重型颅脑创伤长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的MRI分级研究

目的 探讨MRI对重型颅腩创伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的分级标准.方法 记录66例重型TBI意识障碍超过2周患者的MRI表现,以MRI的表现分为3级:Ⅰ级:仅有大脑半球的损伤;Ⅱ级:丘脑、胼胝体的损伤,伴或不伴有I级的损伤灶,包括:Ⅱa级(单侧丘脑的损伤)和Ⅱb级(胼胝体、双侧丘脑的损伤);Ⅲ级:脑干背外侧的损伤,伴或小伴有Ⅰ级和(或)Ⅱ级的损伤灶.预后以颅脑创伤后6个月患者是否清醒为标准.结果 MRI分级与清醒的概率有显著相关性,Pearson相关系数-0.722(P＜0.05),分级越高,预后越差;Ⅱb级、Ⅲ级作为预后不良的指标,判断的敏感性为85.7%,特异性为87.5%,准确率为86.4%,错误率为13.6%;ROC曲线下面积为0.89,95%可信区间为(0.808,0.978).结论 MRI分级可客观、准确地反映颅脑创伤程度和清醒的概率.     

重型颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者的清醒预测及预后评估

目的探讨影响重型颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒的因素及其对预后预测的价值。方法对46例重型颅脑损伤后意识障碍超过2周的患者进行清醒预测,选择6个预后影响因子即年龄、性别、受伤机制、手术与否、体感诱发电位（SEP）表现方式、清醒所需时间等对预后进行分析,清醒结果以患者伤后6个月是否清醒为标准。预后评估以伤后6个月GOS评分为标准进行判别。结果SEP分级与患者清醒及预后有显著相关性（r=-0．749,P〈0．01）,分级越高,清醒的几率越小,预后越差。结论SEP的分级可客观、准确地反映颅脑损伤患者的预后和清醒几率。     

重型颅脑外伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的体感诱发电位分级研究

目的 探讨体感诱发电位(SEP)对重型颅脑外伤(TBI)后长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的分级标准. 方法 记录46例重度TBI后意识障碍超过1周患者的SEP表现,根据SEP中N20-P25是否存在及中枢传导时间(CCT)是否正常,将SEP分为3级:Ⅰ级为双侧N20-P25都存在(Ⅰa:双侧CCT正常且对称,Ⅰb:双侧CCT正常,但不对称);Ⅱ级为一侧N20-P25存在,另一侧消失;Ⅲ级为双侧N20-P25都消失.预后以外伤后6个月患者是否清醒为标准. 结果 SEP分级与清醒的几率存在负相关关系(r=-0.591,P=0.000),分级越高,预后越差. 结论 SEP的分级可客观、准确地反映脑功能损伤程度和清醒的几率.     

BSR与BAEP对颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒的预测作用

目的探讨脑干反射(BSR)与脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)检查对颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒的预测效果。方法2013年8月至2015年9月收治颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者75例,均接受BSR及BAEP检查。伤后6个月内清醒42例(清醒组),未清醒33例(未清醒组;包括死亡、植物生存状态)。结果清醒组BSR分级Ⅰ级18例,Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级8例;未清醒组BSR分级Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级13例;两组BSR分级差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。将BSR分级Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级作为患者容易清醒的指标,将Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级作为患者难于清醒的指标,其特异度、灵敏度分别为87.50%、81.03%。清醒组BAEP分级Ⅰ级27例,Ⅱ级15例;未清醒组Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级9例;两组BAEP分级差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。将BAEP分级Ⅰ级作为患者容易清醒的指标,将Ⅲ级作为患者难于清醒的指标,其特异度、灵敏度分别为95.67%、78.13%。结论对颅脑损伤后长期意识障碍患者采用BSR及BAEP检查,可有效对患者清醒情况进行预测,为临床防治颅脑损伤提供依据。     

CT环池分级结合颅内压监测在颅脑损伤手术前后的临床应用

目的研究影像学CT环池分级结合持续颅内压监测在重型颅脑损伤患者手术前后的临床应用价值。方法对25例重型颅脑损伤患者行开颅术,并予持续颅内压监测,记录颅内压值(ICP)。观察手术前后头颅CT环池分级,Ⅰ级:环池完全闭塞;Ⅱ级:0.1~1.0 mm;Ⅲ级:1.1~2.0 mm;Ⅳ级:2.0 mm。并在术后6个月进行格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分,GOS评分5~4分者为预后良好组,GOS评分3~1分者为预后不良组。分析环池分级、ICP及GOS评分之间的关系。结果重型颅脑损伤患者术前环池分级与预后无相关性,其开颅术后环池分级与ICPct存在负相关性,环池分级越低者的ICPct越高,差异有统计学意义。环池分级、ICP与预后存在相关性,开颅术后ICP72 h水平与患者GOS评分的相关性最强。预后不良组的ICP72 h值明显高于预后良好组,差异有统计学意义。受试者工作曲线显示:ICP72 h预测重型颅脑损伤预后的最佳临界点为21 mmHg,具有很强的预测价值。结论重型颅脑损伤开颅术患者的CT环池分级可反映其ICP水平,评估预后;ICP监测的作用优于环池分级,术后ICP72 h是较好的预后预测指标。将CT环池分级结合持续颅内压监测用于重型颅脑损伤开颅术治疗中,可及时发现问题,指导治疗和评估预后,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

体感诱发电位在重型颅脑损伤长期意识障碍患者清醒预测中的作用

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后长期意识障碍成人患者清醒的影响因素及清醒预测。方法收集47例重度颅脑损伤后(Glasgow coma scale,GCS8)意识障碍超过2周的患者的病例资料,选择5个预后因子:年龄、性别、受伤机制、去骨瓣减压手术、体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potentials,SEP)表现方式等分析与清醒结果的关系,将体感诱发电位分为3个等级:Ⅰ级,双侧N20-P25都存在,①双侧CCT正常且对称,N20-P25波幅正常;②至少一侧CCT延长低于其正常均值一倍且N20-P25波幅0.8μV。Ⅱ级,至少有一项达到下列指标,①双侧CCT延长超过其正常均值一倍;②双侧N20-P25波幅0.8μV;③一侧N20-P25消失,另一侧存在。Ⅲ级,双侧N20-P25消失。结果判定以外伤后6个月患者是否清醒为标准。结果 SEP分级与重型颅脑损伤长期意识障碍患者清醒的机率有显著相关性(P=0.002),其对清醒的预测准确率可达87.2%。结论 SEP分级可客观、准确地评估患者的预后及预测患者的清醒机率。     

重型颅脑损伤长期意识障碍患者MRI表现与预后的关系

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤长期意识障碍患者磁共振成像(MRI)表现与预后的关系.方法 收集珠江医院神经外科自2003年1月至2008年8月收治的66例重型颅脑损伤后意识障碍超过2周的患者的头部MRI资料,统计MRI横断位扫描T2WI像中脑干、丘脑、基底前脑、胼胝体、大脑皮层下及大脑皮层等区域的异常信号表现,以颅脑损伤后6个月患者是否清醒分为清醒组与非清醒组,运用Logistic回归分析计算患者头部MRI中的损伤灶位置与清醒与否的OR值,明确对预后有影响的独立危险因素.结果 头颅MRI中脑干腹侧及背侧、双侧基底前脑、双侧丘脑、胼胝体、双侧大脑额叶区域损伤和未损伤患者在清醒组与非清醒组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示脑干背侧损伤、丘脑右侧损伤、胼胝体损伤是影响预后的独立危险因素.结论 MRI表现可较客观、准确地反映脑损伤程度和预测患者的预后,脑干中上段背侧、胼胝体、丘脑有损伤灶的患者预示着难以清醒.     

脑干听觉诱发电位分级对脑创伤长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的价值

目的 探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)分级标准对脑创伤后长期意识障碍患者清醒预测的价值.方法 分析93例脑创伤后长期意识障碍患者的BAEP表现,将BAEP分为3级:Ⅰ级为各波均正常;Ⅲ级为双侧V波PL异常、双侧Ⅲ～Ⅴ波IPL异常、单侧或双侧V波消失;Ⅱ级为除Ⅲ级之外的任何异常BAEP表现.以脑创伤后6个月作为判断是否清醒的时间标准.结果 Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级的清醒率分别为:79％、18％和0％.分级与清醒差异有统计学意义(r=-0.662,P＜0.001),分级越高,清醒越困难.BAEP分级标准对清醒预测的ROC曲线下面积为0.859,95％可信区间为(0.781～0.937).结论 BAEP分级能客观、准确地反映脑功能损伤程度和预测清醒的概率.     

四种评分系统评价婴幼儿颅脑创伤预后的比较研究

目的比较婴幼儿神经创伤评分(TINS)、Marshall CT分级、Rotterdam CT评分和Helsinki CT评分对婴幼儿(≤3岁)颅脑创伤患者预后的预测价值。方法选择2012年1月至2017年12月诊治的婴幼儿颅脑创伤患者共37例,创伤后6个月采用Glasgow预后分级(GOS)评价预后,TINS评分、Marshall CT分级、Rotterdam CT评分和Helsinki CT评分预测预后,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)并计算曲线下面积,并比较4种评分系统对婴幼儿颅脑创伤患者预后的预测价值。结果创伤后6个月恢复良好(GOS分级5级)者19例(51.35%)、轻残(GOS分级4级)11例(29.73%)、重残(GOS分级3级)6例(16.22%)、死亡(GOS分级1级)1例(2.70%)。ROC曲线显示,创伤后6个月TINS评分、Marshall CT分级、Rotterdam CT评分和Helsinki CT评分预测预后不良(GOS评分1～3分)的曲线下面积分别为0.774(95%CI:0.539～1.000,P=0.026)、0.807(95%CI:0.668～0.946,P=0.012)、0.748(95%CI:0.535～0.960,TINS评分、Marshall CT分级、Rotterdam CT评分和Helsinki CT分级系统对婴幼儿颅脑创伤远期预后均有较好的预测价值,尤以Marshall CT分级对创伤后6个月预后的预测更具优势。     

脑干反射对脑创伤意识障碍患者预后的预测价值

目的探讨脑干反射分级标准对脑创伤后期意识障碍患者预后的预测价值。方法分析109例脑创伤后意识障碍患者的BSR表现,将BSR分为4级:Ⅰ级为未出现Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级情况;Ⅱ级为单侧瞳孔对光反射消失、单侧睫状脊髓反射消失、单侧垂直性眼前庭反射消失;Ⅲ级为双侧睫状脊髓反射消失、双侧垂直性眼前庭反射消失;Ⅳ级为双侧瞳孔对光反射消失、眼心反射消失。脑创伤后1年后GOS评分5分、4分归为预后良好,评分3分、2分、1分评为预后不良。结果Ⅰ级预后良好20例,预后不良12例,预后不良率为37.50%;Ⅱ级预后良好14例,预后不良13例,预后不良率为48.14%;Ⅲ级预后良好2例,预后不良28例,预后不良率93.33%;Ⅳ级预后良好0例,预后不良20例,预后不良率为100%。分级与预后差异有统计学意义(P0.001),分级越高的患者清醒越困难(Spearman相关分析:r=-0.591,P0.001)。结论 BSR分级可以较为准确地反映脑干功能状态和预测预后。     

定量脑电图对重型颅脑创伤长期意识障碍患者的清醒评估

目的 探讨定量脑电图在重型颅脑创伤后长期意识障碍患者预后中的应用.方法 收集我院重型颅脑创伤意识障碍超过2周的患者41例,分成清醒组(19例)和未清醒组(22例),均于入院后2周行脑电图检查获取原始脑电图资料,采样后借助计算机软件行快速傅里叶转换进行功率谱分析,功率谱按频率分为δ(1.0～4.0 Hz)、θ(4.1～8.0 Hz)、α1(8.1～10.0 Hz)、α2(10.1～13 Hz)、β1(13.1～17.5 Hz)、β2(17.6～35.0 Hz)6个频带,计算出各个频带的绝对功率值及δ+θ/α+β值并以δ+θ/α+β值作为患者顸后评判指标,进行两个病例组之间的关系研究,以颅脑创伤后6个月患者是否清醒为标准.结果 清醒组的6+θ/α+β值((-x)±s)为5.432±3.277,未清醒组的δ+θ/α+β值((-x)±s)为8.724±5.641.清醒组和末清醒组行两独立样本t检验,两组病例间差异有统计学意义,t=2.237(P=0.030).清醒患者的GCS评分和δ+θ/α+β值行Pearson相关分析,得出r=-0.622,P=0.004,两者呈负相关.结论 定量脑电图作为一种廉价、客观、快速的脑功能评价手段,可准确地反映颅脑创伤程度和预后.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the quantitative electroencephalography in unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to predict awakening.Method All cases were divided into two groups( the awake group 19 cases and the unfavourable prognosis group 22 cases).Two weeks after admission the original EEGs were preformed in 41 patients suffering from severe TBI with duration of disturbance of unconsciousness ≥2 weeks.The sampled data did make fast Fourier transform to obtain the power spectrum analysis with the computer software.The power spectrum was divided into 6 bandwidth by frequency: δ( 1.0～4.0 Hz)、θ(4.1 ～8.0 Hz) 、α1(8.1 ～10.0 Hz) 、α2(10.1 ～13 Hz) 、β1 (13.1 ～17.5 Hz) 、β2(17.6 ～35.0 Hz).Calculate the absolute power value in each band and δ + θ/β + β value and research the correlation of the both group.The awakening after the sixth months from injury was used as the criterion.Results The score of δ + θ/α + β was 5.432 ± 3.277 in the awake group,yet in the unfavourable prognosis group was 8.724 ± 5.641.Using the two independent sample t test, both groups had significant difference, t =2.237 ( P = 0.030 ).Using Pearson correlation analysis, r = - 0.622, P = 0.004, both Glasgow coma score and δ + θ/α + β value had negative correlation.Conclusions As an inexpensive,objective and rapid means of the evaluation of brain function,the QEEG can accurately reflect the degree of brain dysfunction and assess the prognosis of patients.     

神经外科重型颅脑创伤急性期血压变异性对患者近期预后的影响研究

目的探讨神经外科重型颅脑创伤(TBI)急性期血压变异性对患者近期预后的影响。方法选取110例重型TBI患者作为研究对象,根据格拉斯哥预后(GOS)评分分为预后良好组(n=53)和预后不良组(n=57),对两组患者术后3d内的血压变异性进行对比分析。结果预后良好组的平均年龄明显低于预后不良组,GCS评分、APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于预后不良组,P0.05。预后良好组入院24h的收缩压标准差、舒张压标准差、收缩压变异系数均显著低于预后不良组,入院72h的收缩压标准差、舒张压标准差、收缩压变异系数、舒张压变异系数均显著低于预后不良组,P0.05。APACHEⅡ评分是患者预后的保护因素,TBI程度、72h SD(SBP)是患者预后的危险因素。结论急性期血压变异性与重型TBI患者的预后密切相关,其影响患者预后的独立危险因素。     

Cobalt-55 positron emission tomography in traumatic brain injury: a pilot study.

Traumatic brain injury is usually assessed with the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), CT, or MRI. After such injury, the injured brain tissue is characterised by calcium mediated neuronal damage and inflammation. Positron emission tomography with the isotope cobalt-55 (Co-PET) as a calcium tracer enables imaging of affected tissue in traumatic brain injury. The aim was to determine whether additional information can be gained by Co-PET in the diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury and to assess any prognostic value of Co-PET. Five patients with recent moderately severe traumatic brain injury were studied. CT was performed on the day of admission, EEG within one week, and MRI and Co-PET within four weeks of injury. Clinical assessment included neurological examination, GCS, neuropsychological testing, and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) after one year. Co-PET showed focal uptake that extended beyond the morphological abnormalities shown by MRI and CT, in brain regions that were actually diagnosed with EEG. Thus Co-PET is potentially useful for diagnostic localisation of both structural and functional abnormalities in moderate traumatic brain injury.     

Gait and Glasgow Coma Scale scores can predict functional recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury

Fifty-one patients with mild(n = 14),moderate(n = 10) and severe traumatic brain injury(n = 27) received early rehabilitation.Level of consciousness was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Score.Functional level was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score,whilst mobility was evaluated using the Mobility Scale for Acute Stroke.Activities of daily living were assessed using the Barthel Index.Following Bobath neurodevelopmental therapy,the level of consciousness was significantly improved in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury,but was not greatly influenced in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.Mobility and functional level were significantly improved in patients with mild,moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.Gait recovery was more obvious in patients with mild traumatic brain injury than in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.Activities of daily living showed an improvement but this was insignificant except for patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Nevertheless,complete recovery was not acquired at discharge.Multiple regression analysis showed that gait and Glasgow Coma Scale scores can be considered predictors of functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury.     

Neurodevelopmental outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in very young children: role for subcortical lesions

Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in children younger than 15 years of age. To evaluate the role of subcortical lesions on neurodevelopmental outcomes, long-term outcomes of 50 children with severe traumatic brain injury before 4 years of age (accidental injury, n = 21, nonaccidental injury, n = 29) were reviewed retrospectively and compared with late magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings: no visible lesions, cortical lesions, or subcortical lesions. Subcortical lesions occurred in both accidental and nonaccidental traumatic brain injuries. Traumatic brain injury severity (initial Glasgow Coma Scale or coma duration) was significantly associated with subcortical lesions. Long-term motor or visual deficiencies occurred in one third of patients and cognitive deficiencies in 52.1%. Although deficiencies occurred without visible MRI lesions, global outcome scores, motor delay, visual impairment, head growth slowing, global intellectual quotients, and planning performances were significantly worse in patients with subcortical lesions. An alarming deterioration in intellectual quotient over time was noted. It was concluded that neurodevelopmental outcomes are worrisome after severe traumatic brain injury in young children, and subcortical lesions affect the prognosis.     

外伤性视交叉损伤

目的 探讨外伤性视交叉损伤的病理机制及诊断治疗.方法 对14例外伤性视交叉损伤的临床表现、影像学特点、手术治疗及随访进行研究.结果 14例病人中25只眼外伤后出现视力下降(双眼11例、单眼3例),双颞侧偏育10例,单眼颞侧偏肓4例.头颅CT示脑挫裂伤12例,头颅MRI检查11例均发现前颅窝底额叶眶直回脑挫裂伤.11例患者接受手术治疗,术后脑脊液鼻漏2例,随访6-36个月,平均13个月,10例14只眼术后视力提高、6例视野缺损有改善.3例未经手术治疗的患者,药物治疗视力皆提高,但视野无明显改善.结论 视野检查颞侧缺损及头颅MRI检查是外伤性视交叉损伤诊断首选的检查,MRI检查显示有明显视交叉压迫者应该积极手术治疗.     

预缝式关颅联合颅内压监测下控制性减压在PADBS手术中的作用探讨

目的探讨预缝式关颅联合颅内压监测下控制性减压在外伤性急性弥漫性脑肿胀(PADBS)手术中的应用价值。方法选择湖州市第一人民医院神经外科自2015年2月至2019年12月收治的157例PADBS患者为研究对象,并将其中2017年6月前收治的采用颅内压监测下控制性减压手术治疗的68例患者纳入对照组,2017年6月后收治的采用预缝式关颅联合颅内压监测下控制性减压手术治疗的89例患者纳入试验组,回顾性对比分析2组患者间术中开颅时间、脑组织暴露时间、关颅时间、急性脑膨出发生率及伤后6个月格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分的差异。结果试验组患者的术中开颅时间[(19.2±1.6)min]明显长于对照组[(15.4±1.4)min],脑组织暴露时间[(18.5±2.4)min]明显短于对照组[(26.3±2.2)min],关颅时间[(11.2±1.5)min]明显短于对照组[(18.3±2.1)min],急性脑膨出发生率(22.5%)明显低于对照组(38.2%),预后良好率(70.8%)明显高于对照组(50.0%),死亡率(6.7%)明显低于对照组(17.6%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论预缝式关颅联合颅内压监测下控制性减压能够缩短关颅时间及脑组织暴露时间,降低急性脑膨出发生率,更有效地改善PADBS患者的预后。     

血管内降温治疗重型颅脑创伤安全性及有效性的研究

目的 对血管内降温治疗急性重型颅脑创伤患者的安全性及有效性进行前瞻性的研究.方法 共30例患者,均于伤后12 h内行血管内降温治疗,体内温度控制在33℃～35℃,持续4-7 d,平均(121.5±13.7)h.患者均于伤后6个月时根据COS评估法判定疗效.结果 经6个月随访,良好11例,中残5例,重残6例,植物生存6例,死亡2例.本组患者没有出现与血管内降温系统相关的严重并发症.结论 血管内降温具有降温速度快、目标温度维持稳定、波动性小以及复温速度容易控制等优点.对于重型颅脑创伤的患者是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.