Content of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails of New Zealand adults.

The content of zinc in samples of serum, hair, and toenails and in a 24 hr urine from groups of the New Zealand population was investigated. The 110 normal healthy adults were mainly male and female students; the female students had a higher serum zinc and hair zinc concentration but a lower urinary zinc excretion than did the male students. The range in values within the normal groups was wide. No strong relationship was found with linear regression analysis or with multiple regression analysis of the data for the male or the female students. Other groups studied were oyster openers with a higher dietary intake of zinc from oysters, industrial workers exposed to zinc in their occupations, and hospital patients with leg ulcers or various dermatoses and with a potentially low zinc status. Only external exposure to zinc from an industrial source (galvanizing) or from the use of zinc-based creams increased the zinc concentration in the samples measured, and then only in hair and toenails. The hospital patients did not appear to have a lower zinc status comparable with adults from other countries. It was concluded that the measurement of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails did not provide a sensitive indication of zinc status.     

肝硬化病人维生素A、E及某些矿物质营养状况探讨

本文观察了24例肝硬化病人维生素A、E及铁、锌、铜、锰、钙和镁的营养状况。结果显示,肝硬化(代偿期)病人除维生素E外,上述各种营养素的摄入量均显著低于健康对照组;肝腹水病人的摄入量更低。肝硬化(代偿期)病人血清维生素A、E、铁、锌、铜和锰的含量显著低于健康对照组;肝腹水病人血清铜、镁的含量未见明显变化,但血清钙的含量显著下降,其他各项指标的值更低。上述结果提示,肝硬化病人有维生素A、E、铁、锌、锰和钙的不足或缺乏。     

Iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low-income Brazilian mothers

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of low-income Brazilian mothers, who were supplemented with iron and vitamin B12 during pregnancy, in terms of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12, in different stages of lactation and to determine the influence of the maternal nutritional status on milk composition. The effect of folate supplementation during pregnancy on folate status of the nursing mothers and milk composition was investigated. The effect of partial weaning on maternal status and milk composition was also studied. In general, the nutritional status of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 of the mothers appears adequate. However, some of the mothers had indices of status lower than normal limits for non-pregnant women. These values, particularly after 30 d post-partum, indicate that these mothers might be at nutritional risk and that the nutrient supplementation received during pregnancy was insufficient to meet demands. There was an increase with the stage of lactation for haematocrit, serum vitamin B12, serum zinc, serum albumin, milk folate and saturation of its binding protein, but there was a decrease for milk protein, total and whey-bound iron and zinc, and lactoferrin. Mothers who took folate supplements during pregnancy had higher serum folate levels immediately after birth than those not taking the supplements but no differences were found at later stages of lactation. Milk composition was not affected. Partial weaning did not affect the maternal nutritional status or the milk composition except for iron which was higher in milk from mothers who were partially breastfeeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

陕西农村0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌含量及其与贫血关系的研究

目的 了解陕西部分农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌状况, 探讨其与血红蛋白含量的关系。方法 采取随机整群抽样的方法对陕西澄城县和富平县农村336名出生至18个月婴幼儿, 检测其血清维生素A、铁、锌状况和血红蛋白含量, 并对贫血与非贫血儿童血清中三种微量元素进行比较。结果 336名0~18个月婴幼儿贫血118例, 贫血检出率为35.12%, 血清维生素A、铁、锌缺乏率分别为67.27%、29.1%和90.9%;贫血组血清VitA、铁、锌的平均含量(0.54 μmol/L、881.21 μg/L, 610.01 μg/L)明显低于非贫血组(0.81 μmol/L、1 227.93 μg/L, 679.40 μg/L), 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 陕西农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、Fe、Zn缺乏现象较为普遍, 贫血儿童血清维生素A、铁、锌含量显著低于非贫血儿童, 有显著相关性。     

Serum concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium are influenced by sex, age, diet, smoking status, alcohol consumption and corpulence in a general French adult population

OBJECTIVE: To assess relationships between energy, nutrient and food intakes, alcohol consumption, smoking status and body mass index (BMI), and serum concentrations of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, selenium and zinc. METHODS: Data on health status, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, anthropometric data and biochemical measurements were obtained in 1821 women aged 35-60 y and 1307 men aged 45-60 y, participant to the SU.VI.MAX Study. Data on dietary intake were available on a subsample who reported six 24-h dietary records during the first 18 months of the study. RESULTS: Women had higher baseline serum beta-carotene and vitamin C concentrations and lower concentration for serum vitamin E, zinc and selenium than men. In women, younger age was associated with lowered mean concentration of serum beta-carotene, vitamin E and selenium. In men, only differences were observed for serum zinc, which was lower in older men. Current smokers of both sexes had significantly lower concentrations of serum beta-carotene, vitamin C and selenium, and, only in women, of vitamin E, than nonsmokers. Alcohol consumers had lower concentrations of serum beta-carotene and higher selenium concentrations. Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C concentrations were lower in obese subjects. There were positive associations of dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E with their serum concentrations. Age, nutrient and alcohol intakes, serum cholesterol, BMI and smoking status explained 15.2% of the variance of serum beta-carotene in men and 13.9% in women, and 10.8 and 10.0% for serum vitamin C, and 26.3 and 28.6% for serum vitamin E, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum antioxidant nutrient concentrations are primarily influenced by sex, age, obesity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and especially dietary intake of those antioxidant nutrients.     

Zinc-vitamin A interaction in pregnant and fetal rats: supplemental vitamin A does not prevent zinc-deficiency-induced teratogenesis

The influence of a higher-than-normal intake of vitamin A on the detrimental effects of zinc deficiency on vitamin A metabolism was investigated in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. At mating, rats were fed diets containing 100 (control), 4.5, or 0.5 micrograms/g zinc combined with 4 (control) or 8 micrograms retinyl acetate/g. Low intake of zinc, but not of vitamin A, caused food intake, total body weight change, fetal weight and placental weight to be low. Incidence of teratogenic effects was more pronounced in low zinc groups than in controls. Concentrations of vitamin A in maternal plasma and liver were affected by the amount of zinc in the diet. Dietary vitamin A, however, did not affect either of these parameters. Maternal plasma zinc concentration was affected only by low dietary zinc, whereas plasma copper and iron were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Maternal liver iron was higher in zinc-deficient rats than in controls; however, maternal liver zinc and copper concentrations were not altered by dietary treatments. No significant differences in vitamin A concentration of fetal liver, fetal plasma, or placenta were seen among the groups. Fetuses from zinc-deficient dams had significantly lower levels of liver vitamin A and liver zinc than did controls. Fetal liver iron was higher in zinc-deficient fetuses than in controls, whereas fetal liver copper was not affected by dietary treatment. These data suggest that supplemental dietary vitamin A does not ameliorate the effect of zinc deficiency on vitamin A metabolism during pregnancy.     

The Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study

Vitamin D and zinc are important components of nutritional immunity. This study compared the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and zinc in COVID-19 outpatients with those of potentially non-infected participants. The association of clinical symptoms with vitamin D and zinc status was also examined. A checklist and laboratory examination were applied to collect data in a cross-sectional study conducted on 53 infected outpatients with COVID-19 and 53 potentially non-infected participants. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D were not significantly lower in patients with moderate illness (19 ± 12 ng/mL) than patients with asymptomatic or mild illness (29 ± 18 ng/mL), with a trend noted for a lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D in moderate than asymptomatic or mild illness patients (p = 0.054). Infected patients (101 ± 18 µg/dL) showed a lower serum concentration of zinc than potentially non-infected participants (114 ± 13 µg/dL) (p = 0.01). Patients with normal (odds ratio (OR), 0.19; p ≤ 0.001) and insufficient (OR, 0.3; p = 0.007) vitamin D status at the second to seventh days of disease had decreased OR of general symptoms compared to patients with vitamin D deficiency. This study revealed the importance of 25(OH)D measurement to predict the progression of general and pulmonary symptoms and showed that infected patients had significantly lower zinc concentrations than potentially non-infected participants.     

Indicators of nutritional status in restricting-type anorexia nervosa patients: a 1-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite severely reduced intakes, anorexia nervosa (AN) patients seem to maintain serum biochemical parameters within the safe limit. The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of some traditional serum biochemical indicators of nutritional status in a 1-year follow-up of patients with restricting-type AN. METHODS: 14 adolescent female patients were studied at four different time points: (1) on hospital admission (t0), (2) 1 month later (t1), (3) 6 months after admission (t6) and (4) 12 months after admission (t12). At each time point serum albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, complement factors C3 and C4, zinc and iron status were analysed. 15 healthy adolescents formed the control group. RESULTS: Among the liver-synthesised proteins, a significant time effect was only demonstrated on transferrin and C3 and C4 (ANOVA, P<0.05). Transferrin level in patients on admission was lower than in controls, increased significantly during the first month and showed an opposite pattern in subjects gaining and non-gaining weight between t1 and t12, decreasing only in the group failing to gain further weight. C3 and C4 decreased significantly in t12. Changes in ferritin and zinc showed significant negative correlations with changes in anthropometrical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in transferrin, C3 and C4 levels during the out-patient treatment reveal an increased risk of relapses after 1 year since hospital admission. Ferritin and zinc levels seem to be affected by the nutrient requirements for anabolic processes during nutritional recovery.     

Zinc, gravida, infection, and iron, but not vitamin B-12 or folate status, predict hemoglobin during pregnancy in Southern Ethiopia

The etiology of anemia during pregnancy in rural Southern Ethiopia is uncertain. Intakes of animal-source foods are low and infections and bacterial overgrowth probably coexist. We therefore measured the dietary intakes of a convenience sample of Sidama women in late pregnancy who consumed either maize (n = 68) or fermented enset (Enset ventricosum) (n = 31) as their major energy source. Blood samples were analyzed for a complete blood count, vitamin B-12 and folate status, plasma ferritin, retinol, zinc, albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). The role of infection and gravida was also examined. Dietary intakes were calculated from 1-d weighed records. No cellular animal products were consumed. Of the women, 29% had anemia, 13% had iron deficiency anemia, 33% had depleted iron stores, and 74 and 27% had low plasma zinc and retinol, respectively. Only 2% had low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/L) and 23% had low plasma vitamin B-12 (< 150 pmol/L), even though 62% had elevated plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) (> 271 nmol/L). None had elevated plasma cystathionine or total homocysteine (tHcys). Women with enset-based diets had higher (P = 0.052) plasma vitamin B-12 concentration and lower (P < 0.05) cell volume, plasma cystathionine, and retinol than women consuming maize-based diets, but mean hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, MMA, tHcys, and folate did not differ. Plasma zinc, followed by CRP (< or = 5 mg/L), gravida (< or = 4), and plasma ferritin (> or = 12 microg/L) status were major positive predictors of hemoglobin. Despite some early functional vitamin B-12 deficiency, there was no macrocytic anemia. Consumption of fermented enset may have increased vitamin B-12 levels in diet and plasma.     

A stable-isotope study of zinc, copper, and iron absorption and retention by young women fed vitamin B-6-deficient diets

A 98-d study was conducted in young women to determine the effect of vitamin B-6-deficient diets on zinc, copper, and iron metabolism. Young women were fed vitamin B-6-deficient formula initially, followed by food diets containing four increasing amounts of vitamin B-6. Zinc, copper, and iron absorption, retention, and status were determined at intervals throughout the study. Zinc absorption and retention were greater during vitamin B-6 depletion but serum zinc declined, suggesting that absorbed zinc was not available for utilization. Copper absorption was lower during vitamin B-6 depletion but serum copper was not affected and balance was positive. Iron absorption was not impaired significantly by vitamin B-6-deficient diets but status may have declined. The results suggest that vitamin B-6 depletion of young women may alter zinc metabolism, inhibit copper absorption, and affect iron status. The effects of vitamin B-6 depletion differ markedly among these elements.     

癌症患者血中微量元素与氧化应激的相关研究

目的 :研究癌症患者血中微量元素变化与氧化应激的相关关系。方法 :测定了 1 1 1例癌症病人和 3 6例健康对照血清中 MDA浓度 (作脂质过氧化指标 ) ,微量元素铜、锌、铁、硒及其转运蛋白铜蓝蛋白、白蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度。测定了抗氧化标志物 XOD、GSH、GSHPx、Vit E、Vit C浓度和总抗氧化力水平。结果 :癌症患者脂质过氧化水平 (以 MDA计 )明显高于对照 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,总抗氧化力明显低于对照 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。抗氧化标志物 XOD、GSH、GSHPx、Vit E和Vit C无明显变化。癌症患者血清白蛋白浓度明显降低 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,血清铜蓝蛋白浓度明显增高 (P<0 .0 2 ) ,血清转铁蛋白浓度未发现有所改变 (P>0 .2 0 )。同健康对照比较 ,血清铜水平明显增高 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,血清硒水平明显降低 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,但锌和铁水平无显著变化。癌症患者血中铜和 MDA之间呈明显相关 (r=0 .2 81 ,P=0 .0 0 3 ) ,但健康对照间未发现相关性存在。另外 ,肝癌患者血清铁和 MDA存在相关关系 (r=0 .6 80 ,P=0 .0 0 1 )。结论 :癌症患者氧化应激和某些微量元素呈相关变化 ,然而 ,其变化情况可因癌肿、癌症分期以及癌症患者个体因素的不同而有所差异     

牛磺酸和维生素E对高脂家兔血清锌,铜,铁,钙的影响

本文研究了牛横酸和维生素Ｅ对饲高脂家兔血清锌，铜，铁，钙的影响。结果表明，牛磺酸能显著增加高脂家兔出血清锌含量（Ｐ＜０．０５），而维生素Ｅ显著降低高脂家兔血清铜含量（Ｐ＜０．０１）。总的牛磺酸和维生素Ｅ都非常显著地降低了高脂家兔的血清铜／锌比值（Ｐ＜０．０１），对血清铁和钙无显著性影响。提示牛横酸和维生素Ｅ可能通过调节体内的锌，铜代谢而影响脂质代谢及动脉粥样硬化形成。     

Nutritional status of adolescent girls in regard to zinc, copper, and iron

Adolescent girls in the sixth through eight grades were surveyed for dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc, copper, and iron in both the fall of 1975 and the spring of 1976. The adolescents (183 girls in the fall and 184 girls in the spring) consumed on the average 60 and 75% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for iron and zinc, respectively. The mean concentration of zinc in hair samples was 216 +/- 64 microgram/g in the fall and 191 +/- 36 microgram/g in the spring. The mean concentration of copper in hair samples was 31 +/- 23 microgram/g. None of the girls had a concentration of zinc in their hair samples of less than 100 microgram/g. Hair concentrations of zinc anc copper were significantly correlated, but serum and hair concentrations of zinc were inversely correlated. However, in subsample of 102 girls, 3% has serum zinc levels below 70 microgram/100 ml and 4% had serum copper levels below 70 microgram/100 ml. Only 1% of the subjects had a hematocrit below 36%. No significant difference in any of these parameters was noted between girls who had experienced menarche and those who had not.     

Nutritional assessment of a group of Japanese elementary school children in Tokyo: with special emphasis on growth, anemia, and obesity.

Anthropometric data, nutrient intake data, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed for 66 elementary school children living in Tokyo, Japan, and their nutritional status was evaluated focusing on three problems: (1) zinc nutriture and growth, (2) anemia with iron deficiency, and (3) lipid nutriture and obesity. The subjects' mean energy and protein intakes met the recommended levels for Japanese children. However, their zinc intake levels were inadequate at 7.2, 8.3, and 8.5 mg in grades 2 (mean age: 8 yr), 4 (10 yr), and 6 (12 yr), respectively. Mean serum zinc concentration was 0.82 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml; the percentages of subjects who showed serum zinc concentration lower than 0.68 microgram/ml, the lower limit of the normal serum zinc concentration, were 28.6, 15.4, and 5.0% in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively. These serum zinc concentrations indicated the existence of marginal zinc deficiency in some children, particularly in grade 2, though it was not severe enough to retard growth. Their iron intake levels (8.2, 10.2, and 10.2 mg for grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively) in combination with the proportion of iron intake from animal foods (37%) were judged to be adequate because no children showed serum ferritin, serum iron, or transferrin saturation levels lower than the criteria levels recommended for iron deficiency. Moreover, no definitely anemic children were found. Daily lipid intakes were 65.7, 74.5, and 78.3 g in grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively, and the mean percentage of energy intake from lipid to total energy intake, 32%, exceeded the level recommended. Mean serum total cholesterol concentrations and the percentage of subjects with elevated cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) were high compared with the reported values. Means of the body mass index (BMI) and Rohrer Index (RI) for the subjects were slightly higher than Japanese standards. With these parameters for obesity, triglycerides and atherogenic index were positively correlated and HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol percentage to total cholesterol were negatively correlated.     

2015年中国18〜60岁成人锌营养状况

目的了解中国18~60岁成人血清锌水平、锌缺乏状况的分布及影响因素。方法基于"2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测"数据资料,采用分层随机抽样方法选取3903人份血样品,利用电感耦合等离子质谱分析血清锌在不同性别、年龄、地区类型、地域成人中的分布情况,以及体质指数、运动、吸烟、饮酒、维生素A水平等因素对血清锌浓度及锌缺乏率的影响。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析锌的缺乏与各影响因素间的关联性。结果 2015年中国18~60岁成人血清锌中位数为103.44(95%CI 64.84~186.12)μg/dL,总体锌的缺乏率为6.04%。血清锌水平在不同性别、地区类型、地域分布、维生素A状况、吸烟状态、饮酒状态上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在锌缺乏率的比较中,少数民族(10.67%)高于汉族(5.44%),农村(7.35%)高于城市(4.90%),维生素A缺乏者(9.12%)高于正常者(5.90%),非运动人群(6.29%)高于运动人群(5.09%),西部地区最高(7.33%),不同体质指数者中超重者最低(4.81%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在相关因素分析时,维生素A缺乏者发生锌缺乏的风险是正常者的1.89倍(95%CI 1.13~3.18),超重人群发生锌缺乏的风险是正常人群的0.71倍(95%CI 0.52~0.96)。结论 2015年中国18~60岁成人血清锌缺乏处于较低风险。维生素A缺乏是锌缺乏的危险因素,但超重是锌缺乏的保护因素。     

Alterations in serum levels of trace elements in tuberculosis and HIV infections

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum concentrations of trace elements in tuberculosis (TB) patients with or with out human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection before and after anti-TB chemotherapy. SUBJECTS: A total of 155 TB patients, 74 of which were coinfected with HIV, and 31 healthy controls from Gondar, Ethiopia. METHODS: Serum levels of copper, zinc, selenium and iron were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer from all subjects at baseline and from 44 TB patients (22 with HIV coinfection) at the end of an intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the concentrations of iron, zinc and selenium were significantly lower (P<0.05) while that of copper and copper/zinc ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the serum of TB patients. TB patients with HIV coinfection had significantly lower serum zinc and selenium concentrations and significantly higher copper/zinc ratio compared to that in TB patients without HIV coinfection (P<0.05). The serum concentration of zinc had significantly increased at the end of intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy in patients without HIV coinfection (P<0.05). An increase in serum selenium level was observed in TB patients with or without HIV coinfection after therapy. On the contrary, serum copper concentration and copper/zinc ratio declined significantly after anti-TB chemotherapy irrespective of HIV serostatus (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that TB patients have altered profile of trace elements in their sera. This warrants the need for further investigations so that strategies for trace elements supplementation can be planned in addition to their potential as diagnostic parameters in monitoring responses to anti-TB chemotherapy.     

补充维生素A与铁对改善学龄前儿童贫血和免疫功能的影响

目的为观察学龄前儿童亚临床维生素A(VA)缺乏状态缺铁时,机体免疫功能的变化以及VA与铁同时补充对改善儿童铁营养状况和免疫功能的影响.方法检测北京农村270名3～7岁儿童血清VA含量和血红蛋白(Hb)、血清铁(SI)、运铁蛋白饱和度(TS)及血清铁蛋白(SF)后,将其分为正常、低 VA、低铁和低VA低铁4组,每组选40人,检测血清免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM 与白细胞介素-2(IL-2).然后将低VA低铁组儿童随机分为补铁组 (每日口服相当于30 mg元素铁的硫酸亚铁,连续8周)和补VA+铁组(口服VA胶丸12 500 IU /次,2次/周,连续8周;口服铁量同补铁组,连续8周),分别进行干预.干预后重复检测血清VA、血液铁生化指标和以上免疫指标,进行两组间比较,并与干预前比较. 结果低VA低铁组儿童血清IgM为(1 260±310) mg/L显著高于正常组的(1 0 7 0±170) mg/L.对其实施VA+铁联合干预后,血清TS为(26.5±8.6)%,明显高于补铁前的(16.2±1.6)%和单纯补铁组的(22.3±3.8)%;IL-2在VA与铁同时补充后为(2 78.9±117.7) ng/L,显著高于补充前的(161.6±90.3) ng/L和单纯补铁组的(189 .5 ±89.3)ng/L的水平;其他铁生化指标和免疫指标无明显变化.结论对存在亚临床VA缺乏状态的缺铁儿童实施一定剂量的VA+铁联合干预,对改善机体铁营养状况和免疫功能有明显作用.     

Redistribution of vitamin A after iron supplementation in Indonesian infants

BACKGROUND: Deficiencies of iron and vitamin A are prevalent worldwide. Single-micronutrient supplementation is widely used to combat these deficiencies. However, micronutrient deficiencies often occur concurrently, and there are many interactions between micronutrients. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated interactions among 3 important micronutrients--iron, vitamin A, and zinc--when they are given as supplements. DESIGN: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled supplementation trial, 387 Indonesian infants aged 4 mo were supplemented 5 d/wk for 6 mo with 10 mg Fe, 10 mg Zn, 2.4 mg beta-carotene, 10 mg each of Fe and Zn, 10 mg Zn + 2.4 mg beta-carotene, or placebo. Complete data on micronutrient status, including hemoglobin, ferritin, retinol, zinc, and the modified relative dose response (a measure of liver retinol stores), were available from 256 infants at the end of the study. RESULTS: Iron-supplemented infants had significantly lower plasma retinol concentrations and a significantly higher prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, as defined by a plasma retinol concentration <0.70 micromol/L, than did the non-supplemented infants. In contrast, the modified relative dose response of the iron-supplemented infants indicated greater liver stores of vitamin A. Iron supplementation improved iron status, and zinc supplementation improved zinc status, but beta-carotene supplementation did not significantly improve vitamin A status. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, iron supplementation in infants with marginal vitamin A status led to lower plasma vitamin A concentrations and simultaneously to greater vitamin A liver stores. This implies a redistribution of retinol after iron supplementation, which might induce vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, iron supplementation in infants should be accompanied by measures to improve vitamin A status.     

孕妇营养状况及对胎儿营养储备的影响

对南京市区孕中、晚期妇女及产母311例次．产母及脐血配对89例进行营养状况的综合研究。结果显示：孕中期妇女膳食总热量及蛋白质摄入分别达到供给量标准(RDA)的115％和114％，但钙、铁、锌的摄入仅为RDA的41．3％、661％和63．8％。血生化指标检测，血浆白蛋白随孕期进展逐步下降、球蛋白增高。孕期妇女的甘油三酯．总胆固醇，维生素A、E显著高于非孕妇女．而钙、铁、锌显著低于非孕妇女。产母血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白，血浆铁蛋白及微量元素锌水平与脐血显著相关。     

Weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy increases vitamin A concentration of breast milk but not iron status in Indonesian lactating women

Studies on the effect of vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal iron and vitamin A status postpartum are scarce. We investigated whether retinol and iron variables in breast milk and in serum postpartum were enhanced more with weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy than with weekly iron supplementation. During pregnancy, subjects were randomly allocated to two groups and received either (n = 88) a weekly supplement of iron (120 mg Fe as FeSO(4)) and folic acid (500 microg) or (n = 82) the same amount of iron and folic acid plus vitamin A [4800 retinol equivalents (RE)]. Transitional milk (4-7 d postpartum) had higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of retinol and iron than mature milk (3 mo postpartum). Compared with the weekly iron group, the weekly vitamin A and iron group had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of retinol in transitional milk (as micromol/L) and in mature milk (as micromol/g fat). Although serum retinol concentrations approximately 4 mo postpartum did not differ significantly, the weekly vitamin A and iron group had significantly fewer (P < 0.01) subjects with serum retinol concentrations < or = 0.70 micromol/L than the weekly iron group. Iron status and concentrations of iron in transitional and mature milk did not differ between groups. We have shown that weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy enhanced concentrations of retinol in breast milk although not in serum by approximately 4 mo postpartum. However, no positive effects were observed on iron status and iron concentration in breast milk.