PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期肝细胞肝癌治疗中的研究进展

晚期原发性肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的系统治疗主要包括靶向治疗、化疗以及免疫治疗。近3年,程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death receptor-1 ligand,PD-L1)抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中取得突破性进展。纳武单抗(nivolumab)和帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)先后被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准用于HCC二线治疗。多个PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合系统治疗的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床研究初步显示出较好的疗效和安全性。阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab)联合贝伐单抗一线治疗成为首个在Ⅲ期临床研究中证实优于现有标准治疗索拉非尼的全新疗法。本文就近年PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中的研究进展进行概述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌中的治疗进展

程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)抑制剂Pembrolizumab进入一线正式标志着免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗体系中占据了重要地位.临床试验结果证实PD-1/程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂在晚期NSCLC的一线、二线和多药耐药后治疗的疗效均要优于传统的化疗.一线使用Pembrolizumab联合化疗的客观有效率(objective response rate,ORR)最高可达80%;单药Pembrolizumab的无疾病进展时间(progression-free survival,PFS)接近1年(10.3个月),死亡风险比含铂双药化疗下降40%.单药Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab和Atezolizumab用于二线的疗效同样突出,总生存时间(overall survival,OS)可至1年左右.PD-L1的表达是PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的预测因子,在晚期NSCLC中阳性(≥1%)的比例约为60%左右,组织类型间差异不大,但是目前并无检测的金标准.     

Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in non–small cell lung cancer

The last decade has witnessed rapid advances in the discovery and development of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer medicine, particularly drugs targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The proven antitumor efficacy coupled with low rates of drug-related toxicities observed, albeit idiosyncratic, with these novel immunotherapeutics have led to the registration of multiple PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, in second-line advanced NSCLC, whereas durvalumab and avelumab are in late-phase clinical testing. Moreover, pembrolizumab has shown a survival advantage in the first-line setting; however, nivolumab failed to show a survival benefit possibly relating to patient selection based on PD-L1 expression. Current patient selection is based on PD-L1 expression, using the relevant companion diagnostic test, where patients with strong PD-L1 expression being more likely to respond to these novel agents. Ongoing clinical research focuses on the development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy in neoadjuvant and adjuvant NSCLC. There is also much interest in using these drugs as a therapeutic backbone for rational combinations with other treatment modalities including cytotoxic chemotherapies in the first-line NSCLC, other immunotherapies such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 antagonists, molecularly targeted agents including EGFR and ALK inhibitors, and radiotherapy. Concurrent treatment with radiotherapy is of particular interest owing to the potential for the abscopal effect, using radiotherapy to facilitate systemic treatment.     

How to make the best use of immunotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer

Antibodies that target programmed death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand [programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)] have become a mainstay of first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without targetable genetic alterations. In this review, we summarize results from recent clinical trials that have evaluated the anti-PD-1 antibodies pembrolizumab and nivolumab and the anti-PD-L1 antibodies atezolizumab and durvalumab as first-line treatment as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, other immunotherapies, and antiangiogenesis agents. We discuss factors that may influence treatment selection, including patient baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, tumor histology, and biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression and tumor mutation burden. While immunotherapy has become a central component of first-line treatment of most patients with advanced NSCLC, important questions remain about how treatment should be managed for individual patients.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗中的应用进展

膀胱癌是一种泌尿系统常见的肿瘤,单纯根治切除手术治疗的患者面临较高复发和转移风险,5年生存率为60~80%。在减少复发、转移和延长生存期的探索中,指南推荐以顺铂为基础的化疗作为标准新辅助治疗。但部分患者无法耐受化疗或对化疗不敏感,新辅助治疗应用率较低,未广泛开展。程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡因子配体1(PD-L1)是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近年来一批PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂被批准用于局晚期膀胱癌的一线、二线治疗,疗效及安全性得到证实,因此一些最新的研究探索将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂运用于新辅助治疗。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

Aktuelle Systemtherapie des metastasierten Harnblasenkarzinoms

In November 2016 results of a phase III clinical trial with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma were published, which showed an overall survival benefit in comparison with conventional chemotherapy with vinflunine, docetaxel or paclitaxel. Other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are being tested in phase III trials for different stages of urothelial carcinoma. On 2 June 2017 nivolumab was approved in Europe as the first PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor for the second-line treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Other approvals are expected within this year possibly making this substance class the new standard for second-line treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Currently, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are also being tested for first-line treatment using different approaches either as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or CTLA-4 inhibitors. Whereas data from single-arm phase II clinical trials have already been published, first phase III data are expected for the end of 2017. A new therapy approach evaluates the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for the perioperative treatment of patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma after complete surgical R0 resection (radical cystectomy or nephroureterectomy). Two international phase III trials on adjuvant immunotherapy with nivolumab and atezolizumab are currently recruiting patients, which is likely to be completed in early 2018.     

Current situation of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors in advanced triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) has the worst prognosis among all molecular types of breast cancer. Because of the strong immunogenicity of TNBC cells, programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)inhibitors, two kinds of immune checkpoint blockade agents, might help improve the prognosis of TNBC.However, how to better use PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and select patients who may benefit from treatment options remains controversial. This article summarizes published clinical studies in wh...     

Drug Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: First-Line and Beyond

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high mortality. The option of systemic therapy has increased significantly over the past five years. Sorafenib was the first multikinase inhibitor, introduced in 2007, as a treatment option for HCC, and it was the only effective systemic treatment for more than ten years. It was not until 2017 that several breakthroughs were made in the development of systemic strategies. Lenvatinib, another multikinase inhibitor, stood out successfully after sorafenib, and has been applied to clinical use in the first-line setting. Other multikinase inhibitors such as regorafenib, ramucirumab and cabozantinib, were approved in quick succession as second-line therapies. Concurrently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have readily become established treatments for many solid tumors, including HCC. The most studied ICIs to date, target programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). These ICIs have demonstrated efficacy in treating advanced HCC. More recently, combination of bevacizumab and atezolizumab (ICI targeting PD-L1) was approved as the gold-standard first-line therapy. Combination of ICIs with nivolumab and ipilimumab was also approved in the second-line setting for those who failed sorafenib. At the moment, numerous clinical trials in advanced HCC are underway, which will bring continuous change to the management, and increase the survival, for patients with advanced HCC. Our review article: (1) summarizes United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved systemic therapies in advanced HCC, (2) reports the evidence of currently approved treatments, (3) discusses potential drugs/drug combinations being currently tested in phase III clinical trials, and (4) proposes possible future directions in drug development for advanced HCC.     

Efficacy of targeted therapies after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BackgroundMonoclonal antibodies that target the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) pathway have shown antitumour activity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and are currently being developed in first-line (in combination) and in previously treated patients. The efficacy targeted therapy (TT) after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is still unknown.MethodsMedical records of mRCC patients treated with investigational PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors at 4 academic institutions were reviewed. Patients who received subsequent treatment with TT were selected to collect outcome measures of subsequent TT.ResultsOf 99 patients who received PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as part of clinical trials, 56 patients have received subsequent therapy: 44 patients received vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors and 12 received mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors as first subsequent TT. Median follow up, from the start of subsequent TT was 16.1 months (range: 0.2, 30.6 months). TT post PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was administered as second-line, third-line or beyond third-line in 9 (16%), 24 (43%) and 23 patients (41%) respectively. Median time to treatment failure on subsequent TT was 6.6 months (range: 0.2+, 23.0). 1-year and 2 year overall survival from the initiation of subsequent TT was 58% (95% confidence interval (CI): 41–72%) and 36% (95% CI: 18–54%), respectively.ConclusionBoth VEGF/VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors demonstrate antitumour activity following PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.     

PD-1/PD-L1治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）信号通路与肿瘤免疫逃逸密切相关,针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的免疫检查点抑制剂为非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者提供了一种新的治疗选择,并且显示出良好的疗效和安全性。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗NSCLC的临床研究进展进行综述。      

Comparative Efficacy of Second- and Subsequent-line Treatments for Metastatic NSCLC: A Fractional Polynomials Network Meta-analysis of Cancer Immunotherapies

BackgroundExtended onset of treatment effect and longer-term survival with anti–programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immunotherapies, atezolizumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, have changed the landscape of second- or subsequent-line (2L+) treatments for adults with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This systematic literature review included phase I to IV randomized, controlled trials of 2L+ NSCLC therapies from MEDLINE, Embase, and secondary sources.Materials and MethodsStudies of treatments approved in the European Union or United States had to be in English with ≥ 10 patients per arm. A fractional polynomials network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted because traditional NMA of hazard ratios does not account for delayed onset of clinical effect or long-term survival observed in PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitor trials. Adjusted analyses accounted for treatment switching in the atezolizumab OAK trial. Expected survival time reflected area under the curve over the time horizon. Expected overall survival (OS) was ranked by median ranking with 95% credible intervals and by surface under the cumulative ranking curve. Of 25,115 screened records, 28 studies were included in the quantitative analyses of OS and progression-free survival.ResultsPD-L1/PD-1 inhibitors had comparable expected 5-year OS; all performed better than other treatment options. In unadjusted analyses, surface under the cumulative ranking curve ranked nivolumab first (87.9%), followed by atezolizumab (85.8%) and pembrolizumab (82.8%). Analyses adjusted for patients switching from docetaxel to immunotherapy ranked atezolizumab first (89.6%), followed by nivolumab (86.5%) and pembrolizumab (81.9%).ConclusionThis NMA applied an appropriate approach for indirect comparisons, including cancer immunotherapies, and supported robustness of PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapies for 2L+ treatment of NSCLC.     

Association of PD-L1 expression status with the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and overall survival in solid tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Whether PD-L1-positive patients derive more overall survival benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced solid tumours is unclear. We systematically searched the PubMed, Cochrane library and EMBASE databases from January 1, 1966 to March 1, 2019, to identify randomised controlled trials of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab) that had available hazard ratios (HRs) for death according to PD-L1 status. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled overall survival (OS) HR and 95% CI among PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative patients. An interaction test was performed to evaluate the heterogeneity between the two estimates. A total of 24 randomised trials, involving 12,966 participants, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. An OS benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was found in both PD-L1-positive patients (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.60–0.70) and PD-L1-negative patients (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74–0.91) even at the minimum cut-off value of 1%. Significant differences in the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors between PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative patients were noted at different cut-off values. Moreover, there was a positive dose–response relationship between PD-L1 positivity and OS benefit (HR for 1%, 0.58, [0.50, 0.67]; 5%, 0.52 [0.43, 0.64]; 10%, 0.50 [0.40, 0.63]). Subgroup analyses showed that these results were generally consistent, regardless of study design, line of treatment, treatment type, tumour type, PD-L1 staining cell type and median follow-up time. We demonstrated that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors significantly improved OS in both PD-L1 positive and PD-L1 negative patients compared to controls, but the magnitude of benefit was clinically PD-L1-dependent.     

PD-1及PD-L1抑制剂在前列腺癌治疗中的研究现状

前列腺癌是男性常见的恶性肿瘤,目前主要的治疗手段是根治性前列腺切除术(RP)以及雄激素剥夺疗法(ADT),但两者均有其各自的局限性。近年来免疫治疗发展迅速,其中细胞程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)及细胞程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)作为免疫治疗的理想靶点,其抑制剂在治疗肺癌、结肠癌等多种癌症中发挥了越来越重要的作用。而随着PD-1/PD-L1在前列腺癌方面的研究进展及深入,其在前列腺癌中的作用机制也逐渐明了,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在前列腺癌治疗上也将具有广阔的前景。本文将就PD-1及PD-L1在前列腺癌中的表达、作用机制及其抑制剂治疗前列腺癌的相关研究进展作一综述。     

放疗增敏PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)/程序性死亡受体-配体(PD-L1)抑制剂治疗现已批准用于多种肿瘤,但其单药治疗疗效偏低。如何通过放疗来增敏PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的疗效,是放疗业界研究的热点。放疗与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的联合应用,在多项研究中已显示出生存获益。然而电离辐射对于PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗而言,是一把双刃剑。如何在充分发挥放疗免疫激活作用的同时,尽量避免放疗的免疫抑制效应,这与放疗的剂量选择、分割模式、治疗时机选择及治疗部位数目等密切相关。为此,本文针对晚期转移性肿瘤治疗中,如何优化放疗联合抗PD-1/PD-L1治疗做一综述。     

Programmed Death 1 and Programmed Death Ligand 1 Inhibitors in Advanced and Recurrent Urothelial Carcinoma: Meta-analysis of Single-Agent Studies

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the response rates of patients with treatment-refractory urothelial carcinoma treated with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. We reviewed the literature for prospective studies evaluating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in refractory urothelial carcinoma patients, which formed the basis for US Food and Drug Administration approval of 5 different antagonistic antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab). We considered studies examining PD-1/PD-L1–treated patients, which we identified using the following key terms in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrial.gov, and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies had ≥ 20 patients each and reported response rates, duration of response, and overall survival (OS). We performed fixed and random-effects meta-analyses to model the point estimates for objective response rate and complete response. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and OS for studies reporting these statistics were evaluated. We found 10 eligible studies that met our inclusion criteria, providing extractable numerators and denominators for response rates, PFS, and OS for 1934 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. The objective response rate was 18% (95% confidence interval, 15-22) for second-line or later therapies. The random-effects estimate for complete response was 4% (95% confidence interval, 3-5), including all disease locations and all PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. Median OS and PFS were < 13 months and 3 months, respectively, across all studies, irrespective of PD-L1 expression. We found that the estimated response rates of agents included in this meta-analysis seem to be more favorable than other salvage therapies.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的Meta分析

 目的 系统评价PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性。方法 通过Web of science等国内外数据库，ASCO会议摘要及杂志筛选文献，进行Meta分析。结果 纳入7项RCT研究，4 101例患者，荟萃分析显示抑制剂联合化疗对比化疗可显著延长患者的PFS（HR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.50~0.70, P<0.00001）、OS（HR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.46~0.92, P=0.02）及ORR（RR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.13~2.62, P=0.01）。亚组分析显示，抑制剂联合化疗可显著延长PFS及OS，且PD-L1表达程度越高，疗效获益越显著。而单药抑制剂对比化疗在延长晚期NSCLC患者的PFS（HR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.57~1.31, P=0.50）、OS（HR=0.82, 95%CI: 0.65~1.03, P=0.09）及提高ORR（RR=1.12, 95%CI: 0.55~2.28, P=0.76）方面两组差异无统计学意义。与化疗相比，单药抑制剂一线治疗PD-L1高表达的晚期NSCLC患者可显著延长OS，但在延长PFS方面未见明显优势。与化疗组相比，抑制剂联合化疗组3~4级不良反应发生率无明显改善（HR=1.09，95%CI: 0.99~1.20, P=0.09），而单药PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂组3~4级不良反应发生率低（RR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.36~0.52, P<0.00001）。 结论 PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗晚期NSCLC患者疗效优于化疗方案；PD-L1高表达者单药PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可作为一线治疗的优先选择，且具有良好的安全性。     

程序性死亡蛋白1及其配体在结直肠癌中的临床研究现状

程序性死亡蛋白-1(Programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1)通过与程序性死亡蛋白配体-1(Programmed cell death protein ligand-1,PD-L1)相互作用进而发挥负向调节机体免疫反应机制,促使肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸。以PD-1/PD-L1为靶点的免疫治疗已成为肿瘤治疗的新模式。目前,手术和放化疗仍然是结直肠癌的主要治疗手段,但生存率没有明显的改善。研究显示PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂单药治疗或与放化疗和手术联合治疗在结直肠癌中取得了可观的效果,且相关的临床试验正在进行。本文阐述了PD-1/PD-L1信号通路相关的分子生物学机制及PD-L1的表达与结直肠癌放化疗和预后的关系,并介绍了PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在结直肠癌中的临床研究进展。     

免疫检查点抑制剂一线治疗晚期NSCLC的现状与展望

随着程序性凋亡因子1受体(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)抑制剂单药治疗在晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的二线和一线治疗中相继取得突破性进展,晚期NSCLC的诊治策略正在逐渐发生演变和优化.免疫联合治疗扩大受益人群、提高疗效,目前已经在一线治疗领域取得初步结果,有多项Ⅲ期随机对照研究正在进行中.本文将对免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期NSCLC一线治疗中的现状和前景进行综述.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在尿路上皮癌治疗中的研究进展

近年来,随着人们对肿瘤免疫生物学认识的不断深入,针对免疫检查点抑制的系统免疫疗法在尿路上皮癌领域得到了广泛的探索和临床应用。程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)是机体免疫活性的重要负性调节因子,可防止正常组织和自身免疫功能的破坏。迄今为止,美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)已批准了可阻断PD-1(Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab)或PD-L1(Atezolizumab、Durvalumab和Avelumab)的五种免疫检查点抑制剂,根据在相关临床试验中观察到的持久的治疗反应和可控的安全性,用于局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌的一线或二线治疗。本文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在尿路上皮癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

晚期胃癌一线免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗预后因素及对二线化疗的影响

  目的  探索免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs）联合化疗一线治疗晚期胃癌中肝转移状态、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR）、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）等因素与患者预后的关系,以及一线应用ICIs对二线化疗疗效的影响。  方法  收集解放军总医院2018年1月至2022年4月收治的胃癌患者临床资料,通过随访获得生存数据。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,Log-rank检验比较胃癌一线程序性细胞死亡受体1（programmed cell death receptor- 1,PD-1）/程序性细胞死亡配体1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂联合化疗中不同NLR、BMI和肝转移状态对预后的影响,以及一线应用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对二线化疗的影响。应用Cox回归模型确定影响患者生存的预后因素。  结果  共纳入晚期胃癌患者268例,在一线PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗组中,总体客观缓解率（objective response rate,ORR）为46.5%,疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）为87.7%,中位无进展生存期1（median progression-free survival 1,mPFS1）为6.9（95%CI:6.0～7.8）个月。各亚组中,仅NLR<3组与NLR≥3组的中位PFS1有显著性差异（7.4 vs. 6.7个月,P=0.044）。多因素分析显示,基线NLR<3的患者在PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗中能够获得更长的无进展生存期（HR=0.57,95%CI:0.36～0.90;P=0.015）,而BMI、肝转移状态与患者预后无明显相关（均P＞0.05）。二线治疗中,一线PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗进展后仅接受化疗患者的ORR（34.6% vs. 14.6%,P=0.025）和mPFS2（4.4 vs. 2.9个月,HR=0.54,95%CI:0.35～0.82;P=0.004）优于一、二线均仅应用化疗的患者,而DCR及中位总生存期（median overall survival,mOS）比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。  结论  在一线接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗的晚期胃癌中,基线NLR<3的患者更易从免疫治疗中获益,而肝转移状态、BMI与患者的预后无明显相关。另外,一线应用含免疫治疗的方案可提高胃癌患者二线化疗的疗效,使其获得更长的无进展生存期。