The ongoing role of serum uric acid in blood pressure

Positive association between blood pressure (BP) and uric acid is evident, but specific effect size of serum uric acid (SUA) at different levels on BP is unclear, and interaction effect of SUA with other metabolic factors on BP was rarely reported. A cross-sectional study was conducted by making use of data from an epidemic investigation. A total of 3658 subjects were enrolled in our data analysis. In male subjects, for each 1 mg/dL increase in the SUA level, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased by 1.339 mmHg [95% CI: 0.552–2.126] and 0.515 mmHg [95% CI: 0.013–1.016], respectively, after adjusting for age, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), estimated-glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index (BMI), drinking, smoking, and waist–hip ratio (WHR). And in female subjects, for each 1 mg/dL increase in the SUA level, SBP and DBP increased by 1.180 mmHg [95% CI: 0.401–1.959] and 0.549 mmHg [95% CI: 0.086–1.011], respectively, after adjusting the same factors. In males, in subjects with SUA < 6 mg/dL, SBP increased by 0.585 mmHg [95% CI: ?0.976 to 2.146] for each 1 mg/dL increase in the SUA level, while in subjects with SUA ≥ 6 mg/dL, SBP increased by 3.271 mmHg [95% CI: 1.244–5.297] (p interaction = 0.0369), after adjusting age, BMI, smoking, drinking, TG, TC, FPG, eGFR, and WHR. This difference was not observed in DBP and females. Interaction effects between SUA and BMI, TG, FPG on BP were discovered. In conclusion, higher level of SUA has a stronger effect on BP and other metabolic factors: FPG, TG, and BMI could strengthen the effect of SUA on BP.     

Association between serum uric acid level and hypertension in a Chinese elderly rural population

Previous studies have examined the association between elevated serum uric acid (SUA) level and hypertension; however, the association in the Chinese elderly is still uncertain. A cross-sectional study was performed in a rural district of Beijing. A total of 2,397 participants (967 men and 1,430 women) completed the survey. The SUA levels of participants were categorized into four levels using the quartiles (P25, P50, and P75) as cutoff values. Participant was diagnosed as hyperuricemia if the SUA level was ≥417 μmol/L (male) or ≥357 μmol/L (female). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg and/or receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SUA and hypertension. We found that higher SUA level was associated with the increased risk of hypertension in both sexes, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. In total, the risk for having hypertension increased by 0.3% per 1 μmol/L increment in SUA level, increased by 95% for the highest vs. lowest quartile of SUA level, and increased by 111% in the hyperuricemia patients. Moreover, we found that the association was more pronounced in the male participants. There were approximately J-shaped relationships between SUA level (quartiles) and hypertension in all age groups. Higher SUA levels are positively associated with hypertension among the Chinese rural elderly. Further studies are still required to determine the relationship between SUA level and hypertension and to explore its potential biological mechanisms underlying the gender-related association in the elderly population.

Abbreviations: CVD; cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; SUA: serum uric acid; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; FPG: fasting blood glucose; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation     

Association between serum uric acid levels and achievement of target blood pressure among Japanese community residents with hypertension

The authors examined the sex-specific association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and achievement of target blood pressure among Japanese patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2015 and examined 17 113 eligible participants (6499 men; 10 614 women) with hypertension among 66 874 Japanese community residents who underwent voluntary health checkups. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate the association between high SUA level (≥7.0 mg/dL for men and ≥6.0 mg/dL for women) and “therapeutic failure” in achieving target blood pressure (BP) of 140/90 and 130/80 mmHg in both sexes. Multivariate analysis revealed that high SUA level was significantly associated with failure to achieve the 130/80 mmHg treatment goal among men (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.03–1.50, p = .03). Among women, high SUA level was significantly associated with failure to achieve both the 130/80 and 140/90 mmHg treatment goals (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.20–1.47, p < .01 and AOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.04–1.32, p < .01, respectively). Each increase in SUA quartile was positively associated with increases in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (p < .01 for trend) in both sexes. SBP and DBP in each quartile (Q2–Q4) were also significantly higher compared with those of Q1 in both sexes (p < .01). Our data confirms the difficulties in maintain goal BP control in those with elevated SUA.     

广州市中老年人群血压水平与血尿酸和尿素氮的关系

目的探讨广州市中老年人群收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic bloodpressure,DBP)与血尿酸(uric acid,UA)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)浓度的相关性及两组指标间典型相关特征。方法采集广州市中老年人群242例的血标本检测血UA、BUN浓度等,应用柱式水银血压计测量上臂血压3次,取平均血压值。各研究指标间相关性采用Pearson相关分析,应用多元相关分析进一步分析SBP、DBP与血UA、BUN浓度两组指标间的典型相关性,应用逐步回归分析估计因变量为SBP、DBP,解释变量为UA、BUN的回归系数和标准回归系数。结果Pearson相关分析显示广州市中老年人群242例的SBP与血UA浓度呈正相关(r=0.16023,P=0.0126);SBP与血BUN浓度呈正相关(r=0.16424,P=0.0105);DBP与血UA浓度呈正相关(r=0.16562,P=0.0099);DBP与血BUN浓度呈正相关(r=0.13506,P=0.0358)。本组SBP、DBP与血清UA、BUN浓度两组指标间的典型相关系数R...     

老年高血压合并糖尿病患者血尿酸水平的临床观察

目的探讨老年高血压、糖尿病及高血压合并糖尿病患者的血尿酸(UA)水平。方法随机选择老年男性高血压36例、糖尿病33例、高血压合并糖尿病患者41例,对照组27例,比较4组血UA水平。结果3个试验组与对照组比较,血UA水平均明显升高,高血压合并糖尿病组差异显著(P<0.01);高血压合并糖尿病组与高血压组、糖尿病组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01);高血压组与糖尿病组间无显著性差异。结论血UA水平与高血压、糖尿病密切相关。监测血UA水平有利于及时对原发病进行有效干预并改善其预后。     

老年高血压患者利尿剂的使用及其对血钾和尿酸的影响

目的探讨老年高血压患者利尿剂的使用及其对血钾和尿酸的影响。方法选择年龄≥70岁的高血压患者713例,根据入选时患者服用降压药物的情况,分为3组:利尿剂组332例、非利尿剂组270例和未用药组111例,测定血钾、尿酸和其他生化指标,并进行比较。结果利尿剂组和非利尿剂组患者血压显著低于未用药组(P0.05)。与未用药组和非利尿剂组比较,利尿剂组患者尿酸、TG明显升高,血钾明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。利尿剂组低钾血症发生率明显高于非利尿剂组和未用药组(18.1% vs 10.4% vs 9.9%,P0.05,P0.01)。结论老年高血压患者中,使用利尿剂控制血压与使用非利尿降压药效果相似,但血钾水平低、低钾血症发生率高,血清尿酸升高;长期使用需注意血钾降低的防治。     

Impact of serum uric acid on subclinical myocardial injury in general population

Background and aimsHyperuricemia is widely thought as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality; however, the relation of serum uric acid (sUA) and subclinical myocardial injury (SCeMI) remains unclear. We hypothesize that sUA is associated with subclinical myocardial injury.Methods and resultsA total of 5880 adult individuals (57.9 ± 13.0 years, 54.23% women) without known cardiovascular disease from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III were included. Determined by Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) from 12-lead electrocardiogram, SCeMI was defined by CIIS ≥10 units. The relationship between sUA and SCeMI was analyzed by using logistic regression models and the smooth curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were conducted. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the smooth curve fitting revealed a non-linear relationship between sUA level and SCeMI. When sUA was above the inflection point 266.5 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 15%. In women group, when sUA>340.3 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 71%, but no significant correlation was observed in men group.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that sUA is an independent risk factor for subclinical myocardial injury after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and existence of such an association in women only, which require more random control trials to confirm the strategy of cardiovascular disease prevention based on sUA reduction in female.     

老年高血压患者血尿酸水平与高血压危险因素的关系

目的研究血尿酸水平与高血压危险因素的关系,探讨血尿酸水平对高血压发生的预测价值。方法选择老年高血压患者230例(高血压组)及健康体检者202例(对照组)。根据血尿酸水平,按四分位法,将所有入选者分为≤288 μmol/L分位108例、289～333 μmol/L分位109例、334～386 μmol/L分位108例、≥387 μmol/L分位107例。分析血尿酸与高血压患病率及部分高血压危险因素是否有相关性。结果高血压组患者血尿酸水平明显高于对照组(P0.01);老年高血压患者血尿酸水平升高与体重指数、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇密切相关(P0.01);老年高血压患病率与血尿酸水平同步升高;logistic回归分析显示,血尿酸水平和体重指数是老年高血压发病的独立危险因素之一(OR=1.006.95% CI:1.002～1.009,P0.05;OR=1.1 66,95% CI:1.047～1.298,P0.05)。结论高尿酸血症与多种高血压危险因素具有密切关系,是高血压发病的独立危险因素。     

Related factors of serum uric acid in patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia

Objective: To investigate the related factors of serum uric acid in patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods: One hundred and ten patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (homocysteine levels >10 μmol/L) were enrolled into this study, ages from 18 years to 75 years. They were divided into the normal serum uric acid group which contained 74 cases patients (41 cases of male and 33 cases of female) and the hyperuricemia group which contained 36 cases patients (20 cases of male and 16 cases of female). Plasma concentrations of homocysteine, serum uric acid, serum folic acid, blood sugar, triglyceride, total cholesterol, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were detected in these patients, and the deference of them between the two groups was compared. And then the risk factors of serum uric acid with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis by logistic regression analysis were analyzed. Results: The result of multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of serum uric acid in patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia had significant relationships with systolic blood pressure (OR [odds ratio]: 1.132, 95%CI [confidence interval]: 1.003~1.290, p = 0.043), diastolic blood pressure (OR: 1.353 95%CI: 1.023~1.789, p = 0.034, homocysteine (OR: 1.264, 95%CI: 1.016~1.573, p = 0.035), triglyceride (OR: 9.726, 95%CI: 1.288~73.466, p = 0.027), and creatinine (OR: 1.031, 95%CI: 1.005~1.508, p = 0.018). Conclusion: The indices of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, homocysteine, triglyceride, and creatinine were important risk factors of serum uric acid in patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia. It is of great significance to measure multiple risk factors in patients with primary hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia.     

Relation of serum uric acid to an exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise testing in men with normotension

The authors investigated the hypothesis that high serum uric acid concentrations may be related to an exaggerated systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to maximal exercise testing in men with normotension, independent of potential confounding variables. In 4640 healthy men with normotension who underwent maximal treadmill exercise testing and fasting blood chemistry studies, including serum uric acid concentrations, an exaggerated SBP response, defined as SBP ≥ 210 mm Hg, was detected in 152 men (3.3%). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of serum uric acid (>6.6 mg/dL) had a higher odds ratio of demonstrating an exaggerated SBP to maximal exercise (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–3.86) compared with participants in the lowest quartile of serum uric acid (<5.1 mg/dL). High serum uric acid concentrations are associated with an exaggerated SBP response to maximal exercise testing in men with normotension, independent of established coronary risk factors.     

血脂正常原发性高血压患者血尿酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨血脂正常原发性高血压患者血尿酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis,CAS)斑块及硬化程度的关系。方法选择血脂正常的原发性高血压患者288例,行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,测量左右颈动脉内膜中层厚度,根据测量结果分为斑块组(104例)和无斑块组(184例),将患者CAS程度分为0～4级,所有患者测血脂、血尿酸水平。结果斑块组血尿酸浓度明显高于无斑块组(481 μmol/L vs 289μmol/L,P0.05)。斑块组高尿酸血症发生率较无斑块组明显增高(66.2% vs 13.8%,P0.05)。与CAS 3级患者比较,CAS 0级、1级患者血尿酸水平明显下降;与CAS 4级患者比较,CAS 0级、1级、2级患者血尿酸水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血脂正常的原发性高血压患者中,CAS斑块形成可能与血尿酸水平升高有关,CAS程度愈高,其相关性愈大。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血尿酸凌晨血压的研究

目的探讨不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血尿酸、凌晨血压的变化。方法根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)将2006年4月至2007年6月在贵州省人民医院呼吸内科确诊OSAHS的134例患者分为轻、中及重度3组,同时选择23名健康正常者作为对照组,测定血尿酸及凌晨血压值。结果血尿酸值在OSAHS轻、中、重度组患者及对照组分别为(392.10±88.22)μmol/L、(460.14±118.86)μmol/L、(537.63±134.11)μmol/L、(304.36±80.12)μmol/L,四组比较差异统计学意义;OSAHS重度组与其余三组、OSAHS中度组与对照组的血压值比较,差异有统计学意义。结论OSAHS患者血清尿酸随阻塞程度增加而升高,血压出现紊乱,血尿酸升高可能为血压异常的部分原因。     

老年高血压患者动态脉压与血尿酸和超敏C反应蛋白的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压(EH)患者动态脉压(APP)与血尿酸(UA)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平的关系。方法入选112例老年EH患者,根据24 h动态血压监测结果计算APP,按照APP水平分为:30 mmHg≤APP60 mmHg组(PP1组)52例和APP≥60 mmHg组(PP2组)60例。分别测定2组的血清UA、hsCRP水平及相关临床生化指标,并进行比较。结果 PP2组的24 h平均收缩压(24hMSBP)显著高于PP1组(P0.05),24 h平均舒张压(24hMDBP)显著低于PP1组(P0.05);与PP1组相比,PP2组的血UA、hs-CRP水平显著升高,分别为(371.63±86.85)μmol/L和(311.25±74.36)μmol/L(P0.05)、(4.19±1.85)mg/L和(2.23±1.53)mg/L(P0.01)。相关性分析显示血UA、hs-CRP水平与APP均显著相关(P0.05或P0.01)。结论血UA、hs-CRP水平与APP关系密切,可能参与了老年EH患者脉压升高的病理生理过程。     

Elevated serum uric acid — a facet of hyperinsulinaemia

Summary In a representative sample of the adult Jewish population in Israel (n=1016) excluding known diabetic patients and individuals on antihypertensive medications, serum uric acid showed a positive association with plasma insulin response (sum of 1- and 2-hour post glucose load levels) in both males (r=0.316, p<0.001) and females (r=0.236, p<0.001). This association remained statistically significant in both sexes (p<0.001) after accounting by multiple regression analysis for age and major correlates of serum uric acid, i.e. body mass index, glucose response (sum of 1- and 2-hour post load levels), systolic blood pressure and total plasma triglycerides. The net portion of the variance of serum uric acid attributable to insulin response was 12% in males and 8% in females, the total variance accountable by all these variables being 17% and 19% respectively. We conclude that elevated serum uric acid is a feature of hyperinsulinaemia/insulin resistance.     

Pulse wave velocity progression over a medium‐term follow‐up in hypertensives: Focus on uric acid

The role of uric acid (UA) on the arterial stiffness progression has been evaluated only in three studies. Our aim was to evaluate its role as a possible determinant of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) progression over a 3.7 ± 0.5 years follow‐up period in hypertensive patients. Specific sex analysis was done due to the well‐known sex interaction with UA levels. We enrolled 422 consecutive hypertensive outpatients. At baseline anamnestic, blood pressure (BP) and laboratory data as well as PWV were assessed. PWV was performed again at follow‐up examination. Hyperuricemia was defined as a UA > 6 mg/dL for women and > 7 mg/dL for men. Baseline age was 53.2 ± 13 years, 58% were males, systolic and diastolic BP (SBP/DBP) 141.7 ± 17.7/86.8 ± 10.8 mm Hg, UA 5.2 ± 1.4 mg/dL, and PWV 8.5 ± 1.9 m/s. At follow‐up, despite better BP values (−8.5 ± 24.6 for SBP and −7.5 ± 15.4 for DBP), PWV increases to 9.1 ± 2.3 m/s (P < 0.001) with mean ΔPWV of+ 0.5 ± 2.2 m/s. A total of 61 patients were hyperuricemic (14.4%), and they present higher PWV baseline (9.0 ± 2.5 vs 8.5 ± 1.8 m/s, P = 0.03) without significant differences in ΔPWV. Hyperuricemic female (6.2%, 11 patients) presents higher baseline PWV without significant differences in ΔPWV. No differences were found in arterial stiffness in hyperuricemic males (20.4%, 50 patients). UA showed association with baseline and ΔPWV in the whole population but it loses statistical significance at the linear regression model. Same figures were also for sex analysis. Our findings provide evidence that baseline UA levels are not determinants of PWV progression over a median follow‐up of 3.8 years’ in hypertensive patients.     

正常高值血压与血尿酸的相关性观察

目的:探讨正常高值血压(120~139/80~89mmHg)与血尿酸(UA)的相关性。方法:选出正常高值血压患者96例,正常血压者72例作为对照组,测全部受试对象的血UA水平,并进行比较。结果:正常高值血压组血UA水平显著高于对照组[(327.48±72.21)∶(277.99±73.34)μmol/L,P<0.01]。正常高值血压组的高UA血症患病率为13.54%,显著高于对照组的4.17%,(P<0.01)。相关分析显示:血UA水平与收缩压、舒张压均呈正相关(r=0.188,0.317,P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:正常高值血压者已有血UA升高,血UA是高血压及心血管的危险因素。     

The prognostic role of serum uric acid levels in preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis

This meta‐analysis aims to compare serum uric acid levels among preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women across the various trimesters and provide a summary of the effect size of this biomarker in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched from inception. Observational studies were held eligible if they reported serum uric acid among preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Meta‐analysis was conducted regarding uric acid concentration, diagnostic accuracy, and association with perinatal outcomes. The credibility of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The analysis included 196 studies, comprising 39 540 women. Preeclampsia was associated with significantly elevated uric acid levels during the 1st (mean difference [MD]: 0.21 mg/dL, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.06‐0.35) trimester, 2nd (MD: 1.41 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.78‐2.05) trimester, and 3rd (MD: 2.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: 2.12‐2.40) trimester. Higher uric acid was estimated for severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet syndrome. The sensitivity for adverse perinatal outcome prediction ranged from 67.3% to 82.7% and the specificity from 47.7% to 70.7%. In conclusion, it is suggested that serum uric acid levels are increased in preeclampsia and can be used to predict disease severity and pregnancy complications. Future prospective studies should verify these outcomes, assess the optimal cutoffs, and incorporate uric acid to combined predicting models.     

特殊人群血清尿酸分布特点及与其他心血管危险因素关系

目的调查城乡结合部中老年居民血清尿酸的分布特点,高尿酸血症患病情况及与其它心血管危险因素的关系。方法对广州城乡结合部石牌村现居住村民进行调查, 以该人群中55岁以上男女性642人为研究对象,对血清尿酸及其它多项心血管危险因素进行统计分析。结果①血清尿酸水平男性(357.30±66.77)μmol/L,女性(299.80±59.64)μmol/L,高尿酸血症患病率男性30.26%,女性30.82%;②男性尿酸水平高于女性(P<0.001);③血清尿酸与总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血压及体重指数正相关,与高密度脂蛋白负相关;④各种心血管危险因素在该人群中有聚集现象。结论血清尿酸升高可能是心血管及代谢性疾病的重要标志。该人群高尿酸血症及其它心血管危险因素的检出率高于一般人群,检出高危人群并进行相应干预治疗有重要价值。