p<0.001). This reduction was significant for WOBel (1.02±0.61 J/l to 0.87±0.47, p<0.01), WOBPeepi (0.77±0.38 J/l to 0.54±0.38, p<0.001), and WOBres (0.55±0.19 J/l to 0.44±0.24, p<0.05). PEEPi, Rins, tinsp and texp significantly decreased. Crs was unchanged.Conclusions Helium-oxygen mixture decreases WOB in mechanically ventilated COPD patients. Helium-oxygen mixture could be useful to reduce the burden of ventilation.