具有多种抗心房颤动模式起搏器的临床应用

目的:评价心房程序起搏预防和治疗阵发性房颤的效果。方法:对15例阵发性房颤患者置入Selection 900E(AF2.0)型起搏器,调查分析术前2个月和术后2个月及4个月阵发性房颤事件各指标。 结果:患者术后2个月及4个月较术前2个月在有症状阵发性房颤事件数有明显地降低(34.2±18.01,19.73±7.79对66.30±26.06);术后4个月较术后2个月有症状阵发性房颤事件数、阵发性房颤事件总数、房颤总持续时间、房颤负荷均降低(P<0.05),而心房起搏比率无明显改变。 结论:生理性心房程序起搏减少阵发性房颤事件的发生,降低房颤负荷,并可以明显减少临床抗心律失常药物使用的种类和剂量。     

特殊心房起搏算式对病态窦房结综合征阵发房颤疗效的观察

目的评价Vitatron Selection 900E或9000起搏器预防病窦综合征患者阵发房颤的疗效。方法28例病窦综合征伴阵发房颤患者植入Vitatron Selection 900E或9000起搏器。起搏器植入后2周内为稳定期,主要调整、优化感知和起搏参数;稳定期后1月为监测期,打开起搏器的房颤监测功能,观察房颤发生情况;其后根据监测阶段记录到的房颤可能的发生机制,启动相应的房颤预防性起搏算式。结果15例患者启动房早抑制;18例启动房早后反应;22例启动起搏调控;2例启动动运后频率控制;1例启动频率修整;2例启动房颤后反应。房颤预防阶段期与监测期相比,房颤负荷(11.4±6.8 vs 14.2±8.3)、阵发房颤数(112.1±87.6 vs130.6±98.5)均降低(P<0.5)。结论特殊心房起搏算式能减少病窦综合征患者房颤的发作次数,但要有效控制房颤,仍然需要配合药物等治疗。     

动态心房超速起搏预防阵发性房性心律失常的临床应用

为评价动态心房超速起搏 (DAO)方式预防阵发性快速性房性心律失常的临床疗效 ,选择 5例患者 ,均为病窦综合征合并阵发性快速性房性心律失常 ,置入具有DAO功能的双腔起搏器。随访单盲把患者分为A组 :DAOon和B组DAOoff,半年后交换 ,共随访 12个月。每个月随访症状 ,每 3个月一次 2 4h动态心电图及程控仪随访自动模式转换 (AMS)次数。置入起搏器后胸闷、心悸、气促等症状较起搏器置入前改善。在DAOon时较off时这些症状进一步改善。 2 4h动态心电图随访快速性房性心律失常发作时间 :A组DAOon时 3 3 .8± 10 .7minvsDAOoff时 60 .4± 19.3min ,B组DAOoff时 5 5 .1± 17.6minvsDAOon时 3 7.2± 13 .5min。程控仪监测到AMS次数 :A组DAOon时64 9± 3 1minvsDAOoff时 5 796± 3 86min ,B组DAOoff时 5 5 69± 3 0 5minvsDAOon时 65 8± 2 9min。结论 :动态心房超速起搏方式具有一定的预防阵发性快速性房性心律失常的作用。     

具有多种抗心房颤动模式起搏器的临床应用

目的评价心房程序起搏预防和治疗阵发性房颤的效果.方法对15例阵发性房颤患者置入Selection 900E(AF2.0)型起搏器,调查分析术前2个月和术后2个月及4个月阵发性房颤事件各指标. 结果患者术后2个月及4个月较术前2个月在有症状阵发性房颤事件数有明显地降低(34.2±18.01,19.73±7.79对66.30±26.06);术后4个月较术后2个月有症状阵发性房颤事件数、阵发性房颤事件总数、房颤总持续时间、房颤负荷均降低(P＜0.05),而心房起搏比率无明显改变.结论生理性心房程序起搏减少阵发性房颤事件的发生,降低房颤负荷,并可以明显减少临床抗心律失常药物使用的种类和剂量.     

双腔频率应答起搏对病窦综合征合并的阵发性心房颤动的干预

探讨双腔频率应答起搏对病窦综合征(SSS)合并的阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)的窦性心律维持及电生理干预。48例SSS并阵发性房颤患者安装了双腔频率应答起搏器,通过起搏器正确的心房感知监测房颤的发作情况,在窦性心律时测量P波时限和P波离散度,心脏B超测量左房内径、左室射血分数。比较术后1,12个月以及房颤控制组与复发组上述指标的差异。结果:置入起搏器术后1年,房颤控制和房颤负荷减少37例,占77%。术后1个月与1年左房内径,P波时限,房颤平均每天发作时间、发作次数均有显著性差异(3.6±0.6cmvs3.2±0.5cm,129.2±11.0msvs111.2±9.3ms,93.6±10.4min/dvs42.8±9.6min/d,8.1±3.2次/天vs5.3±1.4次/天,P<0.001)。与术后房颤复发组比较,房颤控制组术前左房内径较小,P波时限较短、离散度小(P<0.001)。结论:双腔频率应答起搏对SSS合并的阵发性房颤有预防和治疗作用。     

心房起搏比例对老年患者起搏术后心房颤动影响的回顾性分析

目的 通过观察无心房颤动（房颤）病史的老年病态窦房结综合征（病窦）患者在双腔起搏器植入后房颤负荷的变化,探讨心房起搏比例对老年患者起搏器植入后房颤的影响。方法 采用回顾性分析的研究方法。连续入选2006年1月至2012年1月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院心脏中心植入双腔起搏器的患者301例,进行常规随访（3.9±1.8）年,纳入最后统计的共283例患者。随访时读取起搏器内存储信息,记录心房早搏（房早）次数、最长房颤持续时间和房颤负荷;同时获取心房、心室起搏占总心搏的比例。评价心脏结构和功能。将心房起搏比例＞66%（66%为心房起搏比例中位数）设为高心房起搏比例组（141例）,心房起搏比例≤66%设为低心房起搏比例组（142例）。结果 与低心房起搏比例组相比,高心房起搏比例组患者房颤负荷（最长房颤持续时间和房颤负荷中位数）更低（P＜0.05）;且房早数量要少于低心房起搏比例组（P＜0.05）;但心室起搏比例在两组之间无明显差异（P＞0.05）。术前和术后两组患者的心脏结构和功能相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 对于起搏器植入后的房颤易患人群,高心房起搏比例可减少房颤事件。     

固有心率对心房起搏后病窦综合征合并阵发性心房颤动及心房扑动发生的影响

为了解心脏固有心率 (IHR)的变化对心房起搏后病窦综合征 (SSS)合并阵发性心房扑动 (AFL)和心房颤动(AF)发生率的影响 ,采用药物阻断 3 8例 SSS合并阵发性 AFL或 AF患者的心脏自主神经测定其 IHR,根据 Tose提出的正常 IHR标准将其分为 IHR正常组 (18例 )和 IHR异常组 (2 0例 ) ,后行心房起搏治疗。术后进行临床、心电图、2 4 h动态心电图的定期随访 ,随访时间分别为 2 2± 1.9和 2 5± 1.7个月。结果显示 :两组患者起搏器植入后阵发性 AFL、AF发作的频率及每次发作持续时间较植入前均显著减少 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;术后 IHR正常组阵发性 AFL、AF发作的频率及每次发作持续时间显著少于 IHR异常组 (P<0 .0 5 )。所有患者术后生活质量明显改善 ,无心衰、血栓栓塞发生。结果提示 :心房起搏可使 SSS合并阵发性 AFL或 AF的发生减少 ;IHR正常时 ,其作用明显优于IHR异常时。     

双腔起搏器最小化心室起搏功能的临床应用

目的探讨双腔起搏器的最小化心室起搏(MPV)功能减少心室起搏的有效性及对血流动力学及房颤发生率的影响。方法观察98例植入DDD/R起搏器患者(打开MPV功能组49例,关闭MPV功能组49例)术后3、6、12个月的随访结果。结果打开MPV功能起搏器组右室起搏百分比明显减少(P<0.05);打开MPV功能起搏器组房颤负荷百分比在术后6个月和12个月减少(P<0.05);两组在植入起搏器术前术后心脏指数、左室舒张末径、左房内径、左室射血分数比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论打开MPV功能起搏器组在减少不必要的右室起搏及减少房颤发生率方面均优于关闭MPV功能组。     

兼有APP和PMOP功能的起搏器抗房性心律失常的临床观察

目的评价兼有心房优先起搏(atrial preference pacing,APP)和模式转换后的超速起搏(post mode switch overdrive pacing,PMOP)功能的起搏器预防房性心律失常的临床效果。方法具有起搏器适应证伴房性心律失常30例患者植入了兼有APP和PMOP功能的起搏器。术后1个月为空白期,关闭抗房性心律失常(atrial arrhythmia,ATA)功能,从而进行参数观察调试;术后2～7个月为诊断期,关闭抗ATA功能;术后8～13个月为治疗期,打开抗ATA功能;比较治疗前后房性心律失常事件发作频率,持续时间、心脏彩色超声检查等变化。结果 (1)治疗期的左心房内径、左心室舒张末径、右心房内径、左心室射血分数较诊断期无明显改变,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);右心室内径较诊断期有所减少,差异有统计学意义(t=2. 31,P 0. 05)。(2)治疗期的24小时动态心电图房性心动过速(阵/次)、房性期前收缩、阵发性心房颤动24小时次数、阵发性心房颤动持续时间等指标较诊断期有所减少,差异有统计学意义(t=1. 85～3. 37,P 0. 05)。(3)治疗期的心房起搏比率、心房颤动百分比较诊断期有所减少,差异有统计学意义(Z=3. 26、3. 59,P 0. 05)。结论 (1)伴发阵发性心房颤动或房性心动过速的接受起搏的患者植入抗心房颤动起搏器可以减少心房颤动和房性心动过速的复发。(2)在短期观察中,APP和PMOP的工作模式不会使得患者心功能恶化。     

低位房间隔起搏对病窦综合症伴发作性房颤患者的临床应用

目的:探索低位房间隔起搏导线定位方法,评价房间隔起搏对病窦综合征患者房颤的预防作用。方法:病窦综合征患者48例,以X线及心电图特征定位,主动固定心房电极于低位房间隔,观察起搏后P波时限的变化及房颤的发作频率。结果:所有患者经房间隔起搏后,P波时限均显著缩短,118.00±24.00ms比93.00±16.00ms,差异有统计学意义;原有心房内传导延缓者,起搏后阵发性房颤发作频率明显减少,而心房内传导正常者,房颤发作无明显减少。结论:采用主动固定电极导线在低位房间隔起搏是安全、可行的,它能明显缩短左、右心房激动时间,使心房的除极趋于同步化;对伴房间传导阻滞者,房间隔起搏能减少房颤发作。     

左房异常与心房颤动的关系

目的探讨左房异常与心房颤动发生的关系。方法应用心电图和动态心电图进行,持续性房颤患者为A组,阵发性房颤、房扑患者为B组,仅有心电图P波增宽的患者为C组,A、B、C三组各40例。所有入选患者均经超声心动图检测左房大小,观察患者窦性心律时心电图P波时限、切迹和P波离散度,并分析与房颤发生的关系。结果房颤男性多于女性,年龄大于60岁者94例(占78.3%),三组中86.7%的患者存在器质性心脏病(104例)。心电图P波切迹明显、P波离散度大者快速房颤发生率高;超声心动图检测左房直径大者房颤发生率高,持续性房颤比阵发性房颤患者左房直径大(p<0.05)。结论左房扩大、房内阻滞及P波离散度增大的患者易发生房颤。     

Dual independent atrial tachycardias after ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation

We report the case of a 71-year-old man with two atrial tachycardias evolving simultaneously and independently in two dissociated regions after extensive ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. One tachycardia was a focal tachycardia originating from the right inferior pulmonary vein and activating the posterior left atrium with a 2:1 conduction block, while the other tachycardia was an atrial flutter circulating around the tricuspid annulus, activating the right atrium and the anterior wall of the left atrium. These two atrial tachycardias were successfully ablated prior to restoration of sinus rhythm.     

Electrocardiographic differentiation of atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation by physicians

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of physicians to differentiate atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation on a surface electrocardiogram (ECG). A questionnaire containing three 12-lead ECGs was mailed to 689 physicians, with multiple-choice questions asking whether the rhythm on each ECG was atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. ECG 1 showed atrial fibrillation with prominent atrial activity (>0.2 mV) in lead V1; ECG 2 displayed atrial fibrillation with prominent atrial activity (>0.2 mV) in leads III and V1; and ECG 3 displayed atrial flutter. Overall, ECG1 was correctly identified as atrial fibrillation by 79% of physicians, ECG 2 was correctly identified as atrial fibrillation by 31%, and ECG 3 was correctly identified as atrial flutter by 90%. Cardiology fellows and cardiologists correctly identified ECG 1 more often than house officers and internists (95% vs 63%; P < or = .01). ECG 2 was correctly identified by 26% of cardiology fellows and cardiologists and by 37% of house officers and internists (P = .10). ECG 3 was correctly identified by 91% of cardiology fellows and cardiologists and by 82% of house officers and internists (P = .06). In conclusion, atrial fibrillation is frequently misdiagnosed as atrial flutter. Misdiagnosis of atrial fibrillation occurs more often when atrial activity is prominent on an ECG in more than one lead.     

Simultaneous occurrence of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

INTRODUCTION: Early reports suggested that some patients with "atrial fibrillation/flutter" might have atrial fibrillation in one atrium and atrial flutter in the other. However, more recent conceptions of atrial fibrillation/flutter postulate that the pattern is due to a relatively organized (type I) form of atrial fibrillation. We report the occurrence and ECG manifestations of simultaneous atrial fibrillation and flutter in patients undergoing attempted catheter ablation of atrial flutter. METHODS AND RESULTS: In patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial flutter, an attempt was made to entrain atrial flutter by pacing in the right atrium. The arrhythmias observed occurred following attempts at entrainment, or spontaneously in one case. Twelve transient episodes of simultaneous atrial fibrillation and flutter were observed in five patients. The atrial fibrillation was localized to all or a portion of one atrium, during which the other atrium maintained atrial flutter. In each case, the surface 12-lead ECG reflected the right atrial activation pattern. No patients had interatrial or intra-atrial conduction block during sinus rhythm, suggesting functional intra-atrial block as a mechanism for simultaneous atrial fibrillation/flutter. CONCLUSION: In certain patients, the occurrence of transient, simultaneous atrial fibrillation and flutter is possible. In contrast to prior studies in which it was suggested that left atrial or septal activation determines P wave morphology, the results of the present study show that P wave morphology is determined by right atrial activation. Functional interatrial block appears to be a likely mechanism for this phenomenon.     

Importance of right and left atrial dilation and linear ablation for perpetuation of sustained atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Atrial dilation associated with increasing atrial pressure plays an apparent role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). We characterized a new model of separate and biatrial dilation in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. The aim of this study was to examine if sustained AF in this model (1) would be inducible by separate right atrial (RA) and left atrial (LA) dilation; (2) would be reproducibly inducible at the same pressure level; and (3) could be suppressed by RA, LA, or biatrial ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Intra-atrial pressure was increased stepwise in the RA (n = 13), LA (n = 12), or both atria (n = 25) until sustained AF could be induced or a pressure of 20 cm H2O was reached. The stimulation protocol was repeated once in RA and LA dilation (n = 9) and three times in biatrial dilation (n = 7). Then, RA orifices (superior and inferior caval veins, tricuspid valve annulus, and foramen ovale) or LA orifices (pulmonary veins, mitral valve annulus, and foramen ovale) were connected by radiofrequency (RF) lesions. Sustained AF was rendered inducible in 100% of hearts with biatrial dilation, but in only 92% of hearts with RA dilation and 67% with LA dilation. Inducibility of sustained AF was reproducible. Under biatrial dilation, not RA ablation (0/10 hearts; P = NS) but LA ablation (4/11 hearts; P < 0.05) and biatrial ablation (16/21; P < 0.01) reduced the inducibility of sustained AF. CONCLUSION: The inducibility of sustained AF due to increased intra-atrial pressure differs between the RA and LA. LA and biatrial lesions, not RA RF lesions, reduce the ability to perpetuate sustained AF.     

Effect of left atrial circumferential ablation for atrial fibrillation on left atrial transport function

BACKGROUND: The effects of left atrial (LA) circumferential ablation on LA function in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been well described. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of LA circumferential ablation on LA function. METHODS: Gated, multiphase, dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans of the chest with three-dimensional reconstructions of the heart were used to calculate the LA ejection fraction (EF) in 36 patients with paroxysmal (n = 27) or chronic (n = 9) AF (mean age 55 +/- 11 years) and in 10 control subjects with no history of AF. Because CT scans had to be acquired during sinus rhythm, a CT scan was available both before and after (mean 5 +/- 1 months) LA circumferential ablation (LACA) in only 10 patients. A single CT scan was acquired in 8 patients before and in 18 patients after LACA ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was performed using an 8-mm-tip catheter to encircle the pulmonary veins, with additional lines along the mitral isthmus and the roof. RESULTS: In patients with paroxysmal AF, LA EF was lower after than before LACA (21% +/- 8% vs 32 +/- 13%, P = .003). LA EF after LA catheter ablation was similar among patients with paroxysmal AF and those with chronic AF (21% +/- 8% vs 23 +/- 13%, P = .7). However, LA EF after LA catheter ablation was lower in all patients with AF than in control subjects (21% +/- 10% vs 47% +/- 5%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: During medium-term follow-up, restoration of sinus rhythm by LACA results in partial return of LA function in patients with chronic AF. However, in patients with paroxysmal AF, LA catheter ablation results in decreased LA function. Whether the impairment in LA function is severe enough to predispose to LA thrombi despite elimination of AF remains to be determined.     

静脉地尔硫治疗快速房颤、房扑的疗效分析

为检验静脉地尔硫艹卓控制房颤、房扑心室率的有效性和安全性，对４７例快速房颤、房扑患者一次静脉注射０．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ地尔硫艹卓后以５ｍｇ／ｈ～１０ｍｇ／ｈ微泵维持，平均起效时间５．２±２．７ｍｉｎ，总有效率９３．６％，心功能较用药前明显改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），对血压无明显影响，副作用发生率为１０．６％，均不严重。结果提示地尔硫艹卓是一种能迅速、安全、有效控制房颤、房扑患者心室率的药物     

Effect of gender on atrial electrophysiologic changes induced by rapid atrial pacing and elevation of atrial pressure

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of atrial fibrillation is greater in men than in women, but the reasons for this gender difference are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of gender on the atrial electrophysiologic effects of rapid atrial pacing and an increase in atrial pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Right atrial pressure and effective refractory period (ERP) were measured during sinus rhythm and during atrial and simultaneous AV pacing at a cycle length of 300 msec in 10 premenopausal women, 11 postmenopausal women, and 24 men. The postmenopausal women were significantly older than the premenopausal women (61 +/- 8 years vs 34 +/- 10 years; P < 0.01). During sinus rhythm, mean atrial ERP in premenopausal women was shorter (211 +/- 19 msec) than in postmenopausal women and age-matched men (242 +/- 18 msec and 246 +/- 34 msec, respectively; P < 0.05). Atrial ERPs in all patients shortened significantly during atrial and simultaneous AV pacing. However, the degree of shortening during atrial pacing (43 +/- 8 msec vs 70 +/- 20 msec and 74 +/- 21 msec; P < 0.05) and during simultaneous AV pacing (48 +/- 16 msec vs 91 +/- 27 msec and 84 +/- 26 msec; P < 0.05) was significantly less in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women or age-matched men. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate a significant gender difference in atrial electrophysiologic changes in response to rapid atrial pacing and an increase in atrial pressure. The effect of menopause on the observed changes suggests that the gender differences may be mediated by the effects of estrogen on atrial electrophysiologic properties.     

Acute effects of left atrial radiofrequency ablation on atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Acutely, when left atrial ablation is performed during atrial fibrillation (AF), the AF may persist and require cardioversion, or it may convert to sinus rhythm or to atrial tachycardia/flutter. The prevalence of these acute outcomes has not been described. METHODS AND RESULTS: Left atrial ablation, usually including encirclement of the pulmonary veins, was performed during AF in 144 patients with drug-refractory AF. Conversion to sinus rhythm occurred in 19 patients (13%), to left atrial tachycardia in 6 (4%), and to atrial flutter in 6 (4%). In the 6 patients with a focal atrial tachycardia, the mean cycle length was 294 +/- 45 ms. The tachycardia arose in the left atrial roof in 3 patients, the left atrial appendage in 2, and the anterior left atrium in 1. In 3 of 6 patients, the focal atrial tachycardia originated in an area that displayed a relatively short cycle length during AF. In 6 patients, AF converted to macroreentrant atrial flutter with a mean cycle length of 253 +/- 47 ms, involving the mitral isthmus in 5 patients and the septum in 1 patient. All atrial tachycardias and flutters were successfully ablated with 1 to 15 applications of radiofrequency energy. CONCLUSION: When left atrial ablation is performed during AF, the AF may convert to atrial tachycardia or flutter in approximately 10% of patients. Focal atrial tachycardias that occur during ablation of AF may be attributable to driving mechanisms that persist after AF has been eliminated, whereas atrial flutter results from incomplete ablation lines.