Long-term follow-up of conservative treatment of severely traumatized maxillary incisors

Abstract We present the case of a 26-year-old man who at the age of 9 suffered severe trauma to both maxillary central incisors. The underlying malocclusion was skeletal and classified as dental Class II/1 with severe crowding. Both the maxillary central incisors and the two lower first premolars were extracted and the patient was treated with an edgewise appliance for 2 years. Acceptable occlusal relationships were achieved following orthodontic and adjunctive treatment which consisted of reshaping the maxillary lateral incisors with composite materials and grinding the canines to resemble lateral incisors. A critical evaluation of the esthetic and functional results at the age of 26 years is presented.     

Orthodontic rehabilitation for anterior teeth lost due to trauma with crowding malocclusion

Abstract – Herein, we describe orthodontic management for an adolescent girl with traumatic loss of the upper central incisors and maxillary protrusion. The central incisors were immediately replaced and fixed with application of a semi‐rigid splint for 12 days, then endodontically treated. Severe root resorption and degeneration of periodontal tissue were noted after 4 years and the teeth were extracted, while the patient had also developed maxillary protrusion with severe crowding in the lower arch. The treatment objectives were to close the spaces by mesial movement of the buccal segment in the upper arch and eliminate crowding by extraction of the lower bicuspids. Favorable occlusion was achieved as was substitution with the lateral incisors for the lost central teeth.     

Combined orthodontic and surgical treatment of severe mandibular laterognathie with bimaxillary protrusion: case report

This article summarizes the treatment progress for a patient with a severe dolichofacial pattern with a convex profile, severe lip incompetency, and concomitant mouth breathing. Her maxillary occlusal plane had a cant and the maxillary and mandibular midlines were shifted 2 and 4 mm to the left side, respectively. The treatment plan summary was as follows: (1) maxillary rapid expansion for the elimination of maxillary constriction; (2) extraction of maxillary right first molar; (3) extraction of mandibular first premolars; (4) preoperative orthodontic treatment to correct dental protrusions; (5) surgical repositioning of the maxilla and mandible; and (6) postoperative orthodontic treatment and retention. Orthodontic treatment lasted a total of 28 months, with a good intercuspation and significantly improved facial esthetics at the end of treatment. The 1-year postretention lateral cephalometric measurements did not indicate any significant relapse. Dental protrusion and crowding in both jaws were eliminated. Facial and dental asymmetry was resolved and the profile was improved. The cant of the occlusal plane and the lips were corrected. Evaluation of pre- and posttreatment profiles revealed a decrease in convexity. Dentally, Class I canine and Class III molar relationships were present at the end of the treatment. Maxillary and mandibular incisors were uprighted, improving the interincisal angle and the bite relationship.     

Multidisciplinary treatment of "twinned" permanent teeth: two case reports

Twinned teeth usually appear in the anterior region of the dental arch. Besides orthodontic malocclusions, such as protrusion, crowding, or diastema, they also cause esthetic problems. Different treatment methods can be used according to the requirements of the situation. This article reports multidisciplinary treatment of 2 patients whose maxillary central teeth were twinned with supernumerary incisors. The twinned tooth was reshaped following endodontic treatment in 1 of the patients and orthodontic treatment was performed with edgewise mechanics. In the second case, however, it was determined that the twinned tooth had 2 separate roots. There was also another supernumerary lateral incisor in the dental arch that increased the severity of the crowding. The twinned tooth was hemisected and the other supernumerary tooth was extracted. The patient wore a removable appliance for initial tooth movements and treatment was finished with fixed appliances.     

Treatment of dentoskeletal bimaxillary protrusion: additional extraction of maxillary second molars

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of an 18-year-old female patient with Class II malocclusion with dentoskeletal bimaxillary protrusion. An acceptable treatment result was obtained with a four first premolar extraction and an additional maxillary two second molar extraction plan. Standard edgewise appliances were placed after the premolars were extracted. A positive soft tissue response to treatment was achieved, and the patient’s profile was improved, with a reduction of lip protrusion and mentalis strain. Dentally, the interincisal angle improved significantly as both the maxillary and mandibular incisors were uprighted after space closure. The occlusion remained stable during 2 years of follow-up.     

Severe transposition, ectopic eruption, and orthodontic alignment: a long-term appraisal

A female patient, 13 years of age, with severe localized crowding and transposition of the right maxillary canine and ectopic eruptions of premolars and incisors, desired treatment. The treatment plan consisted of extraction of 1 displaced premolar and correction of the transposition and crowding by orthodontic means. Crowding correction using the Begg appliance was the technique employed. The case report includes a 12-year posttreatment review, and demonstrates that, with careful planning and close monitoring, it is possible to correct complex transposition problems by orthodontic methods.     

多层螺旋CT辅助微螺钉种植支抗的应用研究

目的应用微型种植体支抗内收上颌前牙,观察上颌前牙及第一磨牙位置的变化,评价微型种植体作为强支抗的应用效果。方法从临床病例中选择20例双颌前突的患者,矫治设计拔除4颗第一双尖牙,随机选择10例在后牙区植入微螺钉型种植体支抗内收前牙,另10例采用腭杆加口外弓的支抗方法。于治疗前拍摄螺旋CT,了解种植区的解剖情况,于治疗前及关闭拔牙间隙后拍摄X线头颅侧位片,测量前牙内收情况及磨牙支抗的变化。用配对t检验比较治疗前后的差异。结果①微型钛钉种植体在拔牙间隙关闭的过程中保持了稳定,成功率93%。②种植体支抗较非种植体强支抗治疗前、后上中切牙倾角及凸距的改变有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05);两组磨牙位移的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);下切牙切端位移的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论初步临床观察结果表明,微型钛钉种植体能作为稳定的骨性正畸支抗,可以实现理想的支抗控制效果。     

Atypical orthodontic extraction pattern managed by differential en-masse retraction against a temporary skeletal anchorage device in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion

This report introduces an innovative treatment approach of selecting atypical and unconventional teeth for orthodontic extraction without compromising the quality of treatment outcomes by using temporary skeletal anchorage devices in patients with bimaxillary protrusion. Both patients introduced in this report had solid Class I molar relationships with bimaxillary anterior protrusion without facial or dental midline asymmetry. Their chief concerns were significant facial convexity, which conventionally requires the extraction of all 4 first premolars. However, 3 second premolars and 1 first premolar were removed in the first patient, and 2 second premolars and 2 first premolars were removed in the second patient. All second premolars extracted had previously had root canal treatment and large prosthodontic restorations, which resulted in a compromised short lifespan of the teeth relative to the natural dentition. To manage these cases of asymmetric extraction space in a symmetric dental and skeletal environment, 2 mini-implants were placed in the posterior maxillary interradicular spaces, 1 on each side. Despite the unusual asymmetric extraction of teeth, superimposition of the pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric tracings shows excellent treatment outcomes of facial convexity reduction by asymetric maximum retraction of the anterior teeth with no change in the molar relationships.     

Prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors in candidates for orthodontic treatment

Abstract  – The dental records made on presentation of 1367 consecutive patients (731 females and 636 males) for orthodontic treatment at a private orthodontic practice between 1998 and 2002 were examined for data relating to trauma to the permanent incisors. The results showed that 10.3% of these patients had suffered from dental trauma before the onset of orthodontic treatment. The highest prevalence of dental trauma was determined in the 11–15 years age group, corresponding to the dental developmental stage of the late mixed dentition. The most frequently affected teeth were the maxillary central incisors (79.6%), and the most common types of trauma were fracture of enamel–dentin without pulpal involvement (42.7%) and fracture of enamel (33.8%). Compared to patients with normal overjet and adequate lip coverage, the frequency of dental trauma was significantly higher in patients with increased overjet and adequate lip coverage ( P  = 0.028) or with increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage ( P  = 0.003). The results of the present study indicate that a significant percentage of candidates for orthodontic treatment, and especially those with increased overjet and inadequate lip coverage, suffer trauma to their permanent incisors before the onset of orthodontic treatment. It might also be concluded that preventive orthodontic treatment of such patients should be initiated and completed before the age of 11, i.e. in the early to middle mixed dentition.     

中切牙外伤拔除的正畸治疗

目的 探讨正畸拔除上颌单侧中切牙矫治模式的可行性及临床治疗的要点.方法 从40例切牙外伤正畸病例中,选出患者19例.其中安氏Ⅰ类错（牙合）10例,安氏Ⅱ类错（牙合）7例,安氏Ⅲ类错（牙合）2例;男16例,女3例,平均年龄14.5岁,均存在牙量与骨量不调需拔牙矫治病例.所有患者采取拔除外伤中切牙及其它三个象限第一前磨牙模式进行矫治.矫治后对临床资料做回顾性的研究,并进行临床疗效评价.结果 19例患者均取得较好的治疗效果,矫治后拔牙间隙关闭,前牙覆（牙合）覆盖正常,中线基本正中,侧貌得到改善.采用治疗前后配对t检验方法,发现牙性指标4项：U1-NA（27.5°至23.3°）、L1-NB（36.4°至32.5°）、L1-MP（97.2°至93.5°）角度减少,表示上下中切牙的倾斜度减小,U1-L1（11.83°至124.4°）角度增加,表示上下中切牙的凸度减少;软组织指标2项：上唇凸点-E线距（Ls-E）从3.5mm减小到1.2mm、下唇凸点-E线距（Li-E）从4.1mm减少到1.5mm,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 遵循个体化原则,用Bolton指数指导设计和有效支抗控制,非常规拔牙模式矫治,能够达到预期目的.     

Skeletal anchorage for orthodontic correction of severe maxillary protrusion after previous orthodontic treatment

The correction of a severe maxillary protrusion in an adult by distal movement of the maxillary molars has been one of the most difficult biomechanical problems in orthodontics. This article reports on the treatment of an adult case of severe maxillary protrusion and a large overjet treated with a skeletal anchorage system. A female patient, age 22 years and 3 months, complained of the difficulty of lip closure due to severe maxillary protrusion with a gummy smile. Overjet and overbite were +7.6 mm and -0.9 mm, respectively. She had a history of orthodontic treatment in which her maxillary first premolars were extracted. In order to conduct distal movement of the maxillary molars, anchor plates were placed in the zygomatic process. After achieving a Class I molar relationship, retraction and intrusion of the maxillary incisors were performed. After a 2-year treatment, an acceptable occlusion was achieved with a Class I molar relationship. Her convex facial profile with upper lip protrusion was considerably improved, and the lips showed less tension in lip closure. After a 2-year retention period, an acceptable occlusion was maintained without recurrence of maxillary protrusion, indicating a stability of the occlusion. The result of this treatment indicated that skeletal anchorage is of great importance as a remedy for achieving intrusion and retraction of the maxillary incisors in cases of severe maxillary protrusion with a patient who had previous orthodontic treatment.     

Orthodontic treatment of a patient with multiple supernumerary teeth and mental retardation

Supernumerary teeth may lead to impaction or ectopic eruption of maxillary incisors, crowding, oronasal fistula, follicular cyst, migration of adjacent teeth and root resorption. In this presentation, an 11-year-old male patient with 4 supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region and a slight mental retardation problem will be presented. After extraction of the supernumerary teeth, the large space created by distal migration of central incisors was closed by orthodontic treatment. Although initial patient compliance was weak and caused difficulties in the course of treatment, orthodontic treatment was completed successfully.     

Considerations in correction of mandibular protrusion by intra-oral vertical ramus osteotomy

This case report presents a case that underwent orthognathic treatment with intra-oral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO). The patient was a 19-year-old female with mandibular protrusion and severe maxillary anterior crowding. The overbite was +0.5 mm and the overjet −1.5 mm. She had orofacial pain and tenderness of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and surrounding muscles. The pre-surgical orthodontic treatment included the extraction of the maxillary right lateral incisor, maxillary right second premolar, maxillary left canine, mandibular left second molar and mandibular right second premolar. After 18 months of pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, the left and right sides of the mandible were set back 8 and 6 mm, respectively, via IVRO to improve mandibular protrusion. The total treatment period was 26 months. The patient showed the backward reaction of the mandible, which occurred after release of the maxillo-mandibular fixation. The usage of the Class II elastics during the post-surgical phase to maintain the overjet made the inclination of the maxillary incisors more lingual.     

前突患者上切牙内收前的牙根吸收状况及因素分析

目的 调查前突患者上切牙内收前的牙根吸收状况,并且对该阶段牙根吸收的影响因素进行初步的探索.方法 选择上颌需要拔除双侧第一前磨牙且需要强支抗的前突患者50名,分别于正畸治疗前（T1）和上切牙内收前（T2）拍摄上颌切牙的平行投照根尖片和头颅侧位片,通过测量和评价,得到每颗切牙的牙根吸收量、治疗前牙根形态及上中切牙的角度位置及变化量,并记录其他诊断和治疗因素.对牙根吸收量作描述性统计,对各因素作多因素分析.结果 ①前突患者上切牙内收前,中切牙的牙根吸收平均为（0.73±0.53）mm,侧切牙为（0.84±0.70）mm.②有3％的中切牙和6％的侧切牙牙根吸收大于2mm.③多元线性回归表明T1期牙根形态异常、内收前疗程长、上中切牙根尖距唇侧骨皮质的距离减小量大、T1期U1/PP角小、上颌前部拥挤为中切牙牙根吸收的危险因素.T1期牙根形态异常、上颌前部拥挤、内收前疗程长、T1期牙齿长度长为侧切牙牙根吸收的危险因素.结论 前突患者上切牙内收前有一定量的牙根吸收,个别高危患者其牙根吸收状况较严重.我们的研究因素中存在此阶段与上切牙牙根吸收相关的因素,但这些因素对于牙根吸收的解释仅为30％左右.     

Orthodontic treatment protocol of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type VI is an autosomal recessive disorder of the connective tissue characterized by joint hypermobility, muscle hypotonia, scoliosis, and ocular fragility. In this case report, an EDS type VI patient with a skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion is presented and the clinical approach to his orthodontic problem is emphasized. A 17-year-old male patient presenting some major and minor symptoms of the syndrome was referred to our orthodontic department for diagnosis and treatment. The typical clinical signs confirmed the diagnosis of EDS type VI. He was a skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion patient (both mandibular protrusion and maxillary retrusion) with a noncontributory family history. He had severe crowding in the lower and upper dental arches with retruded incisors. His first treatment plan included orthognathic surgery, but because of the risks of bleeding and poor healing, we elected to treat the patient without surgery.     

Orthodontic treatment of a patient with Lowe syndrome

This article describes the orthodontic treatment of a patient with Lowe syndrome. The objective of the treatment was to improve the patient's dental relationships and consequently his quality of life. This was achieved by maxillary expansion and extraction of the mandibular central incisors and maxillary deciduous canines. The teeth were aligned and leveled with a fixed orthodontic appliance. Satisfactory results were obtained at the end of treatment, with substantial improvement in dental esthetics, occlusal function, and facial profile.     

A case report of adult skeletal mesio-occlusion

The patient was a 22-year-old female with a class III malocclusion characterized by maxillary constriction, dental crowding and mandibular protrusion. The treatment goals which were related to the chief complaints included correction of negative overjet, negative overbite, and dental alignment. Since the pre-existing crowding created some severe problems and prevented adequate posterior repositioning of the mandible and anterior teeth, extraction of the four first premolars were recommended to correct the overjet. This treatment resulted in greater posterior repositioning. The treatment was divided into three stages: 1) extraction of first premolar teeth, alignment, space closure and an increase in the overjet and overbite, 2) arch alignment and detailing of the occlusion with a full fixed appliance, and 3) retainers. At the end of the treatment, the patient had an acceptable dental alignment with a class I molar relationship and an improvement in facial appearance.     

Bone augmentation and autogenous transplantation of premolar to the site of the fissure in a cleft palate patient

This article presents a case report of autogenous tooth transplantation to the site of the fissure, in addition to bone augmentation with graft of autogenous bone harvested from the iliac crest, performed in a cleft palate patient, who had insufficient bone volume. A non‐syndromic 10‐year‐old girl, with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, incisal transforamen fissures, agenesis of the maxillary left central incisor and both maxillary lateral incisors, was treated with autogenous bone graft in the cleft area. The orthodontic treatment plan was to replace the missing lateral incisors with the maxillary canines and to extract the mandibular first premolars. One of the mandibular premolars was extracted from its site with 2/3 of its root formation completed and transplanted to the maxillary left central incisor area. After orthodontic treatment, the anatomic crowns were characterized with composite resin. Autogenous tooth transplantation can be performed in the area of the fissure in young cleft palate patients, by performing bone graft augmentation before transplantation of the tooth, to gain sufficient recipient alveolar bone volume. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for the success of this clinical procedure, especially in cleft palate patients.     

Treatment of Class II protrusion with severe crowding using indirect miniscrew anchorage

This report describes the nonsurgical treatment of a patient with skeletal Class II protrusion and severe crowding. A 20-year-old woman presented with the chief complaint of lip protrusion and crowding. To correct the Class II relationship, severe crowding, and lip protrusion, distal movement of the maxillary first molars using indirect miniscrew anchorage and nickel-titanium coil springs, along with extraction of the first premolars and maxillary second molars, was planned. After the distal molar movement phase was complete, the maxillary first molars had moved 8.0 mm to the distal, and the first premolars, which were splinted to the miniscrews, had moved 0.5 mm to the mesial. The results show that the distal molar movement mechanics were efficient and stable. After treatment, all of the patient's chief complaints were relieved and an esthetic facial profile was obtained.     

Treatment of a patient with a crowded Class I malocclusion and a congenitally missing mandibular incisor

This case report describes the management of maxillary and mandibular crowding in a patient with facial esthetic concerns and a tooth-size discrepancy due to a missing mandibular central incisor. The treatment included extracting the remaining mandibular central incisor and the 2 maxillary first premolars. The mandibular canines were repositioned to substitute for lateral incisors, and the mandibular premolars were used as canines.