灭鼠防霉毒饵的现场试验研究

本文报告０．１％４号防霉剂复方大米防霉饵及０．００５％杀鼠晶４号防霉剂复方大米防霉毒饵对褐家鼠的现场试验研究结果。试验证实鼠类对其十分喜食，防霉效果可持续１～２周不霉变，现场灭鼠率高达９６．７～９８．６％。本研究与实验室研究结果一致，为解决因毒饵霉变而影响灭鼠效果的难题，找到了新的途径。     

防虫灭鼠毒饵的试验研究

目的：解决灭鼠毒饵久藏后被储粮害虫侵袭问题。方法：用溴氰菊酯杀虫剂配制防虫毒饵,进行防虫效果、适口性和现场灭鼠效果试验。结果：１ｐｐｍ、２ｐｐｍ溴氰菊酯对基饵在１２个月内的保护率均为１００％。实验室内大白鼠对１ｐｐｍ、２ｐｐｍ溴氰菊酯玉米和小麦混合基饵的摄食系数分别为０９３和０８０,且对鼠无毒;现场（食品行业和居民区）试验１ｐｐｍ溴氰菊酯基饵摄食系数在０９６以上。现场应用５／万敌鼠钠盐普通毒饵与防虫毒饵,灭鼠率分别为９１２９％、８８６９％。经统计学检验,两者差异不显著。结论：所试毒饵防虫效果颇佳,鼠的摄食率高,不影响药物灭鼠效果,值得深入研究     

防霉毒饵对家栖鼠种的适口性试验和灭效观察

在实验室条件下，１０／万、１５／万、２０／万和３０／万浓度防霉饵料对家栖鼠的有选择性试验表明，以１０／万浓度适口性最佳，１５／万的良好。在此基础上，以１０／万和１５／万浓度防霉杀鼠迷毒饵对家栖鼠进行无选择性试验，结果前者适口性为优，后者良好，灭效均为１００％。现场试验结果，１０／万防霉杀鼠迷毒饵对家栖鼠的摄食量和摄食率分别为７１１堆和７４．８％。粉迹法鼠密度由灭鼠前的３１．７０％降至０．８９％，灭     

抗凝血杀鼠剂双甲敌鼠胺盐的药效试验观察

笔者应用双甲敌鼠胺盐（杀鼠新），以灌胃法进行小白鼠急性口服毒力测定，雄鼠ＬＤ５０为５８．８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ．。雌鼠为４８．３７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。以玉米糁做诱饵，小白鼠对０．０５％和０．００５％杀鼠新诱饵的适口性均良好；与无毒饵比较。０．０５％毒饵的摄食系数为０．７４，０．００５％毒饵为０．８４；０．０５％杀鼠新毒饵相同浓度敌鼠钠相比，摄食系数是１．０４。选用０．０５％杀鼠新玉米糁毒饵，在浓阳市郊某牛奶场进行     

溴敌隆毒饵防制两种家栖鼠的实验室效果

为观察溴敌隆大米毒饵防制家栖鼠的效果，１９９８年２月用大白鼠和小白鼠进行了实验室摄食试验。１材料和方法实验药物为内蒙古自治区超华消杀灭技术研究所提供的０．２５％溴敌隆母液。用大米（市售）作基饵配制成０．００５％浓度毒饵。试验靶鼠为本院实验动物中心生产...     

3种抗凝血灭鼠剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果比较

目的比较杀鼠迷、溴鼠灵和敌鼠钠盐3种毒饵实验室及现场灭鼠效果，为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法用单笼饲养有选择给饵法测定3种毒饵的适口性及实验室毒杀效果，计算摄食系数和实验室校正死亡率；选择定边县一养鸡场、西安市南郊2个疗养院作为灭鼠现场，用粉迹法测定鼠密度，采取一次性投饵，计算3种毒饵的现场校正灭鼠率。结果杀鼠迷、溴鼠灵、敌鼠钠盐毒饵的摄食系数分别为0．61、0．24和0．51，分别达到A级、B级和A级，实验室校正死亡率均为100％，达到A级；现场校正灭鼠率为91．34％、80．94％和88．39％，分别达到A级、B级和B级。结论3种抗凝血灭鼠剂均具有较好的适口性及实验室毒杀效果，但杀鼠迷毒饵灭鼠效果优于其他2种。     

抗凝血灭鼠剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果

目的 了解0．005％大隆毒饵及0．0375％杀鼠迷毒饵实验室及现场灭鼠效果，为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法 用群饲养有选择给饵法测定毒饵的适口性及实验室灭鼠效果，用粉迹法测定现场鼠密度，计算灭鼠率。结果 摄食系数，大隆为0．43，杀鼠迷为0．72；实验室灭鼠率，2种药品均为100％；现场灭鼠率，大隆为98．11％，杀鼠迷为98．06％；现场校正灭鼠率。大隆为98．02％，杀鼠迷为97．98％。结论 2种灭鼠药的适口性均好，杀鼠迷更好，实验室及现场灭鼠效果好。     

南宁市宾馆家栖鼠类的摄食受好调查及防制试验

为了解家栖鼠类的摄食爱好和敌鼠钠盐的灭鼠效果,选择南宁市区１２家大中型宾馆饭店进行了现场摄食爱好调查及防制试验。结果,鼠类对新鲜向日葵籽、新鲜稻谷、碎玉米、混合饲料（玉米、面粉、大米）的平均盗食率为８８．６％、３９．６％、７．７％、９．１％。采用０．０５％敌鼠钠盐向日葵籽毒饵连续饱和投毒饵５天,用盗食法调查鼠密度,平均鼠密度由灭前的８８．６％下降至１．５１％,平均灭鼠率９８．３０％,评价：南宁市宾     

杀鼠新灭长爪沙鼠的试验研究

本文报道辽宁化工研究院新近合成的茚满二酮类抗凝血灭鼠剂──杀鼠新对长爪沙鼠的毒力测定、适口性观察及现场杀灭效果试验结果，用孙瑞元（１９６３）简化概率单位法计算，该药对长爪沙鼠的急性口服ＬＤ５０及９５％可信限为２．８２５５±１．７６７４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ＳＥ５０＝０．１３９０，直线回归方程Ｙ＝３．４３１７＋３．４７６６Ｘ．有选择对比试验，采用敌鼠钠盐毒饵；无选择对比试验，采用无毒饵，摄食系数均大于０．３．用２５、５０、１００ｐｐｍ杀鼠新毒饵进行现场灭效测试，对长爪沙鼠的灭洞率分别为９７．９８％、１００％、１００％，此药在我国广阔的北方沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地有较大的推广价值     

南宁市宾馆家栖鼠类的摄食爱好调查及防制试验

为了解家栖类的摄食爱好和敌鼠钠盐的灭鼠效果,选择南宁市区１２家大中型宾馆饭店进行现场摄食爱好调查防制试验。结果：鼠类对新鲜向日葵籽、新鲜稻谷、碎玉米、混合饲料的平均盗食率为８８．６％、３９．６％、７．７％、９．１％。采用０．０５％敌鼠钠盐日葵籽毒饵连续饱和投毒饵５天,用盗食法调查鼠密度,平均鼠密度由灭前的８８．６％下降至１．５１％,平均灭鼠率９８．３０％。评价：南宁市宾馆家栖鼠类对向日葵籽盗食率     

Quantitative analysis of preservatives drug preparations by microbiological assay

The stability of a preservative selected for incorporation into a drug preparation can only be determined by suitable tests applied at regular intervals, preferably over long periods. Chemical tests are available for a number of preservatives and some of them appear to be adequate but difficulties have occurred from time to time and studies were undertaken to develop microbiological tests. Chemical methods are usually more precise than biological assays but do not always measure the antimicrobial activity of the preservative as accurately. It is always possible that a preservative may break down, losing some of its effectiveness even though the chemical determinant upon which the test is based remains intact.     

深圳市市售化妆品防腐剂使用现状调查

目的了解深圳市市售化妆品防腐剂的使用现状,评估化妆品中防腐剂使用的安全状况。方法对深圳市销售的化妆品中的防腐剂进行定量测定,并对其使用情况进行调查分析。结果对羟基苯甲酸酯类是化妆品中最常用的防腐剂,在洗面奶、护肤产品、眼霜中使用频率最高的都是对羟基苯甲酸酯类(57.52%),在洗发水和沐浴露中,卡松的使用频率最高,分别占58.62%和56.67%,防腐剂复配使用情况比较普遍。市售化妆品中的防腐剂总合格率为88.97%,卡松超标情况严重,占总超标率的86.67%。结论该市市售化妆品中防腐剂存在超标问题,应引起相关部门的重视。     

广东省化妆品用防腐剂调查分析

目的 了解化妆品用防腐剂情况，以确保消费者能使用卫生安全的产品。方法 对我省91家化妆品生产企业及其生产的669种各类化妆品使用防腐剂的情况进行调查分析。结果 调查表明，化妆品最常用防腐剂量对羟基苯甲酸酯类（占60.04%）。膏霜类、粉类、眼部用品及唇膏使用较多的是对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂，而洗 发护发产品、沐浴液使用最多的是卡松。为了提高抗菌能力，复合防腐剂的使用也较普遍（占44.99%)，欧美流行的新型防腐剂的使用也不断增多。结论 应加强对化妆品生产企业使用防腐剂的监督管理，尽快制定化妆品常用防腐剂（ 特别是复合防腐剂）的标准检验方法 及新型防腐的评价标准，并进行检测。     

化妆品中几种防腐剂的分析方法

目的了解深圳市售化妆品中使用防腐剂的情况。方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、火焰光度检测器-气相色谱法(FPD-GC)、分光光度法分析化妆品中9种防腐剂。结果化妆品中最常用的防腐剂是对羟基苯甲酸酯类;FPD-GC法测定卡松的灵敏度高于HPLC法;FID-GC法测定丁氨基甲酸-3-碘化-2-丙炔基酯(IBPC)的最低检出浓度为1.8μg/g;甲醛检出率37%。结论FPD-GC法测定卡松灵敏度较高。甲醛检出率较高,可能与某些防腐剂释放甲醛有关。     

Antifungal efficacy of environmentally friendly wood preservatives formulated with enzymatic-hydrolyzed okara, copper, or boron salts

Okara, an organic waste product obtained from soy milk production, was used with copper chloride or sodium borate to formulate new wood preservatives as a substitute for expensive wood preservatives, such as copper-azole-based preservatives and ammoniacal copper quaternary. Before formulating the preservatives, okara was hydrolyzed by enzymes (cellulase, pectinase, and protease) to augment penetration and fix the biocide salts of the preservatives into wood blocks. The preservatives were injected into wood blocks by vacuum pressure to measure the treatability of the preservatives. The treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for 3 d to measure leachability. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were affected by the type and loading amount of enzymes and the addition of sodium borate into okara-based wood preservative formulations. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives formulated with copper chloride and okara hydrolysates were 63.38 and 3.15%, and those of the preservatives with copper chloride, okara hydrolysates, and sodium borate were 61.47 and 3.32%, respectively. Despite the hot water leaching, wood blocks treated with preservatives formulated with 2% cellulase, pectinase, and protease hydrolyzed okara, CuCl(2), and sodium borate showed only 1.98% average weight loss against Fomitopsis palustris over 12 weeks. Microscopic observation revealed how okara-based preservatives work in wood blocks. Okara has potential as a raw material for cost-effective and environmentally friendly wood preservatives.     

硼酸木材防虫剂预防建筑物白蚁药效研究

目的研究硼酸木材防护剂对危害建筑物的台湾乳白蚁和栖北散白蚁的预防效果。方法用涂刷法和浸泡法处理木材,然后采用群体法测定5%和10%浓度的药液对台湾乳白蚁和栖北散白蚁的毒效以及药剂的残效性。结果用硼酸防虫剂处理后的木块,对危害建筑物的台湾乳白蚁和栖北散白蚁具有良好的防蛀效果,2个浓度、2种处理方法均可导致台湾乳白蚁和栖北散白蚁100%死亡;硼酸更容易导致台湾乳白蚁死亡,试虫全部死亡时间相对较短;未经老化处理的木块导致台湾乳白蚁全部死亡时间为（12.6±2.4）d,导致栖北散白蚁全部死亡时间为（16.8±1.7）d;经老化处理的木块,导致白蚁全部死亡时间较未老化处理组相对长一些;对于台湾乳白蚁,试虫全部死亡时间为（19.1±2.7）d;对于栖北散白蚁,试虫全部死亡时间为（21.8±5.0）d;对照组白蚁死亡率〈0.1%;而从防蛀效果来看,栖北散白蚁对硼酸更为敏感,全部处理组木块完好值均在90以上;对于台湾乳白蚁,经5%涂刷处理和10%涂刷处理或浸泡处理的木块,未老化或老化处理,完好值均可达到90;对照组木块被严重蛀食,完好值分别为60和40。试验结果表明：硼酸木材防护剂对白蚁的毒性并未受到老化处理的影响,具有良好的稳定性和持效性。结论硼酸木材防虫剂,用于处理建筑物木构件具有良好的防白蚁效果。     

Contact allergy to preservatives in patients with occupational contact dermatitis and exposure analysis of preservatives in registered chemical products for occupational use

Purpose

The aim of the study is to investigate risk factors for sensitization to preservatives and to examine to which extent different preservatives are registered in chemical products for occupational use in Denmark.

Methods

A retrospective epidemiological observational analysis of data from a university hospital was conducted. All patients had occupational contact dermatitis and were consecutively patch tested with 11 preservatives from the European baseline series and extended patch test series during a 5-year period: 2009–2013. Information regarding the same preservatives in chemical products for occupational use (‘substances and materials’) registered in the Danish Product Register Database (PROBAS) was obtained.

Results

The frequency of preservative contact allergy was 14.2% (n?=?141) in 995 patients with occupational contact dermatitis. Patients with preservative contact allergy had significantly more frequently facial dermatitis (19.9 versus 13.1%) and age?>?40 years (71.6 versus 45.8%) than patients without preservative contact allergy, whereas atopic dermatitis was less frequently observed (12.1 versus 19.8%). Preservative contact allergy was more frequent in painters with occupational contact dermatitis as compared to non-painters with occupational contact dermatitis (p?<?0.001). This was mainly caused by contact allergy to methylisothiazolinone and contact allergy to formaldehyde. Analysis of the registered substances and materials in PROBAS revealed that preservatives occurred in several product categories, e.g., ‘paints and varnishes’, ‘cleaning agents’, ‘cooling agents’, and ‘polishing agents’. Formaldehyde and isothiazolinones were extensively registered in PROBAS.

Conclusions

The extensive use of formaldehyde and isothiazolinones in chemical products for occupational use may be problematic for the worker. Appropriate legislation, substitution, and employee education should be prioritized.

     

Preservative of choice for Prev(e)nar 13™ in a multi-dose formulation

Development of a Prev(e)nar 13™ multi-dose vaccine, in support of vaccinating populations against pneumococcal disease, required the addition of a preservative to the vaccine formulation that met antimicrobial effectiveness tests based on the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) requirements, including deliberate multiple challenge studies and recommendation by the WHO Open Vial Policy. In this study, the antimicrobial effectiveness of several preservatives in Prev(e)nar 13™ formulations was evaluated. A Prev(e)nar 13™ formulation containing 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at a concentration of 5.0 mg/dose was stable and met EP recommended criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness tests when the formulation was kept over a 30 month period. In contrast, a recommended dose of Thimerosal, as a comparator, or other preservatives did not meet EP antimicrobial effectiveness acceptance criteria. The rate of growth inhibition of Thimerosal compared to 2-PE on Staphylococcus aureus, a resilient organism in these tests, was significantly slower in single and multi-challenge studies. These results indicate that 2-PE provides a superior antimicrobial effectiveness over Thimerosal for this vaccine formulation.