家犬主动脉窦影像分析和主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的研制

目的:观察家犬主动脉窦造影特点,研制可经导管植入主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的可行性.方法:选用健康杂种犬10只,行左心室造影,对主动脉窦部造影影像分析.将新鲜的猪心包经脱细胞处理后给予0.6%戊二醛浸泡36 h,缝合在瓣膜环上,制成主动脉瓣支架瓣膜.并将瓣膜支架经动脉植入家犬心脏主动脉瓣位置.经胸超声评价瓣膜功能.结果:左室造影可清晰显示主动脉窦部宽度和高度;升主动脉直径(1.73±0.15)mm,主动脉窦部直径(2.15+0.24)mm,冠脉开口至窦部的距离(1.12+0.14)mm.经胸超声检查示人工瓣膜瓣叶功能正常,无返流.结论:主动脉瓣支架瓣膜设计合理,功能正常,可用于经导管主动脉瓣膜置换的实验研究.     

自体心包补片修补主动脉瓣环辅助主动脉瓣置换

背景：在主动脉置换过程中常遇到瓣环钙化、瓣周囊肿等特殊情况,这时一般应用特殊技术辅助主动脉瓣置换。 目的：观察自体心包补片修补主动脉瓣环辅助主动脉瓣置换治疗钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄并瓣环钙化的临床可行性。 方法：回顾性分析2009年1月至 2012年1月郑州大学第一附属医院42例钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄并瓣环钙化患者的临床资料,并通过统计学软件处理自体心包补片修补主动脉瓣环技术辅助主动脉瓣置换前后的主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积指数、最大跨瓣压差、血流峰值速度、左室射血分数等数据,分析自体心包补片修补主动脉瓣环技术辅助主动脉瓣置换的应用效果。 结果与结论：无置换中死亡病例,置换中主动脉阻断时间为52-88(63.0±18.1) min,体外循环时间为78-122(102.6±25.1) min,置换后1例患者出现急性肾功能衰竭,经床旁血透治疗后治愈。余患者无严重置换并发症。置换后住院天数为7-20(13.6±5.5) d。置换后多普勒超声心动图示：瓣膜功能良好,均未发现主动脉瓣周漏。置换后6个月的主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积指数、最大跨瓣压差、血流峰值速度、左室射血分数均有显著改善,与置换前比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。证实对置换适应证合适的特殊换瓣患者,自体心包补片修补主动脉瓣环辅助主动脉瓣置换可取得满意的外科治疗效果,且操作安全简单,是一项可行的技术。     

不同钙化模式对经导管主动脉瓣膜植入效果影响的数值模拟研究

目的通过有限元方法评估不同钙化模式对经导管主动脉瓣膜植入效果的影响。方法根据钙化斑块在主动脉瓣叶上的位置不同,建立对合线钙化模型、附着线钙化模型和圆圈钙化模型3种不同钙化形式的主动脉根部模型。使用ABAQUS软件仿真自膨胀经导管主动脉瓣膜植入3个钙化模型中的过程,分析不同钙化模型对主动脉根部应力、瓣架变形以及瓣周间隙的影响。结果圆圈钙化模型中钙化斑块的最大主应力最大,为18.42 MPa,可能导致假体植入后发生脑卒中的风险更高;圆圈钙化模型的瓣架变形程度也最大,可能导致更差的假体耐久性;附着线钙化模型的瓣周间隙面积为37.2 mm~2,超过其他模型的2倍,植入后出现严重瓣周返流的风险可能性更高。结论不同的主动脉瓣叶钙化模式与经导管主动脉瓣膜植入后的主动脉根部应力、瓣架变形以及瓣周间隙有关,对术后并发症和假体耐久性产生影响。研究结果为临床上经导管主动脉瓣膜植入术术后效果的预测提供参考。     

动力性主动脉瓣瓣架的改进研究

作对先前的动力性主动脉瓣的瓣架进行了改进。用悬臂式支架代替笼式支架，瓣架由端环、悬臂、悬臂轴、支架梁、尾环等部分组成。悬臂轴由端环的中心伸出，通过位于顶端的垂直悬壁与端环相连接以保持其工作位置。轴尾悬空。无支撑点。悬臂轴借滑动轴承支承“转子一叶轮”体。为降低摩擦消耗，轴表面由耐磨材料制成。端环与普通机械瓣的瓣环相似，其外周嵌入编织的缝合环，植入时与主动脉瓣环缝合固定。从端环的周边与悬臂轴平行的方向等距离伸出支架梁并在尾端与尾环相连。支架梁和尾环与主动脉内壁紧贴，支撑动脉壁以防止其与“转子一叶轮”体接触。输入电压为7V时，动力瓣迅速启动，两端容器中液平面开始出现位差并逐步加大。至50mmH2O时趋于平衡。提高输入电压，液面位差稍有增加，但在16V～25V区间内变化不大。结果显示改进后的动力瓣性能大幅度提高，表明悬臂式动力瓣的瓣架结构比笼式支架结构更趋合理。揭示了动力瓣探索的一个重要方向。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断老年性主动脉瓣钙化的临床应用

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)探讨老年性主动脉瓣钙化的超声表现及其临床价值.方法 回顾性探讨170例50岁以上老年性主动脉瓣钙化表现与年龄、心功能的相关性.结果 退行性变发病率随年龄增大而增高.右冠瓣、无冠瓣的钙化比左冠瓣多发;心功能低下(P＜0.01).结论 CDFI能无创地准确观察瓣膜的形态变化及多项心功能的监测,为临床的诊断、治疗提供有价值依据.     

个体化治疗预防小主动脉瓣环瓣膜置换后瓣膜与患者的不匹配

背景：小主动脉瓣环主动脉瓣置换是心外科手术的难点,治疗不当可能出现瓣膜与患者不匹配现象,使左室流出道狭窄、跨瓣压差增大,引起左室后负荷增加致心肌肥厚甚至充血性心力衰竭。 目的：总结预防小主动脉瓣环瓣膜置换后发生人工心脏瓣膜与患者不匹配的治疗策略。 方法：小主动脉瓣环均主动脉瓣置换患者85例。瓣口直径>17 mm,≤19 mm的患者,选19 mm SJM Regent 瓣;对瓣口直径≤17 mm的患者,用牛心包补片加宽瓣环,再选19 mm SJM Regent 瓣行瓣膜置换;对于瓣口直径>19 mm,≤21 mm,选21 mm Hancock II ultra生物瓣置换。治疗后应用超声心动图测量有效瓣口面积指数、左心室重量指数、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、跨瓣峰速、跨瓣压差和跨瓣平均压。出院后通过门诊对患者进行随访,定期复查超声心动图。 结果与结论：治疗后早期无死亡病例,均治愈出院。随访时间为6个月-3年。主要并发症为低心排综合征2例、二次开胸止血1例、呼吸机依赖2例。所以患者均未出现脑栓塞或脑出血等脑部并发症。无瓣膜功能失调或卡瓣。未发现牛心包补片撕裂、瘤样膨出、钙化、血栓形成、免疫反应和感染等情况。81例获随访,随访率为 95%(81/85)。NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ级65例,Ⅱ级16例。各不同瓣环直径患者治疗后跨主动脉瓣峰速和平均压差均明显降低,有效瓣口面积指数明显增加,左心室重量指数、室间隔厚度和左心室后壁厚度均明显降低,均未出现人工心脏瓣膜与患者不匹配。置换21 mm Hancock II ultra 生物瓣和21 mm SJM Regent 瓣组间的比较,前者获得了更好的跨瓣峰速和平均压差,以及更好的左心室重塑指标。19 mm Regent 瓣患者治疗后体质量和体表面积较治疗前明显增加。结果提示对于小主动脉瓣环的患者应采取个体化的治疗策略预防主动脉瓣置换后瓣膜与患者不匹配的发生。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

人体主动脉瓣膜钙化组织的力学性质

目的采用纳米压痕测试方法,测量人体主动脉瓣取出物的钙化组织的材料力学性能。方法采集5名主动脉瓣狭窄患者的瓣叶取出物,选取钙化瓣叶进行纳米压痕测试,获得钙化组织弹性模量、硬度等材料力学参数。结果瓣叶钙化组织的弹性模量为(15.69±3.89) GPa,硬度为(0.59±0.15) GPa。结论通过纳米压痕测试方法得到瓣叶钙化组织的弹性模量和硬度,为瓣膜的生物力学研究提供实验数据参考。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图评估老年退行性主动脉瓣钙化及相关危险因素的临床研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图对老年退行性主动脉瓣钙化的诊断价值并分析其相关危险因素。方法应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查110例患主动脉瓣钙化（AVC）患者（研究组）和110例主动脉瓣无钙化者（对照组）的主动脉瓣,伴有主动脉和主动脉瓣钙化的患者均除外先天性和其他后天性瓣膜疾患。观察主动脉瓣的形态,测量主动脉根部的径线,同时探测主动脉收缩期和舒张期的血流峰值并比较2组不同特征以及研究AVC与某些相关危险因素的关系。结果研究组显示因钙化而造成主动脉瓣环前后径及瓣口面积缩小;主动脉窦部前后径扩大和跨瓣压力阶差升高;大动脉及外周动脉粥样硬化（As）及动脉狭窄检出率高于对照组;AS会使脉压差增大,并加重AVC;相关危险因素除年龄外还有高血压病、高脂血症、骨质疏松等疾病。以上结果与对照组相比,均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。这些相关疾病的诊断均以If缶床检验结果为准,伴随相关危险因素越多,AVC发生越明显;此外,性别和升主动脉径线2组比较,其差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。相关因素中糖尿病与AVC发生率2组比较,其差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论老年退行性主动脉瓣钙化可造成老年人主动脉瓣及大血管形态异常改变和功能障碍。伴有相关危险因素的老年人,相关因素越多,主动脉瓣及大血管形态异常改变及功能障碍越明显。     

CS无支架心包二尖瓣应用研究

目的比较传统有支架心包瓣与CS无支架心包二尖瓣的性能。方法测试瓣膜分为两组:A组,有支架心包瓣(与Ionescu-Shiley瓣相似);B组,无支架心包二尖瓣(与Quattro相似,由中南大学研制,简称CS瓣)。检测内容包括:①钙化倾向(SD鼠皮下埋藏模型);②组织学;③热皱缩温度;④断裂强度;⑤生物相容性;⑥血流动力学;⑦疲劳试验;⑧有限元分析。结果①B组钙化明显低于A组(P<0.01)。②组织学示A组心包片有大块钙化及胶元纤维裂解;B组仅见稍许钙化灶,胶原纤维保存完好。③热皱缩温度A组与B组无统计学意义。④断裂强度B组明显强于A组(P<0.005)。⑤内皮细胞种植后第1天,A组细胞明显少于B组(P<0.001);第3天A组已无细胞生长,B组内皮细胞增殖活跃;多数细胞Ⅷ因子检测呈阳性。⑥在模拟心输出量为2、4、6L,A组跨瓣压差明显高于B组(P<0.05),返流量和回流百分比A组显著高于B组(P<0.01),有效瓣口面积两组无统计学意义,仅在流量为4L时A组优于B组。⑦B组寿命比A组(n=2)长2.5倍。⑧B组瓣叶应力分布较为合理。结论CS无支架心包二尖瓣避免了应力集中区,其抗钙化、胶原纤维保存、断裂强度、生物相容性、血流动力学、疲劳寿命等均明显优于传统有支架心包瓣。     

经皮三尖瓣置换的应用解剖

目的为经皮三尖瓣置换提供相关的应用解剖学基础.方法解剖测量30例(男20,女10)正常成年人的心标本.体外将双盘状瓣膜支架植入瓣环后,取与支架接触部位的心肌组织切片,HE染色.结果三尖瓣环形态不共规则,大致为椭圆形,约3～4指尖大,整个瓣环不完全在一个平面上,环由致密结缔组织和少量肌组织构成.三尖瓣的长径、短径和瓣口周长分别为(4.30±0.55)、(3.09±0.59)、(11.86±1.37)cm.三尖瓣环与冠状窦口和室上嵴的最短距离分别为(1.12±0.21)cm和(1.79±0.31)cm.双盘状瓣膜支架在三尖瓣环位置良好,对周围结构无影响.HE染色见接触部位心肌组织完整,无损伤或断裂.结论人工双盘状瓣膜支架的设计大小应根据三尖瓣环的大小及其与周边结构的距离来选择,在自体三尖瓣位置植入双盘状支架可行.     

冠脉支架设计的材料适应性研究

目的 基于一种确定的冠脉支架设计,分析不同材料的适应性,建立支架设计-材料选择的评价方法。 方法针对可能应用的 5 种支架材料,利用有限元数值模拟方法分析支架在血管中的扩张性能,考察支架设计和材料的安全性及可用性。 针对不可降解材料重点考察支架在长期植入后的耐疲劳性能;对可降解材料分析其降解过程中 的支撑力变化,明确支架所能提供的支撑力的规律。 结果 针对确定的冠脉支架设计,模拟显示 316L 不锈钢和L605 钴铬合金支架的径向回弹率分别是 26% 和 19% ,轴向缩短率分别为 0. 22% 和 0. 28% ,最大等效应力分别为551. 2、829. 1 MPa,疲劳动态安全系数分别为 1. 36 和 1. 67,针对可降解材料 AZ31 镁合金、铁和左旋聚乳酸(PLLA),基于该设计的支架的模拟破坏时间分别为 30 h 和 180、270 d。 结论 基于本文的支架设计,L605 钴铬合金具有最佳的扩张性能和耐疲劳性能,可以满足临床需求。 相较于 AZ31 的快速降解破坏,铁支架和 PLLA 支架的力学性能接近,但仍需结构优化后才能满足临床需求。 有限元数值模拟,尤其是扩张性能和耐疲劳性能分析,可以有效模拟支架力学行为,并为支架制造材料选择和设计优化提供依据。     

Quantification of Biomechanical Interaction of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Stent Deployed in Porcine and Ovine Hearts

Success of the deployment and function in transcatheter aortic valve replacement is heavily reliant on the tissue–stent interaction. The present study quantified important tissue–stent contact variables of self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve stents when deployed into ovine and porcine aortic roots, such as the stent radial expansion force, stent pullout force, the annulus deformation response and the coefficient of friction on the tissue–stent contact interface. Braided Nitinol stents were developed, tested to determine stent crimped diameter vs. stent radial force from a stent crimp experiment, and deployed in vitro to quantify stent pullout, aortic annulus deformation, and the coefficient of friction between the stent and the aortic tissue from an aortic root–stent interaction experiment. The results indicated that when crimped at body temperature from 26 mm to 19, 21 and 23 mm stent radial forces were approximately 30–40% higher than those crimped at room temperature. Coefficients of friction leveled to approximately 0.10 ± 0.01 as stent wire diameter increased and annulus size decreased from 23 to 19 mm. Regardless of aortic annulus size and species tested, it appeared that a minimum of about 2.5 mm in annular dilatation, caused by about 60 N of radial force from stent expansion, was needed to anchor the stent against a pullout into the left ventricle. The study of the contact biomechanics in animal aortic tissues may help us better understand characteristics of tissue–stent interactions and quantify the baseline responses of non-calcified aortic tissues.     

覆膜支架治疗主动脉夹层的有限元分析

目的利用有限元方法模拟覆膜支架植入治疗主动脉夹层的过程,通过观察覆膜支架在血管不同位置处释放对血管壁上的应力分布情况,分析覆膜支架植入后血管出现新发破口的生物力学机制。方法根据主动脉的计算机断层血管造影影像数据,进行图像分割和三维重建,建立具有病人特异性的主动脉夹层的三维几何模型;根据文献数据,给定主动脉夹层壁厚和材料属性;利用CAD软件设计出不同几何参数的覆膜支架环;利用有限元分析软件模拟覆膜支架的释放过程。结果当覆膜支架处于稳定状态时,血管最大Von Mises应力与覆膜支架的释放位置有关;血管壁上的最大Von Mises应力点分布在裸支架及第1节细小镍钛合金环接触处,该作用力的长期存在可能是这个部位出现新发破口的原因。结论覆膜支架的释放位置对主动脉上的最大Von Mises应力分布影响较弱,但对主动脉上的Von Mises应力影响较为明显。研究结果对临床上覆膜支架释放位置的选择具有指导意义。     

理想主动脉瓣模型闭合机制的研究

目的；分析理想状态下主动脉瓣关闭机制。方法：建立理想的主动脉瓣模型，用几何学的方法对不同瓣叶情况下的瓣膜受力情况进行分析。结果：二叶瓣无法开放，不符合生理要求。四叶瓣完全开放后，瓣叶完全贴于瓣环，在血液返流的方向上没有受力面积，不利于瓣膜的关闭。三叶瓣在完全开放的状态下，在血液返流的方向上有一个大小较为合理的截面积，有利于瓣膜的闭合受力。结论；在完全开放状态下，主动脉瓣在血液返流方向上的截面积是其关闭动力的重要来源，从关闭角度来讲，三叶瓣是唯一理想的瓣膜。     

Comparative study of calcified changes in aortic valvular diseases.

Calcification of the aortic valve leads to stenosis or regurgitation or both. To clarify the mechanism of heart valve calcification, comparative studies using histological and ultrastructural examinations were performed of calcified aortic valves. These valves were obtained at valve replacement surgery from 11 patients with rheumatic aortic valvular disease (RAVD), 10 patients with degenerative aortic valve disease (DAVD), and 10 patients with congenitally bicuspid aortic valves (CBAV). For electron microscopic study, 5 cases were selected from each group. In RAVD, histological examination revealed calcification in a degenerated amorphous area at the center of fibrous thickened regions and in laminar fibrous thickened areas near the valve surface. In DAVD, calcification was observed mainly in the fibrosa near the valve ring. In CBAV, basic pathological changes were similar to those in DAVD; however, additional severe calcification of the raphe was observed, if the raphe was present. Ultrastructural examinations showed deposition of electron-dense materials in two patterns in all three groups; one pattern was observed in the interfibrillar spaces of collagen fibrils, and the other pattern was widespread macular deposition unrelated to the preexisting structure. In RAVD, microfibril-like fibrillar structures were found in the areas of deposition of electron-dense materials. These findings suggest that newly formed connective tissue degraded and became necrotic because of nutritional deprivation, especially in the thickened central area, causing calcium deposition. In DAVD and CBAV, numerous lipid vacuoles were found in the electron-dense deposition areas similar to lipid deposition in aortic atherosclerosis. Localized calcium deposition in the fibrosa suggests that the stress of valvular motion and pressure load induces sclerotic changes with the degeneration of collagen fibers, providing a core for calcification. In CBAV, the raphe was the main location of calcification, wherein spiraled collagen fibrils were observed. Increasing the hemodynamic load with abnormal structure might influence calcification. The ultrastructural pattern of calcification of the valve is common; however, additional findings suggest that the cause and mechanism are different in each type of heart valve disease.     

The effect of vessel material properties and pulsatile wall motion on the fixation of a proximal stent of an endovascular graft

Migration is a serious failure mechanism associated with endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR). The effect of vessel material properties and pulsatile wall motion on stent fixation has not been previously investigated. A proximal stent from a commercially available stent graft was implanted into the proximal neck of silicone rubber abdominal aortic aneurysm models of varying proximal neck stiffness (β=25.39 and 20.44). The stent was then dislodged by placing distal force on the stent struts. The peak force to completely dislodge the stent was measured using a loadcell. Dislodgment was performed at ambient pressure with no flow (NF) and during pulsatile flow (PF) at pressures of 120/80 mmHg and 140/100 mmHg to determine if pulsatile wall motions affected the dislodgement force. An imaging analysis was performed at ambient pressure and at pressures of 120 mmHg and 140 mmHg to investigate diameter changes on the model due to the radial force of the stent and internal pressurisation. Stent displacement forces were ~50% higher in the stiffer model (7.16-8.4 N) than in the more compliant model (3.67-4.21 N). The mean displacement force was significantly reduced by 10.95-12.83% from the case of NF to the case of PF at 120/80 mmHg. A further increase in pressure to 140/120 mmHg had no significant effect on the displacement force. The imaging analysis showed that the diameter in the region of the stent was 0.37 mm greater in the less stiff model at all the pressures which could reduce the fixation of the stent. The results suggest that the fixation of passively fixated aortic stents could be comprised in more compliant walls and that pulsatile motions of the wall can reduce the maximum stent fixation.     

Dose perturbation of a novel cobalt chromium coronary stent on 32P intravascular brachytherapy: a monte carlo study

Intravascular brachytherapy has been adopted for the indication of in-stent restenosis on the basis of results of clinical trials using mainly stainless steel stents. Recently, a new stent made of cobalt-chromium L-605 alloy (CoCr, p=9.22 g/cm3) (MULTI-LINK VISION) was introduced as an alternative to the 316L stainless steel stent design (SS, p=7.87 g/cm3) (MULTI-LINK PENTA). In this work, we used the Monte Carlo code MCNPX to compare the dose distribution for the 32P GALILEO source in CoCr and SS 8 mm stent models. The dose perturbation factor (DPF), defined as the ratio of the dose in water with the presence of a stent to the dose without a stent, was used to compare results. Both stent designs were virtually expanded to diameters of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm using finite element models. The complicated strut shapes of both the CoCr and SS stents were simplified using circular rings with an effective width to yield a metal-to-tissue ratio identical to that of the actual stents. The mean DPF at a 1 mm tissue depth, over the entire stented length of 8 mm, was 0.935 for the CoCr stent and 0.911 for the SS stent. The mean DPF at the intima (0.05 mm radial distance from the strut outer surface), over the entire stented length of 8 mm, was 0.950 for CoCr, and 0.926 for SS. The maximum DPFs directly behind the CoCr and SS struts were 0.689 and 0.644, respectively. All DPF estimates have a standard deviation of +/-0.6%(k=2), approximating the 95% confidence interval. Although the CoCr stent has a higher effective atomic number and greater density than the SS stent, the DPFs for the two stents are similar, probably because the metal-to-tissue ratio and strut thickness of the CoCr stent are lower than those of the SS stent.