氯诺昔康与曲马多在骨科术后患者自控静脉镇痛中的应用

目的:探讨氯诺昔康、曲马多与芬太尼配伍用于患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果比较.方法:60例各类骨科术后中等以上疼痛患者随机分为两组(每组30例),试验组(L组)用芬太尼 氯诺昔康,对照组(T组)用芬太尼 曲马多.芬太尼用量0.02mg·kg-1,根据患者体重计算芬太尼总用量后,分别用8mg氯诺昔康或100mg曲马多替代0.1mg芬太尼.在L组中芬太尼与氯诺昔康各占一半,T组中芬太尼与曲马多各占一半.镇痛泵背景剂量2mL·h-1,PCIA剂量2mL·次-1,锁定时间15min.依据VAS评分标准分别测定术后4,16,24,36,50h的疼痛值,并观察两组在恶心、呕吐等方面不良反应,最后记录镇痛结束时患者对镇痛效果的总体评价.结果:两组镇痛效果VAS评分无显著差异(P>0.05),L组恶心呕吐等不良反应少于T组.结论:氯诺昔康和曲马多分别与芬太尼配伍用于PCIA镇痛效果无显著差异.氯诺昔康在恶心呕吐等不良反应方面优于曲马多.     

氯诺昔康用于食管癌术后镇痛的临床研究

目的:评价氯诺昔康用于食管癌术后镇痛的效果及安全性.方法:选择行食管癌根治术患者60例,接受术后镇痛治疗(PCIA),随机分为L组和T组.L组使用氯诺昔康64mg·48h-1,T组使用曲马多800mg·48h-1.结果:两组于使用PCIA后4,12,24,36,48h的VAS疼痛评分、PHS术后疼痛评分无显著性差异(P＞0.05).镇静度评分:12h以后T组高于L组(P<0.05).术后镇痛不良反应的发生率L组低于T组,两组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05).总体评价L组优于T组.结论:氯诺昔康用于食管癌术后镇痛安全有效,满意度优于曲马多.     

氯诺昔康用于颌面外科手术后病人自控镇痛的临床研究

目的以曲马多为对照药物对各类颌面外科术后患者应用氯诺昔康行病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的有效性和安全性进行评价.方法将60例成年ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行择期颌面外科手术患者,随机分为3组,曲马多(T)组:曲马多16 mg·kg-1;氯诺昔康(L)组:氯诺昔康1.3 mg·kg-1;曲马多和氯诺昔康(T L)组:曲马多8 mg·kg-1 氯诺昔康0.65 mg·kg-1,均稀释至100 mL,以2 mL·h-1行PCIA.记录3组在置泵后2、4、8、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分值(VAS)、患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分及在各时间段中的不良反应.结果T组、L组、T L组48 h内各时间点VAS和PCIA结束后镇痛治疗总体印象评分无显著性差异(P＞0.05),T组、L组、T L组恶心呕吐发生率分别为33.3%、20.0%和6.67%,其中T L组明显低于T组(P＜0.05).结论采用氯诺昔康对颌面外科手术后病人自控镇痛安全有效,和曲马多复合使用能减少各自不良反应,可作为术后平衡镇痛的药物组成.     

氯诺昔康和高乌甲素用于老年人中上腹部手术后自控镇痛的效果比较

目的比较氯诺昔康和高乌甲素用于老年人中上腹部手术术后自控镇痛的效果和安全性。方法择期行中上腹部手术的老年患者60例，随机分为A、B两组，每组 30例。两组均采用患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)，A组给予氯诺昔康32～40 mg，B组给予高乌甲素48～56 mg，用0.9%氯化钠注射液配成100 mL，首次剂量均为8 mg，维持量为2 mL·h^-1，采用视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)评估两者镇痛效果并观察镇痛期间可能出现的不良反应。结果A组VAS评分明显低于B组(P＜0.05)；两组术后不良反应的发生率差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。结论氯诺昔康和高乌甲素用于老人中上腹部手术PCIA安全有效，氯诺昔康的镇痛效果优于高乌甲素。     

氯诺昔康超前镇痛在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨氯诺昔康超前镇痛在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用的疗效及安全性。方法选择68例采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,随机分为氯诺昔康超前镇痛组(氯诺昔康组)和对照组,两组均采用气管插管全身麻醉,氯诺昔康组在麻醉诱导前静脉注射氯诺昔康16mg,对照组在麻醉诱导前静脉注射生理盐水4mL,术后根据患者疼痛情况给予阿片类或鸦片类镇痛药物口服。比较两组患者术后拔管清醒后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h各个时间点的疼痛情况、术后患者满意度与不良反应情况。结果氯诺昔康组患者术后拔管清醒后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h各个时间点的疼痛评分均明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。氯诺昔康组患者术后满意度明显优于对照组(χ=4.22,P<0.05),且术后不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(χ=4.19,P<0.05)。结论氯诺昔康超前镇痛用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术能有效缓解患者术后疼痛,提高患者满意度,减少不良反应的出现,是一种安全有效的镇痛方法。     

氯诺昔康与高乌甲素用于剖宫产术后镇痛及护理

目的 探讨氯诺昔康与高乌甲素用于剖宫产术后镇痛的临床效果和护理措施.方法 对1312例剖宫产手术的产妇分成3组.试验组:氯诺昔康40mg+芬太尼0.5mg+生理盐水90mL;观察组:芬太尼0.5mg+高乌甲素24mg+生理盐水90mL.术后采用患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA).对照组不用任何药物.用Prince-Henry法评价疼痛的程度和疗效,记录产妇术后首次肛门排气时间并统计不良反应的发生率.结果 两组使用PCIA间在术后疼痛的程度稍有差别,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05);与对照组比较疼痛差异明显.试验组产妇的肛门排气时间与其他两组有显著差异.结论 氯诺昔康与高乌甲素用于剖宫产术后镇痛安全有效.在使用过程中,疗效观察和护理干预是保证有效治疗的关键.     

氯诺昔康复合吗啡用于开胸手术后患者自控镇痛的比较

目的:比较氯诺昔康、吗啡、氯诺昔康复合吗啡用于开胸手术后,患者自控镇痛(PCA)的有效性和安全性.方法:择期开胸手术患者45例分三组,每组15例.PCA药物配伍为:A组吗啡50mg,B组氯诺昔康40mg,C组吗啡30mg 氯诺昔康24mg,溶于100mL生理氯化钠溶液.PCA工作方式采用持续背景剂量(2mL·h-1)配合单次按压剂量(1mL),锁定时间30min.采用视觉模拟评分(VAS),记录每个患者术后的疼痛程度;同时记录48h内总的按压次数以及可能出现的不良反应.结果:B组患者在术后各时间点的VAS评分稍高于A、C两组,但没有统计学差异(P>0.05).观察期间B组和C组患者恶心、呕吐的发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05),B和C两组间则没有统计学差异.结论:氯诺昔康用于开胸手术后PCA镇痛效应与吗啡相近,都能达到很好的镇痛作用.相对于单独应用吗啡或氯诺昔康,两者联合应用,术后镇痛效果相同,恶心、呕吐等不良反应少.     

吗啡、氯诺昔康术后镇痛对患者白介素-2的影响

目的:观察吗啡、氯诺昔康用于术后患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)时对血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)分泌的影响.方法:100例择期上腹部手术的患者,随机分成两组:M组(吗啡组)、L组(氯诺昔康组).分别于麻醉前、术后1,3,24h采血.应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清IL-2水平.结果:与麻醉前比较,M组患者术后各时点血清IL-2水平明显降低(P<0.05),L组术后1h与麻醉前相比,无显著性差异(P>0.05).术后3h开始升高(P>0.05),术后24h明显升高(P<0.05).结论:吗啡、氯诺昔康均可有效减轻术后疼痛,与吗啡抑制IL-2分泌不同,氯诺昔康一定程度可增强上腹部手术患者术后IL-2的分泌.     

氯诺昔康对高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者超前镇痛效果的临床观察

目的:探讨氯诺昔康对高龄股骨粗隆问骨折患者围手术期超前镇痛的效果及安全性.方法:采用随机对照的试验方法,将48例接受股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗的高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者分为观察组和对照组,术前24、12h观察组患者口服氯诺昔康8mg,对照组患者口服安慰剂.术后12、24、36、48、72h两组患者均口服氯诺昔康8 mg,应用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价两组术后康复进程中的疼痛差异,患者的镇痛满意度与睡眠满意度,记录额外使用其他镇痛药物的情况和不良反应.结果:观察组术后2、4、8、12、24、48h VAS评分明显低于对照组{P<0.05),镇痛满意度与睡眠满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.01),除对照组中1例有恶心外,无明显不良反应发生.结论:PFN治疗高龄股骨粗隆问骨折围手术期采用氯诺昔康超前镇痛,能有效缓解术后疼痛,改善睡眠状况,无明显不良反应.     

氯诺昔康预防气管拔管不良反应的观察

目的:观察手术结束前静脉注射氯诺昔康对预防全身麻醉患者拔管期不良反应的作用.方法:ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级妇科手术患者60例,随机分为对照组(C组)和氯诺昔康组(L组),两组分别在术毕前20 min静脉注射生理盐水2 mL、氯诺昔康8 mg(稀释至2 mL).在围拔管期观察血压、心率、血氧饱和度、拔管时间、清醒时间、躁动发生情况及有无恶心等不良反应.结果:L组拔管时的血压、心率较为平稳,明显优于C组(P＜0.05),躁动发生例数也少于C组(P＜0.05),两组间拔管时间、清醒时间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:全身麻醉患者在气管导管拔管前静脉注射氯诺昔康可减轻拔管期不良反应.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.