重症监护病房长期机械通气患者撤机困难的原因

[目的]分析重症监护室(ICU)长期机械通气患者撤机困难的相关因素.[方法]选择在本院ICU中接受机械通气治疗的患者200例,根据撤机结果分为撤机完成组(A组)与撤机困难组(B组),对比分析两组患者的临床资料.[结果]A组176例,B组24例,A组气管切开率为15.9％明显低于B组(79.2％),且差异有显著性(P＜0.05);A组较细管径使用率为34.7％,明显低于B组,且差异有显著性(P＜0.05);A组呼吸机相关性肺炎、非正常性脱管及操作不当发生率分别为14.8％、6.8％与2.3％,显著低于B组,且差异有显著性(P＜0.05).[结论]插管管径、呼吸机相关性肺炎、非正常性脱管、人工气道建立方式以及操作不当等因素均会影响ICU患者成功撤机.     

ε-聚赖氨酸预防儿科重症监护室机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果研究

目的：探讨ε-聚赖氨酸干预法对儿科重症监护室（ PICU）机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（ VAP）的干预作用,为VAP的预防提供依据。方法将2012年1—9月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院PICU接受机械通气治疗的患儿90例按照机械通气时间顺序编号,采用简单随机抽样法分为A组（每天干预3次）、B组（每天干预2次）和C组（无干预）。监测患儿VAP发生率、机械通气时间与呼吸机管路不同部位细菌培养结果。结果 A、B、C组患儿VAP发生率分别为10％,30％,70％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝24．115,P＜0．01）;3组患儿机械通气时间分别为（4．2±0．4）,（5．2±0．7）,（7．1±0．3）h,差异有统计学意义（F＝260．953,P＜0．01）。在第4天和第7天,3组患儿呼吸及管路的进气段冷凝水、出气段冷凝水与Y型接口处细菌培养阳性比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12．115～34．658,P＜0．01）。在第4天和第5～8天,3组患儿呼吸机管路进气段和出气段冷凝水菌落数比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12．604～47．624,P＜0．01）。结论每天3次28μg／ml的ε-聚赖氨酸干预能有效抑制呼吸机管路常见定植细菌的生长,切断外源性感染途径,降低VAP发生率,缩短机械通气时间,改善患儿预后。     

Tissue Doppler imaging estimation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ICU patients

Objective Earlier reports suggested that transthoracic (TTE) determination of the ratio of mitral inflow E wave velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/E) measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) closely approximates PAOP in cardiac patients. However, the value of E/E for PAOP assessment in ICU patients has not been evaluated. This study assessed whether the E/E ratio provides an accurate estimation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) in mechanically ventilated ICU patients.Design and setting Prospective, open, clinical study in the ICU of a university hospital.Patients Twenty-three consecutive mechanically ventilated patients.Interventions Volume expansion in 14 patients.Measurements and results Doppler TTE or TEE mitral inflow and TDI mitral annulus velocities were determined and compared with PAOP measured using a Swan-Ganz catheter. Of all the Doppler variables studied the best correlations were observed between PAOP and the lateral (r=0.84) and medial (r=0.76) annulus E/E ratio and remained highly significant when the analysis was restricted to TEE (r=0.91 and 0.86) or TTE (r=0.73 and 0.61). The sensitivities and specificities of estimating PAOP at 15 mmHg or higher were, respectively, 86% and 81% for lateral E/E above 7.5 and 76% and 80% for medial E/E above 9. PAOP changes after volume expansion (700±230 ml) were limited and accurately assessed by repeated E/E determinations.Conclusions In mechanically ventilated ICU patients TTE or TEE E/E determinations using TDI closely approximate PAOP.     

Adult ICU ventilators to provide neonatal ventilation: a lung simulator study

Background

Traditionally, specific ventilators have been manufactured to only provide neonatal mechanical ventilation. However, many of the current generation of ICU ventilators also include a neonatal mode.

Methods

Using the IngMar ASL5000 lung simulator the Puritan Bennett 840, the Maquet Servo i, the Viasys AVEA, the GE Engström, the Drager Evita XL and Babylog 8000 Plus were evaluated during assisted ventilation in the pressure assist/control mode. Three lung mechanics were set: resistance 50 cmH₂O/L/s, compliance 2 mL/cmH₂O; resistance 100 cmH₂O/L/s, compliance 1 mL/cmH₂O; and resistance 150 cmH₂O/L/s, compliance 0.5 mL/cmH₂O. A maximum negative pressure drop of 4 and 7 cmH₂O was achieved during simulated inspirations. Each ventilator was evaluated with PEEP 5 cmH₂O, peak pressure 20 cmH₂O and inspiratory time 0.3 s and with PEEP 10 cmH₂O, peak pressure 30 cmH₂O and inspiratory time 0.4 s. Each ventilator setting was then repeated with a leak of 0.3 L/min at a constant pressure of 5 cmH₂O.

Results

Overall each of the 5 ICU ventilators responded faster or greater than the Babylog with respect to: pressure to trigger (except the Servo i), time to trigger (except the Evita XL), time between trigger and return of pressure to baseline, time from start of breath to 90% of peak pressure (except the Avea) and pressure time product of breath activation. Expiratory tidal volume was also greater with all ICU ventilators except the Avea. Variation in mechanics, leak, PEEP and muscular effort had little effect on these differences.

Conclusion

All ICU ventilators tested were able to at least equal the performance of the Babylog 8000 Plus on all variables evaluated.

     

After-hours respiratory physiotherapy for intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia: An Australian perspective.

Introduction

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common reason for admission to an intensive care unit for intubation and mechanical ventilation, and results in high morbidity and mortality. The primary aim of the study was to investigate availability and provision of respiratory physiotherapy, outside of normal business hours, for intubated and mechanically ventilated adults with CAP in Australian hospitals.

Pharmacokinetics of high-dose nebulized amikacin in mechanically ventilated healthy subjects

Objective Nebulized amikacin may be an attractive option for the treatment of lung infections. Low systemic absorption may permit the use of high doses, leading to high lung concentrations without systemic toxicity. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of an optimized high-dose amikacin nebulization technique. Design in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Patients and participants Six healthy volunteers (age 21–30 years, weight 49–68 kg). Interventions The Aeroneb Pro nebulizer with an Idehaler vertical spacer was evaluated in a bench study. Amikacin was administered intravenously (15 mg/kg) and nebulized (40, 50, and 60 mg/kg) during noninvasive pressure-support ventilation through a mouthpiece. Measurements and results Median (interquartile range) in vitro inhaled fraction was 31% (30–32) and inhalable output was 681 mg/h (630–743). Serum concentrations after nebulization were less than or equal to those after infusion. The area under the serum concentration curve was significantly higher after infusion (138 mg h^–1l^–1, 122–143) than after nebulization (49 mg h^–1l^–1, 39–55, at 40 mg/kg; 63, 53–67 at 50; 66, 50–71, at 60). Peak serum concentration was also higher after infusion: 48 mg/l (45–49) after infusion compared to 8.2 (5.6–8.7), 9.2 (7.6–10.2), and 9.2 (5.2–10.3), respectively. Mean absorption times after nebulization were 2 h 24 min (2,07–2,45), 2 h 21 min (2,07–2,35), and 2 h 5 min (2,00–2,25), respectively. No side effect was observed. Conclusions Nebulization of up to 60 mg/kg amikacin appears to be safe in healthy subjects and associated with lower serum concentrations than a 15 mg/kg infusion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article(doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

镇静治疗对手术后重症患者使用机械通气的影响

目的探讨手术后ICU患者行机械通气时镇静治疗的临床应用价值。方法 120例术后需机械通气的ICU患者随机分为两组,A组为镇静组(80例),B组为对照组(40例)。A组又分为A1组40例,用咪唑安定镇静;A2组40例,用丙泊酚镇静;B组不用镇静剂。观察比较A、B两组患者术前、术毕、停机械通气前、停机后2h的临床表现、生命体征和机械通气治疗时间等。结果 A组患者少有恐惧感,脱机时血压、心率平稳;B组患者诉不适较多,脱机时血压、心率均明显升高(P<0.01);B组使用机械通气治疗时间较A组延长,两组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论应用镇静剂使手术后机械通气的患者处于浅睡眠状态,能减少恐惧,缩短机械通气治疗时间。     

临床应用肺动脉导管对ICU患者死亡率影响的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析的方法,评价临床应用肺动脉导管对ICU患者死亡率的影响.方法 计算机检索Ovide MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane Database、中国Cochrane中心临床对照试验资料数据库、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库.手工检索相关杂志、学术会议论文集和学位论文汇编.收集国内外关于临床应用肺动脉导管对成年ICU患者死亡率影响的随机对照试验（RCT）并进行方法学质量评价,用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析.结果 最终11篇相关文献入选.8篇属于高质量文献,其他3篇文献均存在不同程度的方法学质量缺陷.根据治疗策略不同将所有入选文献分为超高血流动力学目标治疗组和基于医生经验的个体化治疗组.结果显示,临床应用肺动脉导管不能降低两组患者的死亡率（RR 0,96,95％CI：0.76,1.21;RR 1.02,95％ CI：0.96,1.09）.敏感性分析显示结果稳定.通过漏斗图观察,存在潜在文献发表偏倚的可能性不大.结论 临床应用肺动脉导管并不能改善成年ICU患者的预后,因此肺动脉导管不应该在ICU患者中常规应用.我们期待更多设计良好的RCT进一步评价肺动脉导管在ICU患者治疗中的作用.     

集束干预策略应用于机械通气镇痛镇静患者的效果评价

目的评价机械通气(mechanical ventilation,MV)患者在镇痛镇静治疗期间应用集束干预策略的效果。方法按入科顺序编号将2011年1～10月ICU收治的108例MV患者分为2组,单号为干预组(n=57),在常规镇痛镇静护理的同时,应用集束干预策略,包括每日镇静中的唤醒、呼吸同步、镇静和镇痛药物的选择或应用、谵妄的监测和处理、早期运动和锻炼。双号为对照组(n=51),采用常规镇痛镇静护理,以及意识水平、镇痛镇静程度及脏器功能的评估监测等;比较两组患者的镇痛镇静药物使用剂量、机械通气时间、ICU治疗时间、总住院日、谵妄发生率及28d生存率。结果干预组患者镇痛镇静药物的使用剂量、机械通气时间、ICU治疗时间、总住院日与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);干预组谵妄发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论集束干预策略较常规镇痛镇静护理能使MV患者取得较好的临床效果。     

The process of giving information to families of critically ill patients: a field of tension

We conducted research to study nurses' views on factors that influence their relationship with patients' relatives in intensive care units in three hospitals in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). This article focuses on the findings related to the process of giving information to the family. We used a post-structuralist theoretical framework and data were collected through observations and interviews. The analysis revealed that nurses thought information eases relatives' worries, but they felt that in order to avoid conflicts with physicians they should restrain themselves from providing it. We propose that the existing power relationships in intensive care units should be challenged if we expect health care professionals to offer patients' relatives a planned information process.     

重症监护病房患者镇痛镇静的研究进展

镇痛镇静治疗已经成为重症监护病房中综合治疗的重要组成部分,可以消除或减轻患者的疼痛及不适,控制焦虑、躁动和谵妄,减轻应激反应,改善患者睡眠、诱导遗忘,提高机械通气的协调性,减轻医疗护理操作对患者造成的伤害性刺激,使危重患者处于舒适和安全的理想水平。本文对重症监护病房患者镇痛镇静的研究进展进行综述。     

Dexmedetomidine infusion for more than 24 hours in critically ill patients: sedative and cardiovascular effects

Objective To assess the potential of dexmedetomidine for targeted sedation in complex Intensive Care (ICU) patients for >24 h.Design Prospective, open label, clinical trial.Setting Tertiary general ICU.Patients Twenty critically ill patients, mean APACHE II 23(±9).Interventions A continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine, median infusion time 71.5 (35–168) h, starting at 0.4g·kg·h without a loading dose and adjusted (0.2–0.7g·kg·h) to a target Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) of 2–4. Rescue midazolam and/or morphine/fentanyl were given as clinically indicated.Measurements and results Haemodynamic parameters and RSSs were collected until 24 h after cessation. An RSS 2–5 was achieved in 1,147 (83%) of observations with a reduction in RSS of 6 from 13% in the first 6 h to 3% between 18 h and 24 h. Sixteen patients needed minimal or no additional midazolam, median 4 mg/day (0.5–10) and ten required minimal or no additional analgesia, median 2 mg/day (0.5–4.5), 55g/day (14–63) of morphine/fentanyl.Results A 16% reduction in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 21% reduction in heart rate (HR) occurred over the first 4 h followed by minimal (± 10%) changes throughout the infusion. A rise in SBP was observed in two patients. After abrupt cessation, SBP and HR monitored for 24 h rose by 7% and 11%, respectively.Conclusions Dexmedetomidine was an effective sedative and analgesic sparing drug in critically ill patients when used without a loading dose for longer than 24 h with predictable falls in blood pressure and HR. There was no evidence of cardiovascular rebound 24 h after abrupt cessation of infusion.The study was performed in the Intensive Care Units of the Prince of Wales hospital, a principal teaching hospital of the University of New South Wales and the Prince of Wales private hospital. Abbott Australia provided the study drug free of charge     

Use of oral clonidine for sedation in ventilated paediatric intensive care patients

Objectives We aimed to document our experience with oral clonidine when used as a sedative in combination with intravenous morphine and lorazepam in a group of mechanically ventilated children with single-organ, respiratory failure. In particular, our objectives were to establish the relationship between oral dose, plasma concentration, and sedative effect, and second, to document the side-effect profile.Design Prospective, cohort study over a 72-h period.Setting Regional paediatric intensive care unit.Patients and participants Twenty-four children were enrolled (median age 3 months) of whom ten were excluded (six due to extubation before 72 h, three sedation failures, one protocol violation).Measurements and results Plasma clonidine was measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and sedation assessed using the COMFORT score. Using a dose of 3–5 g/kg every 8 h, plasma concentrations appeared to plateau at approximately 41 h giving a mean value of 1.38 ng/ml (95% confidence interval 1.0–1.8). Adequate sedation was achieved during 82% (837/1022 h) of the study period; however, this decreased to 70.3% when analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. There was a concomitant overall decrease in the average hourly requirements for both morphine (P = 0.02) and lorazepam (P = 0.003). There were no documented episodes of bradycardia, hypotension or hyperglycaemia.Conclusions Oral clonidine may be a safe and effective sedative in combination with morphine and lorazepam for young children with single-organ, respiratory failure. This agent may also exhibit opioid and benzodiazepine sparing effects in this patient group. A full pharmacokinetic study is warranted.Financial support: this study was supported, in part, by a grant from the Friends of Guys Charitable Organisation     

Contamination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on toothbrushes used with mechanically ventilated patients: A cross sectional study

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on used toothbrushes of mechanically ventilated patients.Research methodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting toothbrushes used with mechanically ventilated patients. The total bacterial count on each toothbrush was assessed by culturing on Trypticase soy agar (TSA). Gram stain and biochemical testing were used to identify bacterial species. Antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.ResultsThirty-five toothbrushes (97%) had bacterial contamination, 27 toothbrushes had at least two bacterial species, and 13 toothbrushes harboured antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Klebsiella spp. (21%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (18%). Five isolates of A. baumannii, six isolates of K. pneumoniae, and two isolates of Enterobacter cloacae were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Four isolates of K. pneumoniae were identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains, and two isolates of P. aeruginosa were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The average total bacterial count was 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/toothbrush head.ConclusionsAntimicrobial-resistant bacteria were detected on toothbrushes. Therefore, practice of toothbrush care should be reconsidered in associated to maintaining the oral hygiene of mechanically ventilated patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).     

The association between deprivation and hospital mortality for admissions to critical care units in England

Introduction

Few studies have investigated the association between level of social deprivation and acute hospital outcome for admissions to adult general critical care units. It is important to be aware if an association exists because risk prediction models do not adjust for deprivation.

Materials and Methods

Deprivation was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2004, developed using 2001 census data in England. Eighty-four thousand four hundred twenty-three admissions to 138 adult general critical care units in England were selected from the Case Mix Programme Database from 1 year before to 1 year after the census date and linked to the IMD using postcodes. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate a possible association between quintile of IMD and acute hospital mortality.

Results

As deprivation increased, acute hospital mortality also increased (P < .001). This association remained after adjusting for age, sex, acute severity, medial history, source of admission, and reason for admission to critical care (adjusted odds ratio for most vs least deprived quintile, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.28).

Conclusions

There is an association between increasing deprivation and increasing risk of mortality for admissions to adult general critical care unit units in England. Further research is required to identify other unmeasured potential confounders (eg, smoking, alcohol consumption) as possible explanations for this association.     

Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients

Objective The aim was to develop a practical method for estimation of the volume of pleural effusion using ultrasonography in mechanically ventilated patients. Design Prospective observational study. Setting 20-bed general intensive care unit in the university hospital. Patients and participants 81 patients were included after initial suspicion of pleural fluid on chest supine X-ray and pre-puncture ultrasound confirming effusion. Patients with thoracic deformities, post-lung surgery, with diaphragm pathology, haemothorax, empyema and with incomplete aspiration of pleural fluid on post-puncture ultrasound were excluded. Interventions Patients were supine with mild trunk elevation at 15°. Probe was moved upwards in posterior axillary line, and transverse section perpendicular to the body axis was obtained with pleural separation visible at lung base. The maximal distance between parietal and visceral pleura (Sep) in end-expiration was recorded. Thoracentesis was performed at previous probe position and volume of pleural fluid (V) recorded. Measurements and results 92 effusions were evaluated and drained; 11 (12%) were excluded for incomplete aspiration. Success rate of obtaining fluid under ultrasound guidance was 100%; the incidence of pneumothorax or bleeding was zero. Mean Sep was 35 ± 13 mm. Mean V was 658 ± 320 ml. Significant positive correlation between both Sep and V was found: r = 0.72; r ² = 0.52; p < 0.001. The amount of pleural fluid volume can be estimated with the simplified formula: V (ml) = 20 × Sep (mm). Mean prediction error of V using Sep was 158.4 ± 160.6 ml. Conclusions Easy quantification of pleural fluid may help to decide about performing thoracentesis in high-risk patients, although thoracentesis under ultrasound guidance appears to be a safe procedure.     

基于循证理论与“知识-行动”模型的电子护理交接单在ICU患者中的应用

目的探讨基于知识-行动(KTA)框架和循证的电子护理交接单在ICU患者中的应用。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2018年6月—2019年5月郑州大学第一附属医院的122例ICU患者为研究对象。在KTA框架的指导下,设计基于ISBAR沟通标准工具的电子化护理交接单。将122例ICU患者分为对照组(n=62)和干预组(n=60),对照组采取传统交接形式,干预组采用电子护理交接单,比较两组责任护士交接班质量和满意度。结果干预组患者交接时间为(2.78±1.12)min,对照组为(6.52±1.45)min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组交接班漏项发生率3.33%(2/60),护理风险事件发生率为0,均低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组患者的护理交接班质量总分(69.75±12.86)分,对照组为(58.68±9.87)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于“知识到行动”框架和循证的电子护理交接单应用于ICU患者,可改善护理交接质量,提高护理质量,值得临床推广。