肾结核281例分析

目的　探讨临床肾结核的早期诊断和治疗。　方法　回顾性分析 2 81例肾结核患者的临床资料。　结果　膀胱刺激征、血尿和腰痛是最常见的临床症状。尿查抗酸杆菌、聚合酶链反应结核菌 (PCR TB DNA)和血清抗结核特异性抗体 (PPD IgG)检查阳性率分别为 42 .7%、44 .1%和6 2 .5 % ;IVU、B超、CT的诊断阳性率分别为 6 9.1%、2 8.3%、84.3%。 12 8例药物 (异烟肼 利福平 吡嗪酰胺三联治疗 ,6～ 8个月 )治疗者中 10 5例获痊愈 ,15 3例手术治疗者中 145例 (94.8% )施行患侧肾输尿管联合切除术。　结论　联合实验室检查可使临床不典型肾结核的诊断阳性率得到较大提高。IVU仍然是肾结核诊断的首选影像学检查 ,CT对可疑病例有一定的辅助诊断价值。早期肾结核短程三联治疗效果满意。肾结核肾切除应尽可能切除患侧输尿管。     

不典型肾结核31例临床分析

报告不典型肾结核31例并对此进行分析。对倒根据临床表现分为4类，即无痛性血尿者8例，反复尿频者15例，附睾结核者3例，肾积水者5例。无痛性血尿和阳睾结核者经抗结核治疗痊愈，反复尿频及肾积水者行肾切除术，术后经病理检查证实。并就每一类不典型肾结核及易造成误诊的原因进行分析，认为聚合酶链反应是诊断早期肾结核的重要手段，晚期肾结核行CT检查最有价值。     

不典型中晚期肾结核诊治分析(附14例报告)

目的：探讨不典型中晚期肾结核的临床表现及诊治方法。方法：回顾性分析14例不典型中晚期肾结核的临床资料。结果：14例患者主要表现为血尿、腰痛、尿频、肾积水。尿常规异常86％(12／14),尿沉渣找抗酸杆菌阳性率33％(3／9),尿TB-PCR阳性率25％(1／4),静脉尿路造影患肾不显影57％(8／14),CT确诊率80％(8／10)。1例行药物治疗,13例行手术治疗。14例随访1～4年均治愈．发生输尿管残端综合征1例。结论：临床症状不典型以及部分病例起病隐匿,是导致中晚期肾结核误诊的重要原因。CT对中晚期肾结核的诊断最有价值,螺旋CT尿路成像或MRU对并发输尿管结核的诊断有帮助。治疗上仍以肾切除为主,术中应尽可能切除患侧输尿管。     

非典型肾结核45例诊治分析

目的：提高对非典型肾结核临床特点的认知及诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析1979年1月～2009年12月收治的45例非典型肾结核患者的临床资料：男24例,女21例,年龄19～61岁,平均38岁,其中20～50岁者38例,占84．4％。临床表现为尿频31例（68．9％）,肉眼或镜下血尿9例（20．0％）,尿常规不正常36例（80．0%）。15例（62．5％）男性患者曾诊为慢性前列腺炎,治疗1～3年无效,后诊为肾结核;7例伴有附睾结核,其中3例已在外院行附睾切除术。治疗前行尿路造影、CT和B超检查。9例采用异烟肼加利福平加乙胺丁醇药物治疗,疗程9～12个月;36例于抗结核治疗2、3周后行患肾切除术,4例加行附睾切除。结果：尿路造影、CT和B超诊断准确性分别为21．2％、100％和88．9％。36例手术治疗者全部治愈,9例药物治疗者中,5例在6～24个月复查时,患肾损坏严重,遂行肾切除。结论：非典型肾结核的膀胱刺激症状不明显,尿常规、B超、静脉肾盂造影是主要的检查方法,CT具有较大的诊断价值;外科手术仍是肾结核无功能肾的主要治疗手段。     

后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗无功能性肾结核的临床应用价值。方法:2008年9月至2011年9月为32例肾结核患者行后腹腔镜结核性肾切除术。术中使用超声刀游离肾脏与输尿管,阻断肾蒂,切除的肾脏放入肾袋取出。手术前、后均行正规抗结核治疗。结果:32例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间90～200 min,平均130 min;术中出血量30～140 ml,平均60 ml;术后住院5～9 d,平均7.1 d;术中、术后无明显并发症发生。结论:后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗结核性无功能肾安全、有效、微创,为肾结核的手术治疗提供了新途径。术前需积极进行抗痨治疗,术中科学、合理、仔细操作。     

中晚期肾结核36例的临床特征

目的:探讨中晚期肾结核的临床特征.方法:报告36例中晚期肾结核患者的临床资料.均无典型临床表现;尿抗酸杆菌阳性率为19.4%;B超、IVU、和CT诊断符合率分别为30.6%、36.7%、81.2%.26例肾脏已无功能行手术切除(开放性手术20例,腹腔镜手术6例);10例行抗结核保守治疗,其中5例置双J管引流.结果:31例痊愈,5例失访.结论:肾结核的临床表现不典型、治疗不及时是导致中晚期肾结核发生的主要原因;CT对中晚期肾结核的诊断最有价值;治疗以肾切除术为主,术中应尽可能切除患侧输尿管;腹腔镜手术可以列为首选的治疗方法.     

肾结核临床诊治的新特点

目的：探讨肾结核诊治的新特点,提高肾结核尤其是不典型肾结核的临床治疗水平。方法：对经病原学或病理学证实的87例肾结核患者的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗进行回顾性研究。结果;综合运用尿常规、肾脏功能测定、红细胞沉降率、尿找抗酸杆菌、尿荧光TB检测、尿PCR-TB;器械检查包括膀胱镜、B超、静脉肾盂造影（IVU）、CT等;主要鉴别肾脓肿、肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄、肾肿瘤、输尿管结石等疾病,获得确诊。保守治疗;单纯抗结核药物治疗16例,抗痨及血液透析1例;手术治疗;患肾切除54例（62.5％）,（孤肾）肾造瘘3例,肠道代膀胱术4例（4.6％）。结论：近年来肾结核呈现非典型化,应强调对非典型肾结核的诊断和鉴别诊断;静脉肾盂造影（IVU）对肾结核的诊断缺乏特异性,应重视CT在肾结核早期诊断中的作用。治疗上仍以肾切除为主。     

肾结核合并肾结石11例诊治分析

目的探讨肾结核合并肾结石的诊断及治疗方法。方法对11例肾结核合并肾结石患者进行治疗,其中8例行肾切除术,2例行经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL),1例患者行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)。结果术后病理学检查均提示肾结核伴干酪样坏死,所有患者术后给予抗结核药物治疗6~12个月,定期复查血常规、肝肾功能、B超、尿结核DNA及CT等,恢复良好。结论对明确诊断的肾结核合并肾结石患者,需严格行抗结核治疗,采取合适的手术方式处理结石。     

腹腔镜与开放行肾部分切除术的临床疗效比较

目的：比较腹腔镜下与开放行肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的效果。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月～2010年7月肾部分切除术41例,其中腹腔镜肾部分切除术18例,开放肾部分切除术23例,对两种方法的临床效果进行比较。结果：腹腔镜组和开放组术中出血量分别为（200±35）ml、（363±48）ml,进食时间分别为（2．7士1．0）d、（3．8±1．3）d,住院时间分别为（13．2±3．0）d、（16．4±4．3）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后引流管留置时间分别为（3．7±1．3）d、（4．7士1．4）d,两组比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组和开放组手术时间分别为（137土95）min、（125±52）min,热缺血时间分别为（27．8i2．1）min、（17．8±8．6）min,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：与开放肾部分切除术相比,腹腔镜肾部分切除术具有失血量少、术后进食快、住院时间短等优点,但手术时间和。肾热缺血时间稍长。     

后腹腔镜重复肾重复输尿管切除16例报告

目的：探讨后腹腔镜重复肾切除的可行性和疗效。方法：2005年6月～2010年10月行后腹腔镜下重复肾切除术17例,其中男5例,女12例,年龄12～72岁,平均40．4岁。17例均位于‘肾上极。2例因体检发现肾积水就诊;12例因腰痛伴发热就诊;3例因尿失禁就诊。17例患者均术前行磁共振尿路水成像（MRU）、IVu或CT片确诊重复肾,16例重复肾位于左侧,1例患者为右侧重复肾伴积水左侧肾缺如,行右肾穿刺造瘘术。结果：16例手术时间80～200min,平均110min。出血量40～400ml,平均70．5mI。术中转开放手术1例;术中损伤正常肾盂肾盏2例。术后肠道功能恢复时间1～3．5天,平均2天,术后住院时间6～8天,平均7天。术前平均血尿素氮（5．8±1．1）mmol／L,血肌酐（70．4±26．5）“mol／L。术后随访3个月,平均血尿素氮（6．0±1．0）mmol／L,血肌酐（81．8±19．2）μmol／L。两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者术前原有症状消失,术后3～24个月B超复查均未见重复肾。结论：后腹腔镜重复肾切除术安全可靠,疗效良好,患者恢复速度快。     

肾结核诊治分析(附52例报告)

目的　探讨肾结核的临床表现及诊治方法。　方法　肾结核患者 5 2例 ,临床表现膀胱刺激征 36例 (6 9% ) ,腰痛伴肉眼血尿 10例 (19% ) ,肾绞痛及无痛性肉眼血尿各 6例 (11% )。 5 2例中B超提示肾结核 2 0例 ,单侧肾积水 2 2例 ;4 7例肾图示患肾无功能 31例 ;同期尿AFB和Tb PCR检查38例 ,尿AFB阳性 13例 (34% ) ,尿Tb PCR阳性 2 1例 (5 5 % )。误诊为结石或炎症 2 7例。药物治疗 12例 (2 3% ) ,手术治疗 4 0例 (77% )。　结果　 12例药物治疗者均痊愈。 4 0例手术后病理均诊断为肾结核 ,2 3例随访 1.5～ 5 .0年均治愈 ,发生输尿管残端综合征 5例。　结论　尿AFB和Tb PCR检查仍是术前确诊肾结核的主要手段。无功能结核肾切除同时应尽可能切除患侧输尿管。     

Tuberculosis in Thai renal transplant recipients: a 15-year experience

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients, especially in developing countries. Its incidence and characteristics remain unknown in Thai recipients. This study sought to determine the incidence, characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of TB in Thailand. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed case records of all renal transplant recipients from 1992 to 2007 to record demographic information, transplant characteristics, median time to diagnosis of TB, and outcomes. RESULTS: Among 270 recipients, 9 (3.84%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18%-5.49%) developed TB. Their median age was 40 years (range = 23-62 years) and median time from transplantation to diagnosis was 36 months (range = 4-115 months). Although pulmonary TB was the most common form (56%), 2 patients (22%) developed extrapulmonary disease. Disseminated TB occurred in 2 patients (22%). The diagnosis was made on respiratory specimen cultures in 3 cases (33.3%) and body fluid cultures in 3 (33.3%). Five patients (55.6%) were successfully treated with four-drug combination therapy. Two of the other subjects (22.2%) who received triple therapy were noncompliant, succumbing to graft failure and sepsis. Blood group AB (odds ratio [OR] 10.95, 95% CI 1.57-76.60) and use of tacrolimus rescue therapy (OR 9.68, 95% CI 2.13-43.94) were associated with an elevated risk of TB. CONCLUSION: TB is common among Thai renal transplant recipients with an incidence 27 times higher than that of the general Thai population. The extrapulmonary form in particular occurs more frequently with an increased risk of mortality.     

Renal manifestations in children co-infected with HIV and disseminated tuberculosis

Many children in Cape Town are co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). Granulomatous TB interstitial nephritis is a recognized entity. Our objective was to establish if TB plays a role in renal disease in HIV-infected children. We identified children co-infected with TB and HIV from our database and reviewed their biopsies and clinical notes. Since 2002, 12 renal biopsies or postmortem examinations were performed on HIV-infected children at our institution. The clinical scenario and renal biopsies in four cases (median age 73 months, range 24–108 months) were consistent with TB involvement. The mean CD4 count and percentage of these four patients were 508 cells/μl and 23%, respectively. All four patients presented with culture-proven disseminated TB (not yet on treatment) and had nephrotic range proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Three of these patients had renal impairment. The prominent features of the renal biopsies were a severe interstitial inflammatory infiltrate and mild to moderate mesangial proliferation. An interstitial granuloma was seen in one patient. With treatment for the TB, the proteinuria resolved and renal function improved in all four patients. Based on these results, we conclude that TB contributes to proteinuric renal disease in HIV-infected children and that the renal disease improves following TB treatment.     

Tuberculosis after renal transplantation

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in our country. Its diagnosis in immunodeficient patients is difficult. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the prevalence, clinical presentation, and outcome of TB after renal transplantation (RT) in our Tunisian team's experience. Among 359 renal transplant recipients, 9 (2.5%) developed TB at 49.6 months (range, 3-156 months) after RT. There were 7 men and 2 women of mean age 37.8 years (range, 15-53 years). The organs involved included lymph nodes in 1 case; lung in 5 cases; genitourinary system in 1 case; rachis in 1 case; pleural in 1 case; and both pulmonary and urinary systems in 1 case. The diagnosis was bacteriologic in 6 cases; histologic in 1 case; and 2 patients had a high index of suspicion. All patients were treated with a combination of rifampicin, isoniazide, pyrazinamide, and ethambutal. Recurrence of TB infection was noted in 3 cases with multiple localizations: lymph node, muscle abscess, meningitis, genitourinary system, rachis, and lung. Two patients died. In conclusion, among renal transplant patients, extrapulmonary involvement and recurrence of TB were frequent.     

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Incidence in Hospitalized Renal Transplant Patients in the United States, 1998–2000

The incidence, risk factors, and prognosis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection have not been reported in a national population of renal transplant recipients. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 15,870 Medicare patients who received renal transplants from January 1, 1998 to July 31, 2000. Cox regression analysis derived adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) for factors associated with a diagnosis of MTB infection (by Medicare Institutional Claims) and the association of MTB infection with survival. There were 66 renal transplant recipients diagnosed with tuberculosis infection after transplant (2.5 cases per 1000 person years at risk, with some falling off of cases over time). The most common diagnosis was pulmonary TB (41 cases). In Cox regression analysis, only systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was independently associated with TB. Mortality after TB was diagnosed was 23% at 1 year, which was significantly higher than in renal transplant recipients without TB (AHR, 4.13, 95% CI, 2.21, 7.71, p < 0.001). Although uncommon, MTB infection is associated with a substantially increased risk of mortality after renal transplantation. High-risk groups, particularly those with SLE prior to transplant, might benefit from intensified screening.     

肾结石并发肾结核的诊断(附6例报告)

目的：探讨肾结石并发肾结核的诊断方法。方法：回顾性分析６例此病患者临床资料。结果：临床诊断正确者１例,术后病理确诊者４例,１例因接受ＥＳＷＬ后尿液结核杆菌培养阳性而确立诊断,临床诊断准确率为１６．７％。结论：肾结石并发肾结核临床表现不典型,肾结核症状多被肾结石症状掩盖,故应注意临床资料中有提示意义的线索,对肾结石伴肾功能严重损害而患肾大小变化不显著尤应警惕并发肾结核。     

不典型泌尿系结核的诊治(附23例报告)

目的：探讨肾结核的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析23例肾结核患者的临床资料,将不典型泌尿系结核分为七类。结果：除膀胱刺激征、血尿等最常见的症状外,泌尿系结核的临床症状越来越不典型。除肾功能尚好的6例采用联合服药治疗,2例随访治愈外,余17例行患肾及输尿管切除术,术后病理检查诊断为肾结核。6例获得随访,2例并发结核性小膀胱,2例并发输尿管残端综合征,2例痊愈。结论：静脉肾盂造影（IVP）是肾结核首选的有诊断意义的检查方法,对不典型肾结核的诊断需要在提高认识的同时重视病史,综合分析尿细菌学及IVP检查,必要时联合逆行肾盂造影（RP）、CT检查才能确诊。个别患者只有在手术时才能确诊。强调晚期肾结核行半尿路全切除术十分重要;肾功能尚好的早期肾结核患者行三联化疗是有效的。     

Tuberculosis in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Brazilian Center Registry

Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppression show an increased risk for developing opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis (TB). TB represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, mainly in underdeveloped countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of TB and its presentation among renal transplant recipients over 20 years.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective analysis included medical records of renal transplant recipients from January 1984 to April 2007.

Results

Among 1342 renal transplant recipients, 31 received treatment for TB due to clinical disease (n = 23) or prophylaxis (n = 8). The overall incidence of TB was 1.71%, which was diagnosed at 53 ± 49 months posttransplantation. The indications for TB prophylaxis were a previous history of TB (n = 6) or direct contact with a TB carrier (n = 1). The most common clinical presentation was extrapulmonary (n = 13). The classical treatment was effective in 16 cases. However, 7 cases of resistant TB required ethambutol added to therapy. Adverse events of treatment included liver toxicity (n = 1) and peripheral neuropathy (n = 1). Three patients died due to TB-related complications. Graft loss was observed in 3 patients after cessation of TB treatment. None of the patients on prophylaxis developed clinical disease.

Conclusions

TB incidence was significantly greater among renal transplant recipients compared with the local population, with a higher incidence of extrapulmonary disease. TB prophylaxis in selected cases was effective, avoiding new infections.     

靶向穿刺与靶向联合系统穿刺对前列腺PI-RADS评分4~5分患者的诊断效能比较

目的比较靶向穿刺与靶向联合系统穿刺对多参数磁共振(mpMRI)前列腺影像报告与数据系统(PI-RADS)评分4~5分患者的诊断效能。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年2月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院378例前列腺PI-RADS评分为4~5分且接受前列腺靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺患者的临床资料。中位年龄69(64,75)岁,中位前列腺特异性抗原9.5(6.7,16.3)ng/ml,中位前列腺体积34.1(23.5,48.4)ml。PI-RADS评分4分240例,5分138例。所有患者均行经会阴前列腺穿刺,在mpMRI/经直肠超声融合图像引导下,先行2针靶向穿刺,再行12针系统穿刺。评估穿刺病理及穿刺阳性的Gleason评分,通过χ²检验或Fisher精确检验比较不同穿刺方式前列腺癌和有临床意义前列腺癌(CsPCa)的检出情况。结果378例中290例阳性,88例阴性。靶向穿刺平均2.4针/例,系统穿刺平均12.0针/例,靶向穿刺与系统穿刺对前列腺癌的检出率差异无统计学意义[73.3%(277/378)与68.3%(258/378),P=0.129],对CsPCa的检出率差异无统计学意义[55.8%(211/378)与49.7%(188/378),P=0.094],准确率差异无统计学意义[79.1%(299/378)与77.8%(294/378),P=0.658],穿刺针数阳性率差异有统计学意义[64.2%(580/904)与23.1%(1049/4536),P<0.001]。靶向穿刺与靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺的病理符合率为92.3%(349/378),对前列腺癌的检出率差异无统计学意义[73.3%(277/378)与76.7%(290/378),P=0.275],对CsPCa的检出率差异无统计学意义[55.8%(211/378)与62.2%(235/378),P=0.076]。靶向穿刺对前列腺癌的漏诊率为4.5%(13/290),对CsPCa的漏诊率为10.2%(24/235)。在PI-RADS评分4分的患者中,靶向穿刺与靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺对前列腺癌的检出率差异无统计学意义[65.4%(157/240)与69.2%(166/240),P=0.381],对CsPCa的检出率差异无统计学意义[46.7%(112/240)与52.9%(127/240),P=0.171];靶向穿刺的准确率为82.1%(197/240),对前列腺癌的漏诊率为5.4%(9/166),对CsPCa的漏诊率为11.8%(15/127)。在PI-RADS评分5分的患者中,靶向穿刺与靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺对前列腺癌的检出率差异无统计学意义[87.0%(120/138)与89.9%(124/138),P=0.452],对CsPCa的检出率差异无统计学意义[71.7%(99/138)与78.3%(108/138),P=0.211];靶向穿刺的准确率为73.9%(102/138),对前列腺癌的漏诊率为3.2%(4/124),对CsPCa的漏诊率为8.3%(9/108)。结论对于PI-RADS评分为4~5分的高危前列腺癌患者,靶向穿刺以更少的穿刺针数可获得与靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺相近的检出效果,但仍存在诊断不准确及漏诊的可能。     

Tuberculosis in southern Chinese renal‐transplant recipients

Abstract: Objectives: To analyze the characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in Southern Chinese renal transplant recipients, and summarize the corresponding experiences in diagnosis and management. Method: Retrospectively study 41 documented post‐transplant TB cases out of the 2333 patients who received kidney transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University between Jan. 1991 and Apr. 2007. Results: TB in the post‐renal‐transplant population in Southern China displayed the following characteristics: (i) high incidence within a short time after transplantation, the median interval between renal transplantation and diagnosis of TB was 8 months (range: 1‐156 months) and 56.1% were diagnosed within the first year post‐transplant; (ii) high prevalence (51.2%) of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis; (iii) high co‐infection rate (19.5%), pathogens included candida albicans, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus and cytomegalovirus; (iv) fever (82.9%), cough (56.1%) and sputum (39.0%) are the most common clinical manifestations; (v) purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) skin test had little diagnostic value in this group with a negative result in all 41 cases; (vi) acute rejection (29.3%) and liver function damage (17.1%) were the main adverse effects of anti‐tuberculosis chemotherapy; (vii) mortality of patients with post‐transplant tuberculosis reached up to 22.0%. Conclusions: Chinese renal transplant recipients face a high risk of TB because of their immuno‐compromised state and epidemiological prevalence of the disease. Therefore, attention should be given to this differential diagnosis in clinical practice. Balancing the benefits and disadvantages of anti‐tuberculosis chemotherapy is of importance for this specific population.