痴呆患者配偶的心理负担及相关因素

目的:了解居家照顾痴呆患者的配偶的心理和照料负担以及相关因素。方法:在北京城区,按就诊线索收集42例痴呆患者,由经培训的调查员进行入户调查。42例资料齐全,无遗漏。主要调查工具包括对痴呆患者的评定工具:临床分级量表、简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、痴呆病人日常生活能力(ADCS-ADL)、阿尔茨海末氏痴呆病理行为问卷(BEHAVE-AD);对照顾者的评定工具:Zung氏焦虑自评量表(SAS)、Zung氏抑郁自评量表(SDS)、照顾者负担问卷(CBI)、痴呆相关知识技能问卷。结果:照顾者的负担重(CBI总分30.7±15.1),他们抑郁情绪(SDS平均分为38.8±8.0,40分以上者42.9%)和焦虑情绪明显(SAS平均分为34.3±8.0,40分以上者23.8%);照顾者对疾病的知识和照顾技能缺乏,有26.2%的照顾者认为痴呆是正常衰老或可治愈的,有57.1%认为患者病情可以好转或能够维持现状。总负担与焦虑(r=0.51,P<0.01)和抑郁(r=0.38,P<0.05)以及患者伴有精神行为异常的严重程度有关(r=0.40,P<0.01);而且照顾者的焦虑情绪与知识技能有关(r=-0.48,P<0.01)。结论:照顾者的心理负担重,焦虑和抑郁情绪明显;照顾者对疾病的知识和照顾技能缺乏;总负担与焦虑和抑郁以及患者伴有精神行为异常的严重程度有关,而且照顾者的焦虑情绪与照顾者的知识技能缺乏有关。     

成人素质希望量表的信效度检验

目的:探讨成人素质希望量表的信度和效度.方法:用成人素质希望量表调查410名学生,评定该量表的内部一致性、重测信度、结构效度和效标效度.结果:①量表总分及两个因子的Cronbach α系数均达0.70以上,重测信度系数为0.86;②验证性因素分析支持原有模型.RMSEA=0.098,SRMR=0.060,GFI=0.94,AGFI=0.91,NNFI=0.85;③希望量表总分与积极应对方式呈正相关r=0.47,与消极应对方式呈负相关r=-0.27;与满意度警显著正相关r=0.47(均P<0.01);④希望存在受教育程度间的差异(F=7.31,P<0.001),大学生的希望水平显著高于高中生,希望水平的性别差异不显著.结论:希望量表可用于评定我国学生的希望水平.     

青少年回避与融合问卷（简版）的信效度分析

目的:考察中文版青少年回避与融合问卷(简版)(Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth, AFQ-Y8在我国青少年群体中的信效度。方法:选取样本一为来自全国32个省级行政区的874名青少年,施测AFQ-Y8中文版和中国中学生心理健康量表(Mental Health Inventory of Middle-school Students, MMHI-60)以检验问卷的结构效度和效标效度;样本二为131名云南某中学初中生,施测AFQ-Y8中文版和接纳与行动问卷第二版(Acceptance and Action Questionnaire—2~(nd) Edition, AAQ-II)以检验问卷的聚合效度,间隔两周后对样本二再次施测以检验重测信度。结果:探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析均证实AFQ-Y8为单因素结构。AFQ-Y8得分与MMHI-60总分和各因子得分均呈显著正相关(r=0.38～0.54, P0.001),与AAQ-II得分高度正相关(r=0.75, P0.001)。量表的Cronbachα系数为0.78,重测信度为0.76。结论:AFQ-Y8中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可用于测量我国青少年的心理灵活性。     

阿尔茨海默病患者家庭照顾者压力知觉与应对方式

目的:调查阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者家庭照顾者压力知觉水平并探讨其与应对方式的关系。方法:对76例AD患者家庭照顾者进行问卷调查,内容包括一般人口社会学资料、中文版知觉压力量表(CPSS)、照顾者负担问卷(CBI)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)。结果:1AD患者家庭照顾者CPSS总分高于全国常模(t=9.380,P0.001);健康危险性压力(CPSS总分≥26分)的发生率为54%;2单因素分析显示,CPSS总分女性照顾者高于男性(t=2.709,P0.01);配偶照顾者CPSS显著高于子女照顾者(d=7.2,P0.001)和受雇佣者的照顾者(d=9.3,P0.001);CPSS与年龄、照顾时间、CBI总分正相关(分别r=0.325,0.288,0.475;P0.05,0.05,0.001),与SCSQ积极应对因子分负相关(r=-0.411,P0.01);3多元逐步回归分析显示,SCSQ积极应对因子分(β=-9.537,P0.01)、性别(β=4.986,P0.05)、CBI总分(β=1.916,P0.001)是CPSS的主要影响因素。结论:AD患者家庭照顾者压力知觉处于高水平状态,积极应对方式有助于降低压力知觉水平。     

简版无聊倾向量表在大学生群体中的试用

目的:在中国大学生群体中引入简版无聊倾向量表(Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form,BPS-SF),并检验其信效度,用以评定我国大学生的无聊倾向。方法:调查了1030名大学生,收回有效问卷945份,用以评定中文简版BPS的结构效度、内部一致性信度和分半信度。另用多维状态无聊量表、Buss-Perry攻击问卷、自评抑郁量表和特质孤独量表在188名大学生中检验效标关联效度。4周后随机选取124名大学生进行重测,检验其重测信度。结果:中文简版BPS包括内部刺激和外部刺激2个因子,共12个条目;验证性因素分析结果显示2因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=3.827,CFI=0.901,TLI=0.895,RMSEA=0.041,SRMR=0.048);量表总分与状态无聊、身体攻击、言语攻击、敌意、愤怒、抑郁、特质孤独的相关系数在0.22~0.63之间;总量表及分量表的内部一致性信度为0.89、0.80、0.83,分半信度分别为0.82、0.74、0.71,重测信度分别为0.85、0.73、0.76;中国大学生的无聊倾向具有性别差异,男生在量表总分及外部刺激维度上得分显著高于女生。结论:中文简版BPS具有良好的效度和信度,可用于评估大学生的无聊倾向。     

军人一般能力测验的信度及效度分析

目的编制《军人一般能力测验》问卷,并对其进行信效度研究。方法运用重测信度法和pearson相关法计算相关,研究重测信度以及效标关联效度;运用Kaiser标准化的正交旋转法研究结构效度。结果探索性因素分析结果表明,军人一般能力测验量表存在的5个独立维度(KMO=0.78,P0.01);量表的内部一致性系数为0.89,各维度的内部一致性系数介于0.82~0.91之间;问卷中各维度之间具有显著相关(r=0.19~0.67,P0.05),各维度与总分具有很高的相关性(r=0.47~0.78,P0.01),表明量表信度和效度良好。问卷总分与被试年龄无显著相关;问卷各维度与韦氏智力测验相应部分有显著相关(r=0.615~0.977,P0.01);问卷各维度得分与20门学习科目考试成绩有显著相关(r=0.436~0.983,P0.01),表明量表的效标关联效度较好。结论《军人一般能力测验》具有较高的信度和效度,具有一定的实用性。     

生活定向测验在大学生中的信效度

目的:检验气质性乐观测量量表-生活定向测验(LOT)在大学生群体应用的信度和效度。方法:按量表双翻程序将LOT翻译成中文版。方便抽取479名大学生进行LOT测验。采用验证性因素分析对其结构效度进行分析,以生活满意度量表(SWLS)、积极-消极情感量表(PANAS)、Beck抑郁量表(BDI)作为校标工具。随机选取152名学生于初评2周后进行重测,以检验其重测效度。结果:LOT中文版共6个题项,所有题项的决断值(CR)均达到0.001的显著水平,每个题项与对应量表的相关系数在0.61～0.74之间。验证性因素分析表明,中国大学生的气质性乐观是2因素模型结构(χ2/df=1.90,RM-SEA=0.059,NNFI=0.92,CFI=0.96),由2个相对独立的乐观因子和悲观因子组成。气质性乐观因子与SWLS、积极情感得分呈正相关(r=0.22、0.28,均P0.01),与消极情感和BDI得分呈负相关(r=-0.17、-0.23,均P0.01),悲观因子与SWLS和积极情感得分呈负相关(r=-0.22,-0.23,均P0.01),与消极情感和BDI得分呈正相关(r=0.15、0.12,均P0.05)。量表两个因子的内部一致性信度Cronbachα系数分别是0.73和0.82,2周后的重测信度分别是0.76和0.79。结论:生活定向测验中文版具有较好的信度和效度,可用于评定中国大学生的气质性乐观水平。     

食物渴求特质问卷在中国女大学生中的信效度

目的:检验食物渴求特质问卷在中国女大学生样本中的信度和效度。方法:以北京两所高校447名女大学生为施测对象,以中文版食物渴求特质问卷(FCQ-T)为工具,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析考察问卷的结构效度。四个月后对其中61人重测。以荷兰进食行为问卷(DEBQ)、进食障碍问卷贪食分量表(EDI-bulimia)和节食成功感知量表(PSRS)为工具考察问卷的效标效度。结果:修订后的FCQ-T有6因子,31个条目。各因子之间呈中等相关(0.40~0.74),各因子与总分之间呈高相关(0.70~0.86)。验证性因素分析显示问卷结构拟合度良好(χ2/df=2.835,RMSEA=0.086,NFI=0.93,GFI=0.76)。中文版FCQ-T问卷具有较好的效标效度,其总分与贪食和问题进食行为总分呈正相关(r=0.65、0.70,P0.001),与节食成功感知负相关(r=-0.19,P0.001)。C-FCQ-T全量表内在一致性系为0.96,各因子内在一致性也较好(α=0.78~0.92)。除生理因素因子的重测信度较低外(r=0.40),其余因子及总分重测信度较好(r=0.63~0.83,P0.001)。结论:修订后的中文版FCQ-T具有良好的信度和效度,可以在中国女大学生样本中使用。     

低头症量表的中文版修订

目的:修订低头症量表中文版,探讨该量表在中国文化背景下的因素结构,并检验其信效度。方法:在大学生群体中发放问卷1000份,回收有效问卷881份,另用手机成瘾倾向量表、社交网站使用强度量表和中文网络成瘾量表修订版作为效标,4周后随机抽取80名学生进行重测。结果:探索性因素分析得到沟通障碍和手机痴迷2个因子,特征根分别为3.132和1.600,累积方差贡献率为59.146%。验证性因素分析显示数据拟合良好(χ~2/df=2.719,CFI=0.962,TLI=0.944,GFI=0.968,IFI=0.962,NFI=0.941,AGFI=0.940,RMSEA=0.065,SRMR=0.052);总量表及2个分量表内部一致性信度在0.721-0.781之间,重测信度在0.722-0.745之间;总量表及2个分量表得分与手机成瘾倾向量表的相关(r=0.451-0.615,P0.01)、与社交网站使用强度得分的相关(r=0.226-0.372,P0.01)、与中文网络成瘾量表得分的相关(r=0.424-0.565,P0.01)均有统计学意义,表明该量表具有较好的效标关联效度。结论:低头症量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以用于大学生低头症测量。     

父亲参与教养问卷(中文版)的信效度检验

目的:检验父亲参与教养问卷(IFI)中文版的信效度。方法:经原作者授权,将IFI译为中文版,包含26个条目。采用方便抽样选取871位儿童的父亲施测IFI,进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析和内部一致性检验。同时施测自评抑郁量表(SDS)、自评焦虑量表(SAS)和婚姻质量问卷(ENRICH),以检验校标关联效度。4周后随机抽取30人再次测评IFI以检验其重测信度。结果:探索性因素分析提取4个因子,累计方差解释率为64.5%,验证性因素分析验证了4因素模型(χ2/df=2.99,GFI=0.87,IFI=0.92,NNFI=0.91,CFI=0.92,RM SEA=0.07)。父亲的IFI总分及各因子得分与SDS总分(r=-0.22～-0.34,P0.01)和SAS总分呈负相关(r=-0.17～-0.28,P0.01),与ENRICH总分呈正相关(r=0.35～0.47,P0.01)。整个量表的内部一致性信度为0.95,重测信度为0.84,4个分量表的内部一致性信度为0.74～0.91,重测信度为0.70～0.82。结论:IFI中文版具有较好的信效度,可用于我国关于父亲参与教养方面的研究。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.