急性冠状动脉综合征是支架内再狭窄的常见表现

目的探讨支架内再狭窄的常见表现.方法 1996～2002年之间接受了经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗431例患者进行了重复冠脉造影,连续236例发生自体血管再狭窄,支架内再狭窄(Ⅰ组)188例,非支架再狭窄(Ⅱ组)48例,早期急性支架内血栓形成除外.与非支架再狭窄对比分析支架内再狭窄的临床表现.结果心肌缺血再发的平均时间Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组差异无显著性(5.3个月比6.1个月, P＞0.05),休息心绞痛(Braunwald 2和3级,43%比27%,P＜0.05)、休息心绞痛+急性心肌梗死(64%比43%,P＜0.05)和血管造影可视血栓发生率(7.4%比0%,P＜0.05)Ⅰ组明显多于Ⅱ组.结论急性冠脉综合征是再狭窄的常见临床表现,支架内再狭窄病人较非支架再狭窄更常见.     

Acute coronary syndrome is a common clinical presentation of in-stent restenosis

Coronary stents have been the major advancement in percutaneous coronary intervention in the last decade and are used in 60% to 80% of patients. However, in-stent restenosis continues to be a problem, occurring in 20% to 30% of cases. The clinical presentation of patients who develop restenosis after stenting has not been well characterized. In this study we compared the clinical presentation of in-stent restenosis with that of restenosis without stenting. Of 739 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and had repeat catheterization between October 1, 1997, and June 30, 2000, 262 consecutive patients with recurrent ischemia and restenosis were identified: 191 patients with (group A) and 71 without (Group B) stenting. Patients who underwent interventions in bypass grafts and those who developed early acute stent thrombosis were excluded from the study. Recurrent clinical ischemia occurred at a mean of 5.5 months in group A and 6.5 months in group B (p = 0.24). Rest angina (Braunwald class II and III) was more frequent in group A (48% vs 32%, p = 0.032). Acute coronary syndromes, the combination of rest angina, and acute myocardial infarction were also more frequent in group A (68% vs 46%, p = 0.03). Patients in group A were more likely to have angiographically visible thrombus than those in group B (9% vs 0%, p = 0.02). Thus, acute coronary syndromes are a common clinical presentation of restenosis among patients whose follow-up angiogram is obtained for clinical reasons, and occur more frequently in patients with in-stent restenosis than in those with restenosis without stenting.     

Endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in the brachial artery is associated with late in-stent coronary restenosis

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether endothelial dysfunction in the brachial artery might be associated with late in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Simple and noninvasive identification of late ISR might help to select patients who require further angiographic evaluation. METHODS: Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured before (initial FMD) and at six months (follow-up FMD) after PCI in 141 consecutive patients who had elective and successful PCI with bare metal stents in de novo lesions of native coronary arteries for symptomatic coronary artery disease. Follow-up angiography was performed at six months after PCI in all patients. RESULTS: With multivariate logistic regression analysis, the impairment (< or = 4.8% dilation from baseline diameter) of FMD at follow-up showed the strongest association with late ISR (defined as > 50% diameter stenosis, n = 46) independently of other clinical and angiographic variables known to be associated with ISR (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.8 to 19.2, p < 0.001), whereas the initial FMD did not have the association. The sensitivity of impaired FMD at follow-up (69%) in detecting ISR was higher than chest pain during the follow-up period (45%), with comparable specificity. The impaired FMD in combination with the chest pain increased the sensitivity to 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The impairment of FMD in the brachial artery at the time of follow-up was independently and closely associated with late ISR in native coronary arteries. The noninvasive assessment of FMD at the time of follow-up might be useful for identification of late ISR.     

Recurrent coronary arteriovenous fistula associated with in-stent restenosis of graft stent

Recent studies showed that graft stenting for treating the coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) is satisfactory. One major drawback of graft stenting is that it is difficult to completely seal off the CAVF and it has recurrence of CAVF and high incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) or thrombus. We report a unique case of the patient with recurrent CAVF, ISR, and thrombus who underwent graft stents implantation.     

Acute outcome with the flexicut directional coronary atherectomy catheter for the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis

In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a growing problem that is without a practical, efficacious treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute outcome of 17 patients with coronary ISR who were treated with the new 8 French (Fr), guide-catheter compatible Flexicut directional atherectomy catheter (Guidant Corporation, Santa Clara, California). Failure to deliver the device occurred in 2/17 ISR lesions. The remaining 15 ISR lesions were successfully debulked (e.g., minimum lumen diameter pre-procedure: 0.30 +/- 0.16 mm; post-atherectomy plus adjuvant therapy: 2.16 +/- 0.57 mm). Of note, the reference vessel diameter was only 2.62 +/- 0.63 mm. In 11/15 tissue specimens, macroscopic or microscopic particles consistent with stent material were found. There was an absence of acute closure or elevations of creatinine phosphokinase levels. Apart from 1 patient who developed recurrent restenosis, all other patients demonstrated either clinical improvement or lack of restenosis during early clinical follow-up (mean, 5 months). We conclude that use of the Flexicut catheter provides satisfactory debulking and early clinical outcomes in patients with ISR. Long-term follow-up of these and additional patients will be helpful in determining the efficacy of the Flexicut atherectomy catheter for the treatment of ISR.     

Lp(a) level is associated with long-term adverse outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease

Background Mounting evidence has suggested that high level of Lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) . However,the impact of Lp(a) on long-term adverse outcomes of CHD undergone coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been fully examined. Methods We enrolled 1684 patients with CHD between October 2009 and December 2013. The patients were divided into two group according to their median plasma Lp(a) levels:Lp(a) 16.03 mg/d L (n=842 patients),and Lp(a) ≥ 16.03 mg/d L (n=842 patients) . Kaplan-Meier curve was carried out examining the survival time between the two groups. The associations of Lp(a) levels and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were investigated by cox regression analysis. Results Patients with the high Lp(a) did not have an increased risk of in-hospital MACEs (3.0% vs. 1.7%,P=0.075),but had a higher long-term MACEs than those in the low Lp(a) group (6.3% vs. 3.1%,P=0.005) . With the median follow-up period of 1.94 years,multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher Lp(a) level was an independent predictor of longterm MACEs (hazard ratio 1.82,95% confidence interval 1.04 to 3.18,P=0.036) . Conclusion An elevated level of Lp(a) is significantly associated with long-term adverse outcomes in patients with CHD following CAG or PCI.     

The Glu298Asp polymorphism in endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary in-stent restenosis

BACKGROUND: Reduced or impaired synthesis of nitric oxide promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and thus may induce the neointimal formation leading to coronary in-stent restenosis. Recent reports have suggested that the Glu298Asp polymorphism in exon 7 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm and acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we have examined the implication of this polymorphism with regard to coronary restenosis after Palmaz-Schatz stent deployment. METHODS: Eighty-nine lesions in 85 consecutive patients were treated with Palmaz-Schatz stents, and were prospectively followed up for 6 months. The lesions were classified into a restenosis group (% diameter stenosis=50%) and a non-restenosis group. Assessment was made using an automated quantitative angiographic system. We performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to detect the missense Glu298Asp variant in exon 7 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. RESULTS: Coronary risk factors and angiographic findings of stenotic lesions did not differ between the groups. Univariate analyses showed that the missense Glu298Asp variant was the only statistically significant predictor of restenosis (odds ratio, 4.27; P=0.025). In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the missense Glu298Asp variant as the only independent predictor for in-stent restenosis (odds ratio, 3.90; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The missense Glu298Asp variant may be an independent risk factor for in-stent restenosis.     

Saline infusion via local drug delivery catheters is associated with increased neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary in-stent restenosis model

BACKGROUND: Catheter-based local drug delivery at the site of stent implantation has been proposed to reduce in-stent restenosis. We examined whether local delivery itself may cause additional vessel wall injury and negate the potential benefit of local drug delivery in a porcine coronary in-stent restenosis model. METHODS: Pigs were randomly assigned to no local delivery (controls, n = 10) or local saline infusion (5 ml) using commercially available catheters (n = 39; Dispatch catheter, Microporous Infusion catheter, and InfusaSleeve) prior to oversized (stent:artery ratio 1.2) coronary stent implantation. The amount of in-stent neointima was evaluated 4 weeks later with angiography and histology. RESULTS: There was no difference in vessel size or stent: artery ratio. However, at follow-up the local saline delivery group had significantly greater diameter stenosis (50 +/- 19% versus 25 +/- 17% in the controls, P < 0.01). Histology revealed similar injury scores but significantly greater neointimal area in the local saline group (3.61 +/- 1.11 mm2 versus 1.96 +/- 0.82 mm2 in the controls, P < 0.01). In a multivariate linear regression analysis, the use of the local delivery catheter was the only independent variable which was positively correlated with the amount of neointima (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this in-stent restenosis model, catheter-based local saline delivery was associated with significantly increased neointimal hyperplasia. Thus, for local drug delivery to reduce in-stent restenosis, the antiproliferative agent should be potent enough to compensate for the additional neointimal hyperplasia from the infusion itself.     

Acute and long-term outcomes of cutting balloon angioplasty followed by gamma brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis

In-stent restenosis lesions were divided into 2 groups according to the use of cutting balloon (n = 76) or conventional balloon angioplasty (n = 407) before gamma-brachytherapy. Cutting balloon angioplasty, compared with conventional balloon angioplasty, in patients undergoing gamma-brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis is associated with less requirement for new stents (11% vs 22%, p = 0.02) but similar target vessel revascularization (35.1% vs 29.8%, p = 0.4) at follow-up.