噪声对作业工人健康的影响

目的了解噪声对作业工人健康的影响。方法通过对某纺织厂接触噪声工人（1组）及附近某厂办公室人员（Ⅱ组）进行健康检查和他们工作的场所进行噪声监测，分析噪声对作业工人健康的影响。结果Ⅰ组工人的听力损伤发生率为66．4％，Ⅱ组为16．7％，两组比较差异有非常显著性（χ^2=53．17，P＜0．01）。血压改变：Ⅰ组为20．8％，Ⅱ组为5．6％，两组比较差异亦有非常显著性（χ^2=9．85，P＜0．01）。其他症状改变Ⅰ组均明显大于Ⅱ组的工人。结论接触高噪声的作业工人的健康危害远大于接触低噪声作业工人的健康危害，噪声对作业工人健康的危害是多方面的。     

强噪声对作业人群个性特征影响的研究

目的研究强噪声作业对作业工人人格特征的影响。方法使用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对纺织厂2000多名在职一线工人(其中男性工人456名,女性工人1683名)的个性特征进行评价,研究人群按接触噪声的不同程度分为四个组[＜70、70～84、85～94、≥95dB(A)]并按不同性别采用方差分析对其评定,接噪工龄对个性特征的影响用控制年龄的协方差分析。结果在病理人格倾向及情绪稳定性方面,随着噪声强度的增加,得分有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其是在接噪强度95dB以上组,这说明强噪声作业可能对从业人员病理人格倾向的发展有促进作用,噪声作业人员情绪趋向于不稳定。通过控制年龄的协方差分析发现,除情绪稳定量表得分与接噪年限有关外(主要表现在接噪初期情绪不稳的得分高于其它组),病理人格倾向、内外向、及效度的得分与接噪年限并没有关联。结论强噪声作业对作业人员人格特征有不良影响,但不具有时间剂量上的累积效应。     

钢管生产企业生产性噪声对工人健康影响的调查

为探讨某钢管生产企业精整车间生产性噪声对作业工人健康的影响,笔者对该厂接触噪声作业的232名工人进行了在岗期间的职业健康监护,与无噪声影响的92名人员的体检结果进行了对照分析。现将结果报告如下。     

噪声接触对铆焊作业工人血压的影响

目的 探讨噪声接触对作业工人血压的影响.方法 选择2010年泉州市某电器机械制造厂接触噪声作业工人259名为接触组,选择该厂不接触嗓声的工人30.名为对照组,评价噪声与血压的关系,同时测定作业环境中噪声水平.结果 噪声接触组工人高血压患病率高于对照组(χ2=7.19,P<0.05),35岁以下高血压患病率类似,但35岁...     

对接触高温噪声的轧钢工人心电图分析

[目的]了解高温噪声对作业工人心电图的影响.[方法]选择接触高温噪声的轧钢工人546名和低噪声常温作业的机械修理工、电工512名为对照组,进行心电图检查,其数据进行统计学处理分析.[结果]轧钢工心电图异常率为33.7%,对照组组为20.5%两组差异有非常显著性(x2=23.16,P＜0.01);轧钢工人心电图异常发生率与工龄呈正相关(r=0.97).[结论]应降低轧钢工作环境的噪声和加强防暑降温以减少对作业工人的职业危害.     

国营大型企业工人职业紧张对生存质量的影响

[目的]了解企业工人职业紧张对健康的影响.[方法]采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),调查随机抽取的1143名国营大型企业工人的职业任务(ORQ)、紧张反应(PSQ)、应对资源(PRQ),采用生存质量量表(SF-36量表)调查其生存质量(QOL).根据职业紧张问卷得分(OSI-R)的频数描述,将各个项目按照四分位间距分为低、中、高三组,将生存质量的8个纬度总结为生理健康综合测量(PCS)和心理健康综合测量(MCS),然后把两个综合测量总结为总的生存质量(TOTAL),采用方差分析及两两比较的方法进行比较.用偏相关分析方法评价生存质量与职业紧张、紧张反应和应对资源各子项目间的相关性.[结果]随ORQ及其子项目得分增加,企业工人QOL得分呈降低趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);随PSQ及其子项目得分增加,企业工人QOL得分呈降低趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);随PRQ及其子项目得分增加,企业工人QOL得分呈增高趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);企业工人QOL与ORQ及其各子项目得分呈负相关(P＜0.01),与PSQ各子项目得分呈负相关(P＜0.01),与PRQ各子项目得分呈正相关(P＜0.01).[结论]企业工人职业紧张可影响其生存质量.职业任务和个体紧张反应的增高可降低企业工人的生存质量;个体应对资源的增多可提高企业工人的生存质量.提示我们在研究职业紧张对健康的影响时,既要重视其对心理健康的影响,也要重视对生理健康的影响.在制订提高职工健康水平的措施时,既要重视减轻职业任务,更要重视提高应对资源.     

高低强度噪声对作业工人健康的影响

随着现代工业生产的发展,接触噪声的范围日渐扩大,噪声对人体的危害也日益受到重视。为进一步研究生产性噪声对作业工人的危害情况,遂对厂矿企业进行了生产环境噪声监测和作业工人的健康体检。现将结果报告如下。１　对象与方法１１　调查对象：选择本市发电厂接触生产性噪声＞９６ｄＢ的作业工人８７人为高噪声组,接噪工龄平均７８８年（范围１～２８年）,平均年龄３０９岁（范围２０～４９岁）;另选择醋纤厂接触生产性噪声≤８５ｄＢ的作业工人１０９人为低噪声组,接噪工龄平均６６７年（范围１～３０年）,年龄平均２９…     

噪声对某石化企业工人的健康影响分析

[目的]探讨噪声对作业工人健康的影响.[方法]选择某石化企业142名接噪工人作为暴露组,另选择某炼化企业122名非噪声作业人员作为对照组,对听力测定以及心电图、血压检查结果进行对照分析.[结果]暴露组听力损失率为30.3%,心电图异常率为20.4%,血压升高率为23.2%,均高于对照组(10.7%,11.5%,9.8%),两组资料经X2检验,差异有统计学意义(X2=15.12,P<0.01;X2=8.34,P<0.01;X2=3.85,P<0.05).[结论]噪声对作业工人听力有明显损害,且随工龄的增加危害程度有加重的趋势;同时对心血管系统也有影响.     

噪声对作业工人健康影响的调查

本文对某厂布机车间进行环境噪声监测,同时对该车间221名噪声作业工人和163名不接触噪声及其他有害因素的学校教师作对照组进行听力测定及一般性体检。结果表明,噪声作业工人高频及语频听力损伤阳性率明显高于对照组(P<0.01).且随着工龄的增长,损伤程度越来越严重;接噪组神经衰弱症状阳性率、血压升高及心电图异常检出率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),统计学处理差异有显著性;听力曲线图分析,凹陷谷点在3KHz、4KHz、6KHz最敏感,以4KHz最突出。     

某造纸厂工人噪声暴露与高血压的关系

[目的]研究造纸生产过程中噪声与作业人员高血压的关系. [方法]选取某大型造纸企业,对其作业场所噪声声压级进行监测;同时选择该企业接触噪声作业人员作为观察组、其他单位行政管理人员作为对照组进行职业健康体检,包括血压测定.对不同分组人员高血压患病率进行统计分析. [结果]观察组高血压患病率(9.1％)高于对照组(4.9％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).经趋势卡方检验,噪声暴露量(8h等效连续A声级)与高血压患病率间存在明确的剂量-反应关系(P＜0.05). [结论]该造纸厂噪声污染普遍存在,长期噪声作业对工人的血压有一定影响.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.