Percutaneous vertebroplasty for patients with osteoporosis: a one-year follow-up

Purpose: To evaluate changes in height and wedge angle of treated vertebral bodies and kyphosis angle 1 year after vertebroplasty.

Material and Methods: We reviewed radiographs of 95 vertebral bodies treated with vertebroplasty in 60 patients with osteoporosis. Only vertebral bodies with imaging evidence of a new fracture or avascular necrosis received vertebroplasty. Images were obtained for evaluation before vertebroplasty (B), within 2 weeks after vertebroplasty (T), and after 1 year (T1).

Results: The mean wedge angle decreased by 5.4° from B to T1. Mean of the anterior, central, and posterior heights of the fractured bodies increased by 12.6%, 9.6%, and 3.1%, respectively, from B to T1. The kyphosis angle improved by 3.2° initially from B to T, but the improvement later disappeared. In 48% of these patients, a new fracture developed after vertebroplasty, and 63% of the fractures were adjacent to a vertebroplasty-treated vertebral body.

Conclusion: The increase in height and wedge angle of the vertebral bodies generally lasted at least 1 year. Improvement in kyphosis angles was lost 1 year after vertebroplasty because new fractures occurred in 48% of these patients. Prevention of new fractures after vertebroplasty remains an important task.     

The vertebral body fracture in osteoporosis: restoration of height using percutaneous vertebroplasty

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an effective tool for the relief of pain caused by osteoporotic spine fractures. Our purpose is to evaluate this technique and its effectiveness in restoring the height of such fractures. METHODS: Forty osteoporotic vertebral body fractures in 30 consecutive patients (24 female, six males; mean age, 70 years) were analyzed retrospectively, before and after percutaneous vertebroplasty, for changes in vertebral body height, kyphosis angle, and wedge angle. The ages of the fractures range from 1 to 5 months. RESULTS: Percutaneous vertebroplasty improved the pretreatment height of compression fractures in these patients by a mean of 47.6% (P < .001), with only 15% showing no improvement. These figures compare favorably with published results for kyphoplasty (47% mean improvement in height in 70% of fractures; no improvement in 30% of fractures). In addition, we achieved a mean improvement in kyphosis angle of 6 degrees and an improvement in the wedge angle of 3.5 degrees (as compared with published results for kyphoplasty of 7.4 and 4.3 degrees , respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty should be viewed not only as a pain-relieving procedure, but also an effective method for improving vertebral body height, kyphosis angle, and wedge angle.     

Kyphoplasty versus vertebroplasty to increase vertebral body height: a cadaveric study

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the vertebral height restoration achieved with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty in fresh cadavers by using multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was not required because the donors had registered in and consented to an anatomic gift program prior to their death. Thirty-seven vertebrae were harvested from four donated cadavers of elderly female individuals (mean age, 82 years; age range at death, 73-87 years). The vertebrae were dissected free of the surrounding muscles and imaged with multi-detector row CT. Compression fractures were induced, and the vertebrae were again imaged. The vertebrae were randomized to be treated with kyphoplasty (n = 19) or vertebroplasty (n = 18) and were then imaged at multi-detector row CT. The anterior, central, and posterior vertebral body heights and wedge angles were measured in the midsagittal plane of the reformatted images. The amount of cement injected was determined by weighing the vertebrae before and after treatment. The statistical significance of changes in vertebral body height, wedge angle, and weight with the two treatment techniques was evaluated with the independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The increase in vertebral height was greater with kyphoplasty than with vertebroplasty (5.1 mm vs 2.3 mm, respectively; P < .05). The original vertebral height was restored in 93% of vertebrae with kyphoplasty and in 82% with vertebroplasty (P < .05). There was a greater decrease in wedge angle with kyphoplasty than with vertebroplasty (3.1 degrees vs 1.6 degrees, respectively); however, this difference was not significant (P > .05). There was no significant difference in the amount of cement injected with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Kyphoplasty increased vertebral body height more than vertebroplasty in this model of acutely created fractures in fresh cadaver specimens.     

伤椎固定结合硫酸钙椎体成形与单纯伤椎固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的对比研究

目的 对比伤椎固定结合硫酸钙椎体成形术与单纯伤椎固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2005年1月- 2008年10月对61例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者分别采用伤椎固定结合硫酸钙椎体成形(A组)与单纯伤椎固定(B组)进行治疗.A组32例,其中男22例,女10例;年龄21～ 65岁,平均36.8岁.术后随访13 ～27个月...     

New symptomatic compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty at the thoracolumbar junction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for new symptomatic vertebral compression fractures after vertebroplasty at the thoracolumbar junction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 53 patients treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty at the thoracolumbar junction (T12, L1). The follow-up period was 15-27 months. The occurrence of new symptomatic vertebral compression fractures was recorded after vertebroplasty. We evaluated patient age and sex, amount of injected cement, vacuum clefts in the collapsed bodies, initial wedge angle of the compression fracture, change of the wedge angle after vertebroplasty, intradiskal cement leak, and percentage of height restoration of the vertebral body. In this report, we surveyed the possible risk factors for new symptomatic vertebral compression fractures. RESULTS: Thirty-nine (74%) of the 53 patients had fluid and/or air in the compression fracture at the thoracolumbar junction (T12, L1). Eight (20.5%) of the 39 patients with vacuum clefts had new symptomatic compression fracture after vertebroplasty between 1 month and 4 days after surgery to 23 months and 4 days after surgery. The patients with new symptomatic compression fracture had higher initial wedge angle and wedge angle change (more than 7 degrees ) after vertebroplasty than those without fractures; these data were considered statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of vacuum clefts in the compression fracture at the thoracolumbar junction is high (74%). The severity of initial wedge angle and wedge angle change affects the incidence of new symptomatic compression fracture.     

Vertebroplasty for osteoporotic fractures with spinal canal compromise

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous vertebroplasty can aggravate spinal canal narrowing, especially in patients with preoperative retropulsion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in spinal canal dimension during percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic fractures with retropulsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed all cases of osteoporotic vertebral fractures treated with vertebroplasty. Twenty-one patients (25 vertebrae) had a retropulsed fragment that compromised the dimension of the spinal canal on preoperative imaging. We measured the degree of retropulsion before and after vertebroplasty to evaluate changes in spinal canal dimension. We also evaluated pain, neurologic status, vertebral body height, and wedge angle. RESULTS: Mean retropulsion was 4.2 mm before and 4.4 mm after vertebroplasty. There was no statistically significant difference (P = .32). Mean increase in vertebral body height was 2.6 mm anteriorly, 1.7 mm centrally, and 0.3 mm posteriorly. Mean decrease in wedge angle was 4.7 degrees. There were statistically significant improvements in height and wedge angle (P < .01). None of our patients developed new symptoms during vertebroplasty or thereafter. Twenty of 21 patients (95%) showed partial or complete immediate pain relief, whereas 1 patient did not improve. CONCLUSION: Vertebroplasty can be performed safely in patients with spinal canal compromise. This procedure can reduce pain, increase vertebral body height, and decrease wedge angle without worsening of retropulsion.     

Vertebroplastie und Kyphoplastie bei osteoporotischen Wirbelkörperfrakturen: Gesicherte Kenntnisse, offene Fragen

Cementoplasty, performed either as percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty, has become well established as an effective technique to treat painful vertebral body fractures. It has low complication rates, is successful in alleviating pain, and improves the patients' mobility and quality of life. A series of questions remain open though or are the subject of controversial debate; for example, the results of several biomechanical studies are in part contradictory. Clinical data on subsequent fractures are also still inadequate, although the majority of studies show no elevated rate of subsequent fractures following treatment with cementoplasty in comparison to the natural course in patients with osteoporotic fractures.Kyphoplasty has the advantage of being able to restore the vertebral body height or reduce the kyphosis angle without leading to different clinical outcomes in comparison to vertebroplasty. Biomechanical considerations on whether restoration of the vertebral body's normal shape could reduce the rate of subsequent fractures still need scientific substantiation.Both surgical methods are employed in our clinic. Kyphoplasty seems to us to be indicated when the height of the anterior portion of the vertebral body is reduced by one-third compared to the norm or a kyphosis angle of more than 15-20 degrees is present. The goals of therapy are restoring the shape and reducing the kyphosis angle. This can only succeed, however, in fractures that are not older than 3 weeks. In all other cases vertebroplasty is performed.     

改进的脊柱楔形截骨术矫正脊柱后凸畸形(附35例报告)

作者重点介绍了应用自行研制的脊柱截骨器械,并一次性多平面椎弓、椎体楔形截骨的手术方法。与传统的脊柱截骨术比较,具有矫形后椎体间接触面积大、稳定性强、愈合快等特点。由于相邻椎体前缘不张开,可避免大血管损伤。本组35例,手术矫正30～100°,平均矫正55.5°,平均矫正率76.8％,优于传统的手术方法。     

胸腰椎骨折术后矫正度丢失与伤椎形态量表的相关性研究

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折术后伤椎矫正度丢失与伤椎形态量表的相关性。方法选取2011年6月~2013年6月后路短节段固定治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者52例,测量患者术前、术后3d及取出内固定3d后的矢状位Cobb角、伤椎压缩率及伤椎上下椎间隙高度,计算矫正度丢失率,并在术前按自制伤椎形态量表对所有伤椎进行评分并分组,对量表评分和矫正度丢失率进行相关性分析。结果所有患者随访13~19个月,平均15.5个月,自制形态量表评分和矫正度丢失率存在明显相关性。三组患者矫正度丢失具有明显差异(P0.05),轻度组Cobb角丢失0.5°,压缩率丢失0.6%;中度组Cobb角丢失2.7°,压缩率丢失4.4%;重度组Cobb角丢失4.1°,压缩率丢失8.4%,说明伤椎量表评分等级高的患者在术后伤椎矫正度丢失越明显,重度组有断钉等并发症。结论自制伤椎形态量表与术后矫正度丢失存在相关性,该量表对胸腰椎骨折的处理有一定的指导意义。     

椎体成形术治疗合并囊腔样变的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的　研究经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗合并椎骨内囊腔样变的椎体压缩骨折关键技术、近期疗效及对椎体高度的恢复。方法　回顾分析4年来PVP治疗2 0 7例骨质疏松症并32 6节椎体压缩骨折,其中2 7例共32节椎体压缩为合并椎骨内囊腔样变。PVP操作均在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺,所有椎体均用非离子造影剂行椎体造影。术后1dCT观察聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)分布状况和有无渗漏,测量PVP前后椎体高度,观察临床疗效和有无并发症。结果　PVP技术成功率1 0 0 %。椎体造影主要表现为造影剂注入压缩骨折椎体内后呈囊状分布并滞留。PMMA平均注入量为6 .8ml。CR、PR和NR分别为6 6 .7%、1 8.5 %、1 4 .8%,总有效率为85 .2 %。椎体前缘高度恢复2～1 5mm ,平均5 .38mm ,中央高度恢复3～1 6mm ,平均6 .4 1mm ,前缘和中央高度恢复有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 ) ;后缘高度恢复0～1mm ,平均0 .0 6mm ,两者差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。CT证实椎体前侧旁PMMA渗漏3例,但无1例出现临床症状。结论　PVP治疗椎体内合并囊腔样变的压缩骨折的疗效显著,可明显恢复压缩椎体高度,且发生PMMA渗漏的可能性更小。提高疗效的关键是抽去椎体内囊腔积液和尽可能多地充填PMMA ;椎体造影有助于预测注射PMMA在椎体内的分布状况和发生渗漏的可能性。     

Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the correction of spinal deformity in painful vertebral body compression fractures

Vertebral body compression fractures can cause chronic pain and may result in progressive kyphosis. Although vertebroplasty has been used to treat pain, it does not attempt to restore vertebral body height and eliminate spinal deformity. Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty is a novel technique, which involves the introduction of inflatable bone tamps into the fractured vertebral body for elevation of the endplates, prior to fixation of the fracture with bone cement. Our initial experience with this minimally invasive procedure indicates that percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty can be efficacious in the treatment of painful, osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.     

椎体强化在骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折中的应用

目的分别以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥（PMMA）和碳酸化羟基磷灰石水泥（CHC）作为椎体强化充填材料,采用椎体成形术和后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,观察其临床疗效。方法58例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折采用以下4种方法治疗：椎体成形术＋PMMA（11例13个椎体）,椎体成形术＋CHC（23例26个椎体）,后凸成形术＋PMMA（8例8个椎体）,后凸成形术＋CHC（16例19个椎体）。根据术前和术后侧位X线片计算椎体高度压缩率和恢复率、后凸角度和恢复率,并采用VAS（visual analog scale）进行术前和术后疼痛评分。结果所有患者均未出现并发症。后凸成形术椎体高度恢复率和后凸角度恢复率优于椎体成形术。椎体增强材料充填剂量各组间无显著性差异。椎体成形术手术时间明显短于后凸成形术。VAS评分术前各组无显著性差异,术后充填PMMA者优于充填CHC者,术后4周二者间无显著性差异。结论椎体强化是一种微创、安全、有效治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的方法,应根据患者的具体情况选择治疗方法和椎体充填材料。     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折25例30椎,其中T81椎,T113椎,T1212椎,L111椎,L22椎,L31椎。结果全部病例均顺利完成手术,无症状性并发症发生。所有患者术后疼痛明显减轻,疼痛视觉模拟数字评分(VAS)由术前的平均8.4分下降到术后的2.2分。平均椎体前缘高度恢复(55.3±34.2)%,中部恢复(61.5±35.1)%,后缘恢复(40.1±32.3)%。手术后Cobb角平均改善9.6°(0～30°)平均灌注骨水泥5.6 ml(2.5～9.0 ml)。除1个椎体前缘有少许未引起临床症状的骨水泥渗漏外,其余椎体均无明显骨水泥渗漏。随访2～18个月,平均9.5个月,未发现与手术有关的并发症。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折可有效地缓解疼痛,恢复椎体高度,改善矢状面排列,疗效满意。     

Increase in vertebral body height after vertebroplasty

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During clinical work, we have seen increases in vertebral body height associated with vertebroplasty, but our literature search revealed no reports as to how often and to what degree those increases occur. The purpose of this study was to document the frequency and degree of changes in vertebral body height after vertebroplasty. METHODS: The heights of 85 vertebral bodies in 37 patients were measured before and after vertebroplasty. In addition, one adjacent vertebral body was measured in each patient as a control. Twenty-six patients had compression fractures in the thoracic spine, and 24 patients had compression fractures in the lumbar spine. Vertebroplasty was performed with a bilateral transpedicular approach by injecting polymethylmethacrylate, under biplane fluoroscopic control. Measurements were performed on preoperative MR images and on postoperative CT sagittal reformations. Anterior, central, and posterior vertebral body height measurements were obtained in the midsagittal plane. RESULTS: The average increase in vertebral body height was 2.5 mm anteriorly, 2.7 mm centrally, and 1.4 mm posteriorly. Thirteen of 85 treated vertebrae remained unchanged. All control vertebral bodies also remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Vertebral body height often increases during vertebroplasty. The clinical significance of increasing vertebral body height is unknown.     

经伤椎椎弓根植骨并置钉固定治疗胸腰段骨折疗效分析

目的探讨经伤椎椎弓根通道椎体内自体植骨、伤椎单侧固定融合治疗胸腰段骨折的疗效。方法自2009年1月～2010年6月采用短节段后路伤椎置钉内固定同时经伤椎椎弓根内植骨的治疗方法治疗胸腰段骨折28例（植骨组）,并与单纯内固定椎旁植骨30例（对照组）进行疗效比较。结果本组58例均得到随访,随访时间6月～2.5年,平均13月。A组术后随访8月以上28例,其椎体前缘高度较术后略有丧失,Cobb角较术后略有增加,但无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。B组术后随访7月以上30例,其椎体前缘高度丧失,Cobb角增加较术后具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。A组较B组腰背疼痛率低。结论通过伤椎椎弓根通道植骨,单侧伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗胸腰段骨折术式是可行的。该种术式早期促进伤椎骨折愈合,增加脊柱前柱中柱稳定性,同时对减少内固定失效、伤椎高度丢失、椎体后凸畸形、腰背疼痛等并发症有一定意义。     

经椎弓根椎体支柱块置入治疗胸腰椎骨折的短期疗效观察

目的 研究经椎弓根置入椎体支柱块并植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的方法和疗效. 方法收集2008年3月-2009年7月采用经椎弓根椎体支柱块并植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折患者共23例(25个椎体,共用47枚椎体支柱块),T11骨折2例,T12骨折9例,L1骨折7例,L2骨折5例,其中4例采用椎板间开窗减压椎弓根固定联合椎体支柱块治疗.观察手术操作过程、手术用时、术中出血量、术后及随访期间摄X线片,测定伤椎前缘高度与正常高度的比值、Cobb角的矫正程度及术后早期恢复情况. 结果 23例患者均获7～16个月[(12.5±0.4)个月]随访,术后椎体高度丢失少,术后伤椎前缘压缩率及Cobb角均较术前明显改善(P＜0.05). 结论椎体支柱块治疗胸腰椎骨折可有效恢复椎体力学性能,减少椎体高度再丢失、后凸畸形重现等并发症,具有手术时间短、出血少、恢复快、更符合生物学固定等优点,是治疗胸腰椎骨折较理想的方法.     

经伤椎与不经伤椎椎弓根螺钉复位固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床对比研究

目的 比较经伤椎与不经伤椎椎弓根螺钉复位固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果.方法 回顾性研究2006年3月-2008年2月收治的胸腰椎单一椎体骨折患者27例,其中12例采用骨折椎加用椎弓根螺钉固定(A组),15例采用传统双平面固定(B组).A组男9例,女3例,平均年龄43岁(25～56岁);B组男10例,女5例,平均年龄42岁(23～61岁).所有患者均为新鲜骨折并且骨折椎一侧或双侧椎弓根完整.所有患者均于麻醉状态下行体位复位,B组行后路常规伤椎上下椎体椎弓根螺钉置入复位固定;A组在B组方法 基础上加用伤椎椎弓根螺钉置入复位固定.观测患者后凸畸形(Cobb角)及伤椎高度恢复情况. 结果 术后随访5～22个月,平均9个月.经伤椎椎弓根螺钉使骨折椎向腹侧移动复位,术后Cobb角及前柱高度恢复较佳.手术前后骨折椎前移复位程度的变化:A组为0.089±0.036,B组为0.023±0.048(P<0.001);两组Cobb角的变化:A组为(9.88±7.69)°,B组为(5.19±3.24)°(P<0.05);伤椎前柱高度的变化:A组为(39.3±5.2)%,B组为(20.6±6.5)%(P<0.05).骨折椎加用椎弓根螺钉在前柱撑开的同时可有效控制正常椎间盘高度的撑开. 结论对胸腰椎单一椎体骨折有条件地应用伤椎椎弓根螺钉有利于矫正后凸畸形和恢复伤椎前缘高度,并且增强胸腰椎骨折后路短节段内固定系统的牢固性和维持矫正效果.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床价值。方法:经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗的57例患者,累及69个椎体。在CT引导下,经皮穿刺两侧椎弓根,使用球囊扩张,改善椎体高度和使椎体内造成空腔,注入骨水泥。结果:69个压缩椎体其前缘和中部的压缩程度术前为(15.36±3.27)mm和(11.24±3.16)mm,术后为(10.89±3.23)mm和(5.17±1.98)mm,手术前后差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。Cobb角由术前的26.89°±6.41°,矫正至术后18.13°±3.45°,手术前后差异有显著性(P<0.01),表明压缩程度有明显改善。骨水泥向椎间隙少量渗漏3例,向椎体侧旁软组织少量渗漏4例,向椎体后缘、后纵韧带前面少量渗漏1例,渗漏发生率11.69%(8/57),无1例导致临床症状。结论:CT引导下球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗疏松性椎体压缩性骨折具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、穿刺定位准确、止痛效果明显、矫正后凸畸形特点。该手术属非血管性介入,多排螺旋CT三维重建引导下对骨科临床手术有较好指导价值。     

微创治疗陈旧性老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨应用微创球囊扩张椎体成形术(PKP)治疗陈旧性老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的可行性. 方法 2007年2月-2009年2月收治以胸背或者腰背部疼痛为主并且无明显神经损伤的老年陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折27例,其中男11例,女16例;年龄55～86岁,平均72.4岁.病史3～17个月,平均7.6个月.其中单阶段病变25例,双阶段病变2例.Genant二级10例,11个椎体;Genant三级17例,18个椎体.术前模拟视觉疼痛评分(VAS)平均8.3分,X线测量椎体前高与后高比平均为39%,脊柱后凸角测量平均27.60°.所有患者均在局部麻醉下行PKP治疗. 结果 术后所有患者疼痛消失或明显减轻,第3或4天能够下地活动.平均随访11.2个月,所有患者疼痛无反复,心肺功能有明显改善,无严重并发症发生;术后VAS平均2.8分,X线测量椎体前高与后高比平均为47.6%,脊柱后凸角测量术后平均15.60°. 结论应用微创PKP治疗以疼痛为主且不伴有神经损伤的老年陈旧性骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折能够尽快去除疼痛,尽快使患者下床活动,减少长期卧床的并发症,改善心肺功能.     

过伸复位联合单侧入路的椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的观察过伸复位联合单侧入路的经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的效果。方法术前牵引垫枕,术中利用骨科手术床行过伸复位,再行PVP治疗。在术前、术后3 d、术后12个月随访时进行疼痛视觉评分(VAS),计算术前、术后压缩椎体高度恢复率。结果 16例20个椎体操作成功,骨水泥向椎体前方渗漏5例,侧方渗漏2例,向椎间盘内渗漏2例,无椎体后方渗漏。VAS评分由术前8.5±1.2降低至2.5±1.4,骨折椎体高度恢复率为(40.1±23.5)%。结论过伸复位联合单侧入路的PVP是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的有效方法。