Alzheimer病患者脑脊液Tau蛋白水平的检测及其临床意义

目的研究Alzheimer病(AD)患者脑脊液(CSF)tau蛋白水平及其临床意义.方法采用ELISA 法检测11例AD、13例血管性痴呆(VD)和13例对照者CSF tau蛋白水平.结果 AD患者CSF tau蛋白水平与VD、对照组相比明显升高(分别P＜0.01和P＜0.05).CSF tau蛋白水平随着年龄增长而升高.结论早期CSF tau蛋白水平升高可用于AD的诊断.     

Alzheimer病患者血浆中Tau蛋白与载脂蛋白E基因多态性的关系

目的探讨Alzheimer病(AD)患者血浆中微管相关蛋白(Tau protein,Tau蛋白)与载脂蛋白 E(apolipoproteinE,ApoE)多态性的关系。方法采集92例AD患者及100名同龄健康老年人的外周血,采取聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性法(PCR-RFLP)进行ApoE基因多态性分析,同时应用酶联免疫吸附剂测定法(ELISA)对血浆中Tau蛋白进行定量分析。结果与对照组[(5.2±4.1)pg/mL]相比,AID患者血浆中Tau蛋白水平[(1 5.4±7.9)pg/mL]升高(P0.01),携带ApoEε4等位基因的AD患者Tau蛋白水平[(21.3±4.6)pg/mL]升高更明显(P0.01)。结论 AD患者血浆中Tau蛋白水平与ApoEε4等位基因相关,有可能作为早期AD诊断的生物学指标。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆的关系

目的 探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与Alzheimer病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)的关系.方法 用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测79例AD患者(AD组)、85例VD患者(VD组)及156名健康老年人(正常对照组)ApoE基因型和等位基因频率.结果 ApoEε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因频率AD组分别为25.3%及17.7%,VD组分别为25.9%及20.5%,正常对照组分别为10.9%及5.7%;AD组及VD组ApoEε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 ApoEε4等位基因可能是AD和VD共同的危险因素.     

血管性危险因子与Alzheimer病痴呆进展的相关性研究

目的研究血管性危险因子载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)基因以及血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因与Alzheimer病(AD)痴呆进展恶化之间的相关性。方法应用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)和痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR),对78例晚发性AD患者进行为期2年的随访研究,并应用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术或直接通过PCR方法,分析这些患者ApoE、LRP与ACE基因型。结果(1)ApoE基因ε4等位基因和ApoEε4携带者与AD痴呆进展恶化之间在统计学上均有显著性关联(P<0.05);(2)非恶化组ApoE基因ε3等位基因频率比恶化组增多(P<0.05);(3)ACE基因I等位基因频率在两组之间差异显著(P<0.05);(4)LRP基因的等位基因频率在两组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论ApoEε4等位基因可能是AD进展恶化的遗传危险因子,ApoEε3等位基因则可能有保护效应;ACE I等位基因亦可能是AD进展恶化的遗传危险因子。     

Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

探讨ApoE多态性与Alzheimer病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）的关系。方法：应用PCR—RFLP技术分析25例AD,30例VD及40例对照组人群的ApoE基因型。结果：与对照组相比较,AD和VD患者ε3频率降低（P＜0．05）,ε4频率升高（P＜0．05）,两组患者间各等位基因频率差异无统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：ApoE多态性与AD和VD的发病机制相关,其在这两种疾病中的作用相似。     

阿尔茨海默病患者脑脊液可溶性血小板衍生生长因子受体β与认知损害及脑脊液生物标志物的相关性研究

目的研究阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者脑脊液可溶性血小板衍生生长因子受体β(sPDGFRβ)浓度与认知损害程度及脑脊液生物标志物的相关性。方法选取2018年9月至2020年8月安徽医科大学附属省立医院神经内科收治的AD患者(AD组)50例,及同期住院的认知功能正常的对照组33例,对其完善神经心理学测评,依据临床痴呆量表(CDR)评分将AD患者分为轻度AD组和中重度AD组,比较3组的临床资料、认知功能。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定各组患者的脑脊液sPDGFRβ、脑脊液β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-42、脑脊液Aβ1-40、总tau蛋白(T-tau)及磷酸化tau蛋白(P-tau)含量,比较3组间差异。将AD组根据载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因是否携带ε4基因分为ApoE4+组和ApoE4-组,比较组间脑脊液sPDGFRβ差异。并将轻度AD组和中重度AD组、对照组脑脊液sPDGFRβ与认知损害程度和脑脊液Aβ1-42、T-tau及P-tau含量进行相关分析。结果中重度AD组脑脊液sPDGFRβ浓度[(235.358±86.187)pg/ml]和轻度AD组脑脊液sPDGFRβ浓度[(219.301±69.711)pg/ml]高于对照组[(184.878±52.944)pg/ml],差异有统计学意义(F=3.90,P=0.024)。而在AD患者中,ApoE4+组脑脊液sPDGFRβ[(219.493±76.745)pg/ml]和ApoE4-组[(222.802±81.665)pg/ml]间差异无统计学意义(t=-0.13,P=0.900)。相关分析结果显示,轻度AD组脑脊液sPDGFRβ与脑脊液P-tau水平呈正相关(r=0.43,P=0.019),与Aβ1-42、T-tau水平、简易精神状态检查量表评分及蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分无相关性,而在中重度AD组和对照组中则均无相关性。结论脑脊液sPDGFRβ在AD患者中升高,并在早期与P-tau有关;周细胞损伤可能参与了AD患者脑内tau蛋白的磷酸化。     

阿耳茨海默性痴呆与血管性痴呆的ApoE基因多态性研究

目的探讨ApoE基因在阿耳茨海默性痴呆（Alzheimer-typedementia,AD）与血管性痴呆（Vasculardementia,VD）患者当中的分布情况,以找出中国人的特点,评价ApoE基因检测在早期预测性诊断中的作用,比较AD与VD在ApoE基因多态性方面的异同。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法,对41例AD、35例VD和30例对照进行ApoE基因型测定。结果小于70岁的AD患者,其ε4等位基因频率大大高于同龄VD组患者和同龄对照组（P＜0.01和P＜0.05）。而≥70岁的AD患者ε4频率明显低于70岁以下AD患者（P＜0.01）。结论（1）ApoEε4与散发性AD之间具有明显相关性,其基因型以4/3为主,而ε4/4相对于国外文献报道要少。（2）AD组ε4等位基因频率高于VD组（P＜0.05）。（3）评价AD发病危险时,年龄因素不容忽视,70岁以下ε4携带者可能具有更高的AD发病危险性。     

蒙古族Alzheimer病患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与蒙古族Alzheimer病(AD)的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应及基因测序技术检测106例蒙古族AD患者和100名正常对照者的ApoE基因的基因型和等位基因频率,并进行比较。结果 AD组中有ApoEε4基因型频率(31.1%)显著高于正常对照组(17.0%)(χ2=5.591,P=0.018;OR=2.207,95%CI:1.136～4.289);ε4等位基因的频率显著高于正常对照组(χ2=4.27,P=0.039;OR=1.841,95%CI:1.026～3.304);两组ApoEε2、ε3等位基因频率的差异无统计学意义。结论ApoE基因ε4等位基因可能是蒙古族人群患AD的遗传性危险因素。     

乌鲁木齐市老年人群中载脂蛋白E基因与Alzheimer病的相关分析

目的　分析乌鲁木齐市老年人群中载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因与Alzheimer病 (AD)的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链式反应扩增技术及限制性片段长度多态性技术对乌鲁木齐市 6 0例散发性AD患者和 90例对照者的ApoE基因进行分型 ,分别计算两组ApoE各等位基因、基因型的频率。结果　 (1)AD患者组中ApoEε2、ApoEε3、ApoEε4等位基因出现的频率分别为 6 6 7%、75 83%、17 5 0 % ,而对照组分别为 13 33%、79 4 5 %、7 2 2 % ;其中 ,ApoEε4等位基因在AD组中出现的频率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,ApoEε2等位基因却低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )ApoEε4等位基因在不同性别、年龄、受教育程度中的分布差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 1,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　 (1)ApoEε4等位基因与中国乌鲁木齐散发性AD有明显相关性 ,其基因型以ε3/ε4为主 ;(2 )ApoEε2等位基因在AD发生时可能具有一定保护作用 ;(3)评价AD发病风险时 ,性别、年龄、受教育程度的因素不容忽视。女性、75岁以下、低教育程度、ApoEε4等位基因携带者可能具有更高的AD发病危险性     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的载脂蛋白E基因多态性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因与中国昆明地区汉族人阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)是否存在关联。方法运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析方法对58例无亲缘关系的中国昆明地区AD患者、10例VD患者及96例健康老年人,进行ApoE基因变异检测,并进行统计分析。结果AD组、VD组ApoEε3/ε4基因型频率及ε4等位基因频率高于健康对照组,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ε4基因可能是AD和VD的危险因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.