致幻剂的药理作用及其机制研究进展

致幻剂是一类使人产生幻觉、发生意识改变的5-羟色胺(5-HT)受体激动剂,是新型毒品"邮票"的主要成分.除独特的致幻作用,致幻剂也会引起眩晕、嗜睡、血压和心率升高等可恢复性躯体症状.致幻剂滥用会导致精神紊乱、持续性感觉障碍等精神性副作用,重复使用会使机体产生耐受.尽管尚未有致幻剂直接致人死亡的确切证据,但其使用有间接导...     

日本海洋天然活性物质研究简况

概要综述近年来日本对海洋同生物，海参类，海绵，芋螺，微藻等海洋天然活性物质研究的进展。正在研究的海洋生物有棘皮动物，环节动物，软体动物，腔肠动物，海洋微生物及海洋植物等大量品种，其中以海绵，海藻研究最多，其次为珊瑚。研究正基础扩大到应用，药用研究已上升到显著位置。     

姬松茸药用价值研究进展

目的:介绍姬松茸的生物活性物质及其药理活性的研究进展,为该真菌的应用研究与开发提供参考。方法:采用文献综述法,阐述国内、外近年来对姬松茸药用价值的研究进展。结果:姬松茸具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗突变、抗氧化、抗炎等药理学作用。结论:姬松茸的深入开发对癌症、糖尿病、高脂血症、动脉硬化以及慢性肝炎等疾病的防治具有重要意义。     

2005医学科学前沿研讨会暨973项目年终汇报会

20 0 5医学科学前沿研讨会暨 973项目 (精神活性物质依赖的生物学基础及防治 ,2 0 0 3CB5 15 4 0 0 )年终汇报会于 2 0 0 5年 1月 14日 - 16日在北京召开。来自全国各地的 5 2位代表参加了此次会议。医学科学前沿研讨会是由中国工程院医药工程学部主办的一类就医学科学前沿问题     

深圳市中学生使用药物与精神活性物质的追踪研究

目的 :了解经济发达地区中学生使用药物与精神活性物质的情况。方法 :分别于 1998年 5月和 1999年 5月对深圳市 10所中学进行调查。调查内容包括烟草使用、饮酒、药物和精神活性物质的使用情况。对前后两次调查结果进行比较。结果 :(1)初中生中吸烟的比率从 1998年的 19.3%上升到 1999年的 2 3.9% ,高中生从 4 1.0 %上升到 4 3.0 % ;有 2 .1% - 2 .4 %的中学生准备在今后一年内吸烟 ;(2 )每周都饮酒的比率初中生从 1998年的 9.4 %上升到 1999年的 12 .6 % ,高中学生从 17.9%上升到 19.7% ;曾饮过酒的比率初中生从 1998年的 4 0 .5 %上升到 1999年的 4 8.4 % ,高中学生从 6 3.5 %上升到 6 8.6 % ;(3)初中生中承认用过大麻、可卡因、海洛因、阿片等毒品的比率 1999年有所下降 ,但高中生中的比率上升显著 ;在初、高中生中承认用过镇静催眠药的比率很高 ,且 1999年上升明显。结论 :当前中学生中存在药物和毒品使用问题。及时采取有效措施减少和降低这些危险行为带来的损失和影响 ,是青少年工作的当务之急     

基于文献计量学和信息挖掘的我国红树林药用价值研究现状

为了解红树植物药学领域研究现状,该文系统整理了中国知网与Web of Science数据库1989-2020年红树植物在药学领域的相关文献,并进行文献计量学分析和数据挖掘。结果显示,共2125篇中英文文献纳入分析。文献计量学研究表明,红树植物药学领域相关的研究经历了三个阶段,即起步探索阶段、快速增长阶段和稳定发展阶段,研究逐渐被重视,年均发文量逐渐增多;中山大学、中国海洋大学、中国科学院等为红树植物药学相关研究的主体机构,这些主体机构的聚集具有明显的地区局域性;发表7篇以上文献的作者可称为红树植物药学研究领域的核心作者,研究的主体机构与核心作者群已初步形成;目前,研究热点主要集中在内生真菌、次级代谢产物、放线菌、生物活性等方面,从红树植物及微生物中发现了许多具有明显抗菌、抗肿瘤等生物活性的化学成分,其中红树植物内生真菌次级代谢产物占较大部分,显示了巨大的药用潜力和挖掘价值,为红树植物药学方面的深入研究和开发利用提供研究资料。     

北京市三所中学高中学生精神活性物质使用情况调查

本文采取自填调查表方式，对北京地区三所中学的高中二年级学生进行了精神活性物质使用情况调查。调查结果显示，三所学校学生在过去３０天内使用最普遍的是酒（４１．５％），其次分别是去痛片（２８．８％）、香烟（１１％）、麻醉性镇痛药（９．１％）、挥发性溶剂（５．２％）等。酒使用的主要原因是好奇心尝试（１６．９％），其它原因依次是消遣或寻求快乐（１５．３％），受同学或周围人影响（１４．４％），解除烦恼（４．６     

Psychometric assessment of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale

Reliability and convergent-discriminant validity of a Spanish version of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) were assessed in two differentiated populations of hallucinogen users involving the retrospective assessment of drug effects. In Study 1 (immediate assessment), 75 European users of the South American hallucinogenic drink ayahuasca answered the HRS 4 h after drug intake in their habitual setting. In Study 2 (delayed assessment), 56 adult polydrug users answered the HRS and a short form of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) recalling the effects they experienced when they last took a hallucinogen, in order to test the convergent-discriminant validity of HRS with the scales of the standard questionnaire used in most studies involving psychoactive drugs. The HRS scales showed increases after both the immediate and delayed retrospective assessment of drug effects. Reliability data indicated that four of the six scales show an acceptable level of internal consistency. Significant but limited correlations were found between the Perception and Somaesthesia scales and the ARCI LSD scale, pointing out the questionnaire's construct validity. Thus, the HRS was sensitive to hallucinogenic drug effects other than those elicited by intravenous N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), for which it was originally designed, and showed reasonable reliability and convergent validity. Results suggest its usefulness in the evaluation of subjective effects elicited by psychoactive drugs with hallucinogenic properties, and constitute a preliminary approach to the effects of ayahuasca in European subjects.     

A New Hallucinogen from Andean Colombia: Iochroma fuchsioides

Abstract

The association of flushing (vasodilation, reddening of the skin) with the alcohol use of Asians and Asian-Americans is examined. Historical changes in alcohol use, recent secular changes in alcohol use, and marked differences in consumption among Asian populations and among Asian-Americans of the same national origins, as well as the lack of reduction of sex differences among flushers, indicate that flushing has little influence on alcohol consumption. Social, psychological, and cultural influences seem to be more adequate explanatory devices with regard to Oriental alcohol use.     

JWH-122 Consumption Adverse Effects: A Case of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder Five-Year Follow-Up

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists are a heterogeneous group of psychotropic drugs functionally related to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These substances, marketed as cannabis substitutes, have been associated with numerous cases of severe intoxication and death across the world. In our article, we describe a case of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder developing in a natural cannabis user after consumption of JWH-122, a naphthoylindole largely used since 2010. Clinical symptomatology persisted for about four years and was alleviated through treatment with clonazepam. Considering that natural cannabis consumption can induce the development of a hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, it is not excluded that, in our patient, symptoms lasted a long time due to cannabis consumption. This article describes the clinical evolution from onset to resolution of all symptoms.     

Clinical Characteristics of Individuals With Schizophrenia and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation

Objective: An unusual side effect of hallucinogen use is the appearance of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Despite high rates of prior hallucinogen use among individuals with schizophrenia, there are insufficient data on the clinical characteristics of individuals with co-occurring schizophrenia and HPPD. Methods: Twenty-six hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and prior LSD use (12 with HPPD and 14 without HPPD) were recruited. Participants were clinically assessed using validated tools, and details regarding hospitalizations were retrieved from their medical records. Those patients who also had HPPD completed a questionnaire addressing HPPD-associated perceptual disturbances. Results: Participants were mostly male (n = 22, 84.6%) and had an average age of 32.3 (SD = 7.67). Nearly half (n = 12, 46.2%) met criteria for HPPD. No significant differences were found in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (including response to antipsychotic medications and adverse effects) between the groups. Nine individuals (75%) in the schizophrenia and HPPD group reported the ability to identify specific precursory cues for the appearance of the HPPD-associated perceptual distortions, and 8 (67%) reported the ability to distinguish HPPD perceptual disturbances from those associated with their psychotic disorder. Conclusions: Very little is known about the co-occurrence of schizophrenia and HPPD or the associated clinical implications. Further research is needed to understand the clinical impact of this comorbidity.     

Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A

Abstract

Salvinorin A is a unique hallucinogen that is seeing increased use in humans. It is not currently a controlled substance and is used as a legal alternative to controlled substances. Usually smoked or buccally absorbed by chewing, doses of approximately 200mcg can produce profound hallucinogenic effects of short duration. The mechanism of action of salvinorin A is at the k-opioid receptor. Little data is available on the medical effects of this substance so animal studies were undertaken to explore the acute toxic effects of this substance in rats and the chronic effects in mice. Rats were anesthetized and administered salvinorin A at 1600mcg/kg or vehicle. Recordings were made of galvanic skin response, EKG, temperature, and pulse pressure for 100 minutes. Mice were chronically exposed to vehicle or 400, 800, 1600, 3200, or 6400 meg/kg of salvinorin A for two weeks. After exposure the animals were sacrificed and brain, heart, kidney, bone marrow, blood and spleen were removed, fixed, sectioned, stained and examined by light microscopy. No effects were seen on cardiac conduction, temperature, or galvanic skin response. A nonsignificant rise was seen in pulse pressure. Histologic studies of spleen, blood, brain, liver, kidney, and bone marrow did not find any significant histologic changes at any of the doses examined. These data suggests that the toxicity of salvinorin A is relatively low, even at doses many times greater than what humans are exposed to. However, further studies should be done on blood pressure effects. The psychological impact of this potent hallucinogen should also be investigated.     

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and the serotonergic system: A comprehensive review including new MDMA-related clinical cases

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a drug-induced condition associated with inaccurate visual representations. Since the underlying mechanism(s) are largely unknown, this review aims to uncover aspects underlying its etiology. Available evidence on HPPD and drug-related altered visual processing was reviewed and the majority of HPPD cases were attributed to drugs with agonistic effects on serotonergic 5-HT_2A receptors. Moreover, we present 31 new HPPD cases that link HPPD to the use of ecstasy (MDMA), which is known to reverse serotonin reuptake and acts as agonist on 5-HT_2A receptors. The available evidence suggests that HPPD symptoms may be a result from a misbalance of inhibitory-excitatory activity in low-level visual processing and GABA-releasing inhibitory interneurons may be involved. However, high co-morbidities with anxiety, attention problems and derealization symptoms add complexity to the etiology of HPPD. Also, other perceptual disorders that show similarity to HPPD cannot be ruled out in presentations to clinical treatment. Taken together, evidence is still sparse, though low-level visual processing may play an important role. A novel finding of this review study, evidenced by our new cases, is that ecstasy (MDMA) use may also induce symptoms of HPPD.     

Hallucinogen actions on 5-HT receptors reveal distinct mechanisms of activation and signaling by G protein-coupled receptors

We review the effect of some key advances in the characterization of molecular mechanisms of signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on our current understanding of mechanisms of drugs of abuse. These advances are illustrated by results from our ongoing work on the actions of hallucinogens on serotonin (5-HT) receptors. We show how a combined computational and experimental approach can reveal specific modes of receptor activation underlying the difference in properties of hallucinogens compared with nonhallucinogenic congeners. These modes of activation-that can produce distinct ligand-dependent receptor states-are identified in terms of structural motifs (SM) in molecular models of the receptors, which were shown to constitute conserved functional microdomains (FM). The role of several SM/FMs in the activation mechanism of the GPCRs is presented in detail to illustrate how this mechanism can lead to ligand-dependent modes of signaling by the receptors. Novel bioinformatics tools are described that were designed to support the quantitative mathematical modeling of ligand-specific signaling pathways activated by the 5-HT receptors targeted by hallucinogens. The approaches for mathematical modeling of signaling pathways activated by 5-HT receptors are described briefly in the context of ongoing work on detailed biochemical models of 5-HT2A, and combined 5-HT2A/5-HT1A, receptor-mediated activation of the MAPK 1,2 pathway. The continuing need for increasingly more realistic representation of signaling in dynamic compartments within the cell, endowed with spatio-temporal characteristics obtained from experiment, is emphasized. Such developments are essential for attaining a quantitative understanding of how the multiple functions of a cell are coordinated and regulated, and to evaluate the specifics of the perturbations caused by the drugs of abuse that target GPCRs.