重度三尖瓣反流患者右心室起搏部位的选择

目的 比较重度三尖瓣反流患者起搏导线放置在心尖部或流出道间隔部的难易程度.方法 2013年1月至2013年10月复旦大学附属中山医院40例符合起搏器植入适应证合并重度三尖瓣反流的患者,按随机表将其随机分成A组（拟行流出道间隔部起搏）与B组（拟行右心室心尖部起搏）.术前测定所有患者右心室体部与流出道短轴缩短分数.术中记录2组植入心室导线的曝光时间和术中脱位情况.比较术中及术后3个月流出道间隔部起搏与心尖部起搏的阈值,感知、阻抗等电极参数.结果 A、B两组各20例,A组术中曝光时间显著短于B组[（113.5±33.8）s对（156.3±58.1）s,P=0.007],A组仅1例（5.0％）发生术中脱位,B组6例（30.0％）发生术中脱位,并行导线重置,差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）.两组间术中及术后3个月起搏导线参数差异无统计学意义.所有受试者右心室体部短轴缩短分数（FS）显著大于流出道（33.7％±5.4％对27.1％±4.4％,P＜0.01）.结论 重度三尖瓣反流患者将心室导线固定于右心室流出道间隔部比心尖部更为简单易行.     

Quantification of tricuspid regurgitation by live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic measurements of vena contracta area

We evaluated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) by multiple echocardiographic techniques in 93 consecutive patients who underwent standard two-dimensional (2D) and live three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). TR vena contracta (VC) area was obtained by 3D TTE by systematic and sequential cropping of the acquired 3D TTE dataset. Assessment of VC area by 3D TTE was compared to 2D TTE measurements of the ratio of TR regurgitant jet area to right atrial area (RJA/RAA), RJA alone, VC width, and calculated VC area. VC area from 3D TTE closely correlated with RJA/RAA and RJA alone as determined from 2D TTE measurements. Live 3D TTE color Doppler measurements of VC area can be used for quantitative assessment of TR and offer incremental value for quantification of particularly severe regurgitant lesions.     

长期右室心尖部起搏对三尖瓣返流的影响

目的探讨长期右室心尖部起搏对基础心功能正常患者三尖瓣返流的影响。方法入选更换起搏器的住院患者和门诊复诊的起搏器患者;所有入选患者于起搏器植入前和植入后均行二维及彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,比较植入前后三尖瓣返流程度的变化,并根据患者起搏器植入年限(≤6月、6个月至3年、≥3年)和心室起搏百分比(≤35%、≥85%)分别进行亚组分析比较各亚组的三尖瓣返流程度。结果共入选69例,两次超声心动图评估相隔时间6.5±4.6年。结果植入后三尖瓣轻微返流明显增加(P<0.01),而有临床意义(中、重度)的三尖瓣返流的发生虽有增加趋势但无差异(P>0.05);起搏器植入年限与心室起搏百分比各亚组之间新发或加重的三尖瓣返流无差异(P>0.05)。结论基础左心功能正常的患者长期右室心尖部起搏可引起三尖瓣的轻微返流,有临床意义或加重恶化的三尖瓣返流很少发生,且与起搏器植入年限、心室起搏百分比无明显相关。     

Unusual bileaflet tricuspid valve by real time three-dimensional echocardiography

The right atrioventricular valve is formed by three leaflets as described by the classic anatomic studies. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DE) shows the tricuspid valve (TV) in its long axis. However, short-axis views of the TV leaflets are not generally obtained and therefore distinction between leaflets by 2DE is difficult. Real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) overcomes this limitation of 2DE and facilitates obtaining short axis view (enface view) of the TV. In the current case study, en face view of the TV obtained by RT3DE was found to be formed of only two leaflets with two commissures. The surgical findings were consistent with that of RT3DE.     

Traumatic tricuspid papillary muscle and chordae rupture: emerging role of three-dimensional echocardiography

We describe a patient with blunt traumatic chest injury in whom three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) confirmed the findings of a flail anterior tricuspid valve leaflet and ruptured anterior papillary muscle seen on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, and in addition identified multiple chordae tendinae rupture of the posterior leaflet. Open heart surgery confirmed the findings. The emerging role of 3DTTE in defining the true extent of traumatic tricuspid valvular injury is highlighted .     

Exacerbation of mitral regurgitation after tricuspid valve replacement for isolated tricuspid regurgitation

A 74-year-old woman, with a history of aortic valve replacement and open mitral commissurotomy due to rheumatic aortic and mitral stenosis, presented with dyspnea. She developed severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR), requiring tricuspid valve replacement (TVR). Despite an uneventful postoperative course, she was readmitted for dyspnea 2 months later. Trans-thoracic echocardiogram revealed severe mitral regurgitation (MR), despite mild MR at the time of TVR, which has not been previously reported. The main MR mechanism was increased left ventricular preload due to improved TR. Increased diuresis has controlled her congestive heart failure, but her MR remained moderate.     

Isolated rheumatic severe tricuspid regurgitation

Severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is very rare, with most cases of TR being functional and secondary to pulmonary hypertension from left heart pathologies. We report an unusual case of a young Nigerian male, who presented to us with dyspnea, repeated hospital admissions for heart failure, and a childhood history of rheumatic fever. Echocardiogram showed massively dilated right atrium and ventricle, noncoaptation of thickened tricuspid valve with torrential free tricuspid regurgitation. Other valves were normal. Cardiac MRI showed normal right ventricular function and viability. Patient underwent tricuspid valve replacement with 35‐mm St. Jude valve.     

Severe tricuspid regurgitation due to entrapment of the anterior leaflet of the valve by a permanent pacemaker lead: role of real time three-dimensional echocardiography

Pacemaker leads may impair tricuspid valve coaptation and they are a well-known cause of mild tricuspid regurgitation. Occasionally, right ventricular leads worsen tricuspid regurgitation over time and patients develop late-onset symptoms of right-sided heart failure. The exact mechanism of this clinical entity is rarely identifiable by 2D-echocardiography only. This case report details a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation secondary to immobilization of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve by a permanent ventricular pacing lead. The mechanism of regurgitation was clarified by real time three-dimensional echocardiography that showed the location of the ventricular lead and its interference with the tricuspid valve.     

超声心动图检测胎儿三尖瓣反流的临床意义

目的：探讨超声心动图检测胎儿三尖瓣反流的临床意义。方法：应用Philips Sonos 7500彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对460例孕龄20~40周的高危孕妇行胎儿超声心动图检查,对三尖瓣反流胎儿的三尖瓣反流情况及伴发高危因素进行记录,并对三尖瓣反流胎儿进行产后随访或引产后尸检。同时检测孕龄20~40周无明显高危妊娠因素的孕妇450例,作为对照组。结果：高危组胎儿共检出三尖瓣反流59例,三尖瓣反流检出率为12.8%。对照组胎儿共检出三尖瓣反流21例,三尖瓣反流检出率为4.7%。两组胎儿三尖瓣反流检出率间差别有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：超声心动图能够敏感地检出胎儿三尖瓣反流。     

Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid stenosis

Seventeen patients (12 with native and five with prosthetictricuspid valves) with tricuspid stenosis were studied by Dopplerechocardiography followed by cardiac catheterization within24 h. The mean tricuspid diastolic pressure gradient was calculatedusing the modified Bernoulli equation. Tricuspid valve area(TVA) was calculated by the pressure half-time method (TVA =190 divided by pressure half-time). Data from Doppler echocardiographyand cardiac catheterization were compared. The Doppler-derivedtricuspid mean diastolic gradient was 1.9–9.9 mmHg (average5.3±2.5 mmHg), which correlated moderately well withthe catheterization-determined mean diastolic gradient of 2–17mmHg(average 7.3 ±4.0 mmHg), R = 0.74, standard error ofthe estimate (SEE) 1.70 mmHg, Y=0.45 x+2.00,P<0.001. TheDoppler-derived TVA was 0.56–1.58 cm² (average 1.06±0.32cm²), which correlated well with the catheterization-determinedTVA of 0.4–2.2cm² (average 1.06±0.46 cm²), R=0.81,SEE=0.20cm², Y=0.56 x+0.46, P<0.001. Of 12 patients undergoingright ventricular angiography, the angiographic and Dopplergrades of tricuspid regurgitation matched exactly in six anddiffered by one grade in the remaining six. This study demonstratedthat Doppler echocardiography compares very well to cardiaccatheterization in the quantification of tricuspid stenosisand in the assessment of concomitant tricuspid regurgitation.     

Three-dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of the tricuspid valve

Tricuspid valve pathology is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to patient morbidity. Accordingly, interest in transcatheter interventions for tricuspid valve disease has continued to grow. Echocardiographic imaging of the tricuspid valve has therefore become an integral component of patient assessment and the essential imaging modality for interventional procedures. The need for improved tricuspid valve imaging has highlighted the variability in tricuspid valve anatomy and the difficulties of using two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography alone to determine the location and type of tricuspid valve disease. Here, three-dimensional (3D) imaging using tools such as biplane imaging, multiplanar reconstruction and live 3D acquisition allow a more accurate and efficient evaluation of the tricuspid valve. The 3D imaging of the tricuspid valve is often focused on transesophageal echocardiography, but the more anterior location of the tricuspid valve also lends itself to assessment with transthoracic echocardiography. In this review, we will examine how 3D imaging can complement and enhance the information obtained from 2D echocardiography, and present novel applications for the quantitation of valvular disease and its utility in intraprocedural imaging.     

实时三维超声在三尖瓣病变中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）在三尖瓣脱垂病变中的临床应用,比较其与二维超声心动图（2DE）的不同作用。方法:总结了本院2009年3月～2011年5月接受RT-3DE检查并经手术证实为三尖瓣脱垂患者24例的超声检查内容。结果:RT-3DE在三尖瓣脱垂中所能显示的病变较2DE内容丰富,能明确地定位病变的位置及立体形态。两种检查方法同名指标相比无明显差异。结论:RT-3DE在三尖瓣脱垂的诊断中可做为2DE有益的补充。     

计算机技术定量分析三尖瓣返流患者右室收缩和舒张功能的研究

本研究对３０例三尖瓣返流患者同步进行了多普勒超声心动图和右心导管检查，应用计算机软件程序对三尖瓣返流频谱曲线进行微分处理。结果表明，两种技术测量的右室压力最大上升速率、右室心肌最大生理缩短速度、右室压力最大下降速率以及右室心肌松驰时间常数均高度相关（ｒ分别为０．９３，０．８６，０．９４，０．９５），表明三尖瓣返流压差法能够无创性估测右室收缩和舒张功能，应用计算机软件程序能够使测量方法简便、准确。     

Predictors for the development of severe tricuspid regurgitation with anatomically normal valve in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background and Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be a risk factor for severe functional tricuspid valve regurgitation (FTR). We aimed to determine the predictors of severe FTR in patients with AF. Methods and Results: From our echocardiographic laboratory database, we searched for and reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients with severe FTR and AF seen at Mayo Clinic in Arizona from 2002 through 2009. Our search identified 42 patients who met all inclusion criteria. These patients (cases) with severe FTR and AF were compared with 38 patients (controls) with AF who had no greater than mild tricuspid regurgitation. Case patients with severe FTR were older than controls (mean, 81 years vs. 76 years; P < 0.001) and more frequently had chronic AF (69% vs 26%; P < 0.001). Mean right atrial volume (86 mL/m² vs 46 mL/m²; P < 0.001), right ventricular volume (42 mL ± 33 mL vs 22 mL ±8 mL; P < 0.001) and tricuspid annular diameter (3.6 cm vs 3.0 cm; P < 0.001) were larger in cases than in controls. Patients with severe FTR also had a higher prevalence of right‐sided heart failure (69% vs 16%; P < 0.001). After adjusting for age and gender, right atrial and right ventricular volumes were independent predictors for the development of severe FTR in patients with AF (odds ratio, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.3–2.8] for every 10 mL/m² increase in right atrial volume; P = 0.0002 and odds ratio, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.5–8.9] for every 10 mL increase in right ventricular volume; P = 0.0002). Conclusions: Severe FTR occurs in older patients with chronic AF as a result of marked right atrial and right ventricular dilatation; and enlargement of the tricuspid annulus in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. More importantly, severe FTR leads to increased prevalence of right‐sided heart failure underscoring the nonbenign nature of chronic AF. (Echocardiography 2012;29:140‐146)     

Determinants of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic anterior wall myocardial infarction: a real time three-dimensional echocardiography study

OBJECTIVE: We sought to elucidate the geometric determinants of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) in patients with chronic anterior myocardial infarction (MI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 16 patients with anterior MI only (Group A) and 18 patients with both anterior and inferoposterior MI (Group B), three parallel equidistant anteroposterior (AP) planes (medial, central, lateral) perpendicular to the mitral valvular commissure-commissure plane were generated. The systolic tenting area of the mitral valve (MVTa) and the angles between the annular plane and leaflets (anterior, Aalpha; posterior, Palpha) on the AP planes were measured. The left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, and end-diastolic and end-systolic mitral annular area (MAAs) were obtained. RESULT: The regurgitant orifice area (ROA) was significantly smaller in Group A than Group B (0.08 +/- 0.09 vs 0.20 +/- 0.18 cm(2), P < 0.05). In the total of 34 patients, the medial MVTa (P < 0.001), MAAs (P < 0.05) and the spherical index (P < 0.05) were three independent determinants of ROA while the left ventricular volumes were not. MAAs was the only independent determinant of ROA in Group A, while the medial MVTa was in Group B. Palpha (P < 0.05) and MVTa (P = 0.06) tended to be larger in the medial than the lateral side in Group B, while no differences were found in Group A. CONCLUSION: The geometry of the mitral valve apparatus was more important than the left ventricular volumes in determining the severity of IMR in patients with anterior MI. The posteromedial side tenting could play a critical role in causing significant IMR when the inferoposterior MI coexists with anterior MI.     

Left-sided congenitally unguarded tricuspid valve with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: A rare diagnosis confirmed by three-dimensional echocardiography

Left-sided unguarded tricuspid valve disease with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare cardiac malformation, only reported a few times in the literature. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) uses standard views to diagnose tricuspid valve disease. Advanced imaging techniques, such as three-dimensional echocardiography, allow for simultaneous visualization of the tricuspid valve annulus and all leaflets. Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) may be useful in distinguishing unguarded tricuspid valve orifice from other forms of tricuspid valve disease.