Fatal mumps nephritis and myocarditis

The case of a 14-year-old girl with fatal interstitial nephritis and myocarditis as complications of mumps is reported. The illness began with parotitis; renal symptoms developed within a week. The patient's renal and cardiac status and clinical course rapidly deteriorated and the outcome was fatal. The post-mortem renal biopsy sample showed interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration, oedema, and focal tubular epithelial damage in biopsy material of kidney, confirming the clinical diagnosis. Myocarditis was determined by electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings. Since it has been reported that fatal complications such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and nephritis may develop in the course of mumps, the patients with mumps, especially in complicated cases, should be followed closely because of the severe clinical conditions which may progress.     

Acute renal failure due to cisplatin

A case of acute renal failure associated with cisplatin therapy for a stage IV neuroepitelioma of the chest wall is described. This case was associated with a normal magnesium concentration and with presence of fibrinogen in the Tubular Basement Membrane and of IgG in the interstitial infiltrates. Immunological activation was evidentiated by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) at the time of renal biopsy.     

小儿致密物沉积病的临床与病理分析

Objective To analysis the clinical and pathological characteristics of children with dense deposit disease (DDD). Methods 12 Children diagnosed as DDD by electron microscope were enrolled in this study. The clinical and pathological data were analyzed. Results Of the 12 cases, 7 were males and 5 females, mean age 9.1±3.9(5-13) years at onset, the duration from onset to renal biopsy was 1 month to 5 years and the follow-up period was 1-9 years. All cases had heavy proteinuria >50 mg/(kg·d), and persistent microscopic hematuria with recurrent gross hematuria during the course. Seven cases had hypertension (≥140/100 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), 5 cases had transient or recurrent abnormal renal function, and mild to severe anemia were observed in 8 cases respectively. All the cases had lower serum C3(0.15-0.55 g/L). Clinically, 10 cases were diagnosed as nephritic syndrome (one case had partial lipodystrophy at the sa me time), and 2 cases were diagnosed as acute nephritic syndrome. Immunofluorescence study showed intense deposition of C3 along GBM, TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule in a ribbon-like pattern and in the mesangial regions as coarse granules in all the cases. Under light microscopy, 9 cases showed the feature of membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), 1 case with focal segmental glomeruloselerosis (FSGS), 1 case with endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (EnPGN) and 1 case with proliferative sclerosis (PSGN). Crescents were seen in 3 cases. Under electron microscopy, ribbon-like or linear electron-dense intramembranous deposits were identified in the lamina dense of GBM, and often along TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule. All patients showed steroid resistance. After methylprednisone treatment, some patients showed transient remission. During the followup stage of 1-9 years, 3 cases showed normal urinalysis, 5 cases showed partial remission, 2 cases progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and 2 cases were lost. Conclusion DDD is an in dependentiy rare disease with pathological-clinical rarities. Children with DDD presented with persistently lower C3, heavy proteinuria, recurrent gross hematuria and anemia. The characteristic immunopathologic finding is intense deposition of C3 along the GBM. Under electron microscopy, ribbon-like or linear electron-dense deposits in the lamina dense of the GBM, TBM and the wall of Bowman's capsule. Electron microscopic examination to demonstrate the intramembranous dense deposits is definitive diagnosis, regardless of the finding of light microscopy. All of them showed steroid resistant. Patients with steroid and CTX treatment showed some clinical improvement of their urinalysis.     

Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis (Hamman–Rich Syndrome) in Infancy: Report of a Case with Histologic and Respiratory Studies

The case of a 7-month-old girl with diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is reported. Signs of progressive respiratory distress with cough and cyanosis started at 1 month of age. Respiratory studies revealed a markedly decreased lung-compliance, normal or slightly elevated residual lung volume and hyperventilation. There was marked arterial desaturation and this finding together with the respiratory dysfunction is considered typical of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and is well explained by the biopsy picture of marked collagenous thickening of the alveolo-capillary septa.     

Localisation digestive exceptionnelle des dépôts cristallins dans l’hyperoxalurie primitive

We report 3 cases of primary oxalosis with nephrocalcinosis and severe renal failure. Extrarenal involvement was noted in bones in 3 cases, the heart in 2 cases, the central nervous system in 2 cases, the skin in 1 case and the eye in 1 case. The 3 patients presented with acute digestive disorders. Ultrasonography and CT scans showed digestive wall calcifications in addition to the classic appearance of primary oxalosis such as nephrocalcinosis or bone involvement. Primary hyperoxaluria is characterized by a calcium deposit in different tissues, mainly in kidneys. Digestive wall involvement has never been reported in the literature. Primary oxaluria should be considered in the presence of such a deposit in the gut wall.     

Histopathologic evidence for cardiomyopathy in a child with mitral valve prolapse

An intriguing relationship between idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and cardiomyopathy has been reported in adult cases of MVP. This paper reports a girl with idiopathic MVP, who presented with progressive cardiomegaly and cardiomyopathic findings on cardiac biopsy; right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy at the age of 15 years showed myocardial hypertrophy, disarray, myocardial degeneration, interstitial fibrosis and endocardial thickening. To our knowledge, this is the first case of idiopathic MVP in childhood that has been shown to have positive biopsy findings for cardiomyopathy.     

儿童慢性马兜铃酸肾病3例临床病理分析及文献复习

目的通过报告3例慢性马兜铃酸肾病,增加对其临床与病理特征的认识。方法对北京大学第一医院儿科收治的3例慢性马兜铃酸肾病患儿进行回顾性分析,总结其临床和病理特点,并复习相关文献。结果3例慢性马兜铃酸肾病患儿,男1例,女2例,年龄为10岁、14岁和16岁;分别因乙型肝炎、颅咽管瘤术后脑水肿和紫癜性肾炎服用含马兜铃酸成分的中草药或中成药4～8个月,于开始服用2个月至6年后发病;3例患儿均以不同程度的肾功能损害伴近-远端肾小管受损为主要表现,其中2例以贫血为首发症状,肾功能损害严重,均已达到肾衰竭尿毒症期,另1例以糖尿为首发表现,肾功能损害较轻,同时表现继发性Fanconi综合征。3例肾病理均以广泛性或多灶状寡细胞性间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩为特征,肾小球病变轻微,免疫荧光除2例因基础疾病见IgA(++～+++)外,均未见明显免疫复合物沉积。2例患儿停用含有马兜铃酸的药物后肾功能仍呈不同程度的进行性恶化,其中1例放弃治疗半年后死于消化道大出血,1例等待肾替代治疗;另1例肾功能损伤较轻者,停用含有马兜铃酸的药物后经小剂量糖皮质激素和营养肾小管治疗病情改善,肾功能及肾小管功能恢复,仍在临床随访中。结论儿童慢性马兜铃酸肾病临床特点是渐进性肾功能损害和肾小管功能受损,肾脏病理特征为广泛的寡细胞性间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩;在停服含马兜铃酸药物后肾功能恶化常不可逆转,最终导致终末期肾病;小剂量糖皮质激素对于缓解早期轻症者的病情可能有益。预防该病的关键在于提高对含马兜铃酸中药肾毒性的认识。     

儿童C1q肾病10例临床与病理分析

目的探讨C1q肾病的临床与病理改变的关系。方法对10例经肾活检确诊为C1q肾病患儿临床表现、肾小球、肾小管及免疫病理特征进行分析比较,6例肾病综合征中环磷酰胺冲击治疗3例,环胞素、霉酚酸酯和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗各1例。结果临床表现为单纯性血尿2例,肾炎综合征、急性肾炎各1例,肾病综合征6例;病理类型为轻微病变、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎各2例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5例,新月体肾炎1例;肾小管间质1例无改变,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;免疫荧光:系膜区均有娃著的以C1q为主的沉积。10例患儿平均随访25.7个月;6例肾病综合征均对激素抵抗,加用免疫抑制剂治疗,5例缓解,1例无效,肾功能渐减退。结论C1q肾病临床病理改变多样化,临床以肾病综合征为主,病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,对激素多不敏感,预后与间质损害程度相关,与C1q沉积无相关性。     

Medullary Cystic Disease and Juvenile Nephronophthisis in Separate Members of the Same Family

The clinical and pathological findings in three sibs dying in renal failure at 9, 15, and 21 years of age respectively are presented. The three sibs showed a similar clinical presentation with an insidious onset of azotaemia without hypertension in association with obligatory dilute urine virtually free of albumin and formed elements. There was renal osteodystrophy in all cases with tertiary hyperparathyroidism in one case.Necropsies were performed on the boy dying at 9 years of age and the girl dying at 21 years of age. In the former the renal histology most closely corresponded to that described in juvenile nephronophthisis while in the latter the appearances were those of medullary cystic disease.We hence affirm that familial juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease are basically the same disease and suggest that the development of cysts may be a secondary process, possibly consequent upon interstitial fibrosis and basement membrane thickening, becoming more pronounced with length of survival.The diagnosis in life may be suggested by the familial incidence and characteristic clinical presentation supported by renal biopsy.     

Renal histopathology in Alagille's syndrome

Various renal abnormalities have been reported in Alagille's syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia), usually as single case reports. The renal findings at autopsy of four patients with Alagille's syndrome, ranging in age from 4 1/2 months to 7 years, 2 of whom had evidence of renal dysfunction, are described and are compared with kidneys from patients with other cholestatic liver diseases of childhood. Two of the Alagille's patients had histologic findings suggestive of membranous nephropathy and special stains revealed accumulation of lipid in the glomerular and tubular basement membranes. Immunofluorescence of 1 revealed extensive accumulation of IgG and IgM. One patient had medullary cysts and mild interstitial fibrosis, and the fourth had a large subcapsular cyst and mild tubulointerstitial nephritis. All 4 cases, when examined with the electron microscope, revealed varying degrees of basement membrane thickening, splitting, and vacuolation with dense osmiophilic particles, most prominent in the patients with membranous nephropathy. These ultrastructural findings did not correlate with the degree of hyperlipidemia, but rather with the patient's age, and were also observed in other cholestatic diseases. The findings suggest that Alagille's syndrome is frequently associated with renal abnormalities, including lipid deposition, which may in some instances, lead to clinically significant renal impairment.     

小儿间质性肺疾病14例临床-影像-病理诊断分析

目的 了解小儿间质性肺疾病的临床特点、影像学特征和病理类型.方法 以2009年来自全国7家医院拟诊为弥漫性肺疾病的19例患儿为研究对象,收集所有病例的临床资料,住院期间做常规的呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养、呼吸道病毒抗原检查、血清的病毒和支原体抗体检查,以及血清学的免疫抗体检查,以排除感染和结缔组织病的因素;所有病例均进行胸CT或高分辨率CT检查,血气分析;据病情轻重和年龄尽可能进行肺功能检查;所有病例均进行肺活检.由临床医师、放射科医师和病理科医师按临床-放射-病理(C-R-P)诊断模式共同讨论3次完成最终疾病诊断.结果 19例中有5例被剔除,包括证实为真菌感染、肺血管异常和硬化性血管瘤各1例,2例资料不全.14例患儿诊断为间质性肺疾病,其中男10例,女4例,年龄范围为1岁4个月～13岁.(1)临床特点:14例均有咳嗽,12例同时有气短,8例三凹征,4例肺内可闻及湿哕音,5例有杵状指趾.(2)影像学特征:肺CT显示12例有磨玻璃影,另2例中,1例为弥漫性的细小结节影,1例为弥漫性网格影和泡性肺气肿.(3)病理证据:4例患儿的肺病理提供了确切诊断,包括2例肺泡蛋白沉着症,1例为肺泡微石症,1例为类脂性肺炎,另10例患儿肺组织提供了病理类型.(4)按C-R-P模式诊断:4例为继发性的间质性肺疾病,其中继发于系统性红斑狼疮的急性间质性肺炎1例,HIV感染引起的淋巴细胞间质性肺炎1例,2例为外源性过敏性肺泡炎;余6例为原因不明的间质性肺疾病,诊断为特发性间质性肺炎,包括4例非特异性间质性肺炎,1例急性间质性肺炎,1例为淋巴细胞间质性肺炎.结论 小儿间质性肺疾病是一组异质性疾病.临床表现无特异性,以咳嗽、气短为主要表现.肺部影像学以磨玻璃样阴影为主要改变.不同的间质性肺疾病病理表现各异.

Abstract：

Objective The pediatric interstitial lung disease is a group of poorly understood disease entities. This study aimed to better understand the clinical features, radiological manifestations and pathological patterns of pediatric interstitial lung disease. Method Patients with diffuse lung disease seen in the year 2009 in 7 hospitals were studied by the Pediatric Interstitial Lung Disease Cooperative Group.Nineteen patients underwent lung biopsy, 11 cases were male, 8 were female and their age ranged from 1 year and 4 months to 13 years. Respiratory tract secretions were obtained for bacterial culture, respiratory virus antigen examination, mycoplasma antibody, EB virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses antibody detection were performed. The CT or HRCT of the lung and blood-gas analysis and lung biopsy were performed for all the patients. One case underwent open lung biopsy, two cases received percutaneous biopsy, and other 16 cases were experienced video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy. Result Five cases had been excluded, for one case had fungal infection, one had abnormal pneumoangiogram, one had sclerosing hemangioma, and two had no sufficient data. The remaining 14 cases were included into the analysis. All the 14 cases had cough, 12 of them also had tachuyppoea, four cases had rales and five had clubbing. High resolution CT showed that 12 cases had ground-glass opacification, 1 had diffuse micronodular opacities, the pathological pattern of this case was pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and in the case of diffuse reticulonodular opacities and cysts, the pathology of the lung was NSIP. All the 14 cases had the proof of the diagnosis or the type of the pathology. Four cases were diagnosed by pathology of the lung, incuding 1 case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, 2 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1 case of lipoid pneumonia.Clinical-radiologic-pathologic (C-R-P) diagnosis of the other 10 cases were as follows: 4 cases had secondary interstitial lung disease, one secondary to LES, one to human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )infection and 2 had hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The other 6 cases had idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with unknown causes, of whom 4 cases had non-specific interstitial pneumonia, 1 case had acute interstitial pneumonia and 1 case had lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Conclusion Pediatric interstitial lung disease is a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical manifestation of these disorders was not specific,and the main symptoms were cough and tachypnoea. The ground-glass opacification was the main change in the HRCT of the lung. The different interstitial lung diseases have different pathological features. The C-R-P diagnostic analysis may enhance the rate of specific diagnosis and the awareness level of the pediatrician about the interstitial lung disease in childhood.     

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU syndrome) in childhood

During the last two years we have observed three children, aged 12-15 years, who developed acute non-oliguric renal failure with concomitant uveitis. Acute interstitial nephritis with lympho-monocytic infiltrates was diagnosed in all cases by renal biopsy. While two patients went into spontaneous remission, renal function in the remaining child improved only after treatment with oral prednisone. Withdrawal of steroid medication was promptly followed by a relapse, necessitating steroid therapy for a total of 4 months. The clinical and histological findings were consonant with the so-called TINU syndrome. While the pathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear, the prognosis seems to be favorable and most cases resolve spontaneously. However, in some cases, prolonged therapy with corticosteroids may be required.     

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目的探讨儿童特发性膜性肾病(IMN)的临床和病理特征。方法 1999年7月至2009年7月在中山大学附属第一医院确诊的IMN患儿13例,回顾性分析其临床病理特征、治疗及转归情况。结果 13例IMN患儿中男11例,女2例;就诊时中位年龄为11.4(3.0～14.5)岁;肾穿时中位病程为3.7(1.4～65.3)个月。确诊时临床表现为肾病综合征(NS)9例(单纯型1例,肾炎型8例),血尿蛋白尿3例,复发性肉眼血尿1例,伴高血压1例(7.7%)。所有患儿的肾功能均正常。肾脏病理结果:(1)光镜病理分期:Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期9例。4例伴肾小球球性硬化(球性硬化肾小球百分比分别为11.8%、2.9%、7.5%、4.5%),1例伴节段性硬化(节段硬化肾小球百分比为4.5%),3例伴肾小管萎缩,1例伴细胞纤维性新月体形成(3.8%)。(2)免疫荧光:以IgG、C3在肾小球基底膜(GBM)上皮下沉积为主(前者12/12例、后者10/12例),少数伴IgM、Fg、C1q和IgA沉积,但沉积强度较IgG、C3弱。(3)电镜:13例患儿GBM均有不同程度增厚,2例毛细血管腔内出现微血栓。根据患儿临床表现及病理分期予激素和(或)免疫抑制剂...     

Diagnostic and therapeutic problems posed by malignant non Hodgkin lymphoma of renal origin in children. Apropos of 7 cases]

BACKGROUND. The kidneys of non Hodgkin lymphoma patients frequently contain lymphoma cells, but these tumors rarely arise in the renal tissue and are rarely located there. PATIENTS. A diagnosis of non Hodgkin lymphoma of renal origin or predominantly located in kidneys was made in 7 patients aged 2-14 years old. These patients formed part of a total of 450 patients with non Hodgkin lymphomas seen from 1974 to 1987. The first manifestation in these 7 children was an abdominal mass associated with hypertension in 3 cases; 2 of whom presented with acute kidney failure. Ultrasonography showed hypoechogenous masses in one (2 cases) or both kidneys (5 cases). The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was made directly in only one patient who also presented with mediastinal and abdominal lymph node enlargement. In the others, the first diagnosis was Wilms tumor (5 cases) and polycystic disease of the kidney (1 case); the correct diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was later made from biopsies of renal (4 patients) or extrarenal involved tissue (2 patients). Six of the 7 cases were Burkitt lymphomas, and all 7 were in stage III (3 patients) and IV (4 patients). 6 patients (3 stage III and 3 stage IV) were successfully treated by chemotherapy with a median follow-up of 9 years. CONCLUSIONS. Differential diagnosis between non Hodgkin lymphomas of renal origin and a Wilms tumor may be difficult even though kidney failure is more frequent in lymphoma. Sonography is the best method for diagnosis showing typical hypoechogenous masses and diffuse homogeneous infiltration of the kidneys. In the absence of extrarenal (meningeal, testis, bone marrow) dissemination, definite evidence of lymphoma depends on the histological examination of tumoral tissue obtained by surgical biopsy.     

A new variant of the acrorenal syndrome associated with bilateral oligomeganephronic hypoplasia

The case of a 2-year-old boy with associated anomalies of the limbs and the urinary system is reported. Similar to cases reported earlier he presented a split hand and foot syndrome, but differed from previously reported cases by the presence of bilateral renal hypoplasia leading to end stage renal failure. Renal histology disclosed oligomeganephronia.     

NPHP3基因突变致婴幼儿期进展为终末期肾病的肾单位肾痨2例并文献复习

摘要目的：总结2例在婴幼儿期进展为终末期肾病（ESRD）的NPHP3基因突变致肾单位肾痨（NPHP）患儿的临床特征及基因突变的特点。方法：收集患儿的一般情况、肾活检、影像学、实验室检查和基因测序结果,并行文献复习。结果：①2例均为男性,发病年龄3和17个月,均以黄疸、肝功能异常为首发症状,2例进展至ESRD的年龄分别为11和35个月。例1肾活检病理肾小管间质炎,肾小球轻度病变,未见囊肿;肝脏活检肝细胞弥漫性变性,间质纤维组织增生。未发现家族中有类似疾病。②行高通量测序结果显示,例1存在NPHP3基因 C.2369A>G (p.L790P)、c.1358A>G (p.L453P)杂合错义突变,例2存在c.1174C>T(p.R392X)无义突变和IVS26 3A>G剪切突变。2例均为复合杂合突变,均分别来自患儿父母。p.L453P和p.L790P错义突变及IVS26 3A>G剪切突变经软件预测为有害突变。除IVS26 3A>G外均为新发现的突变。③共检索到18篇文献1 504例NPHP患者行NPHP3测序,79例检测到NPHP3纯合突变或复合杂合突变。其中19例在新生儿期进展为ESRD,需要肾脏替代治疗,常伴有肺发育不良和胰腺囊肿,在胎儿期表现为羊水少,超声提示双肾增大,伴有囊性改变,常被诊断为常染色体隐性遗传多囊肾;余20例（含文2例）在5岁前进展为ESRD,以肝功能异常和贫血为主要表现,常伴肝脏纤维化和胆管发育异常;42例在5岁后进展为ESRD,以贫血、肾功能异常和高血压等肾脏表型为主。 结论：NPHP3基因突变所致NPHP并非传统意义上的青年型NPHP,约半数在5岁前进展为ESRD,故婴幼儿期不明原因的黄疸和肝功能异常应警惕NPHP3基因突变可能。本研究发现的c.1358A>G、C.2369A>G和c.1174C>T突变为新发现的NPHP3基因突变类型。     

Naproxen nephrotoxicity in a 2-year-old child

The development of acute renal failure and interstitial nephritis due to therapeutic doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been documented repeatedly in adult patients but is rare in children. We report the occurrence of this complication in a child. Acute renal failure and hyperkalemia developed in a 2-year-old boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after one month of naproxen sodium therapy. The evidence of renal toxic effects became manifest after an episode of dehydration. A percutaneous renal biopsy specimen revealed interstitial nephritis. The patient recovered promptly after withdrawal of the drug.     

甲基丙二酸尿症的肾脏损害五例报告

目的探讨甲基丙二酸尿症肾脏损害的临床特点,以期提高认识,达到早期诊断、早期干预和改善预后的目的。方法对尿有机酸分析确诊的5例有肾脏受累的甲基丙二酸尿症患者的临床表现、生化特点以及诊疗情况进行分析。结果5例患者均有不同程度的肾小球及肾小管受累表现,其中2例有肾功能不全,肾脏受累可先于、同时或晚于神经系统受累。5例均为钻胺素反应型,治疗后肾脏损害得到不同程度的改善。结论对于不明原因的血尿、蛋白尿、肾功能下降的患者,特别应注意有无合并神经系统体征,尽早行代谢病筛查及尿有机酸分析,以免延误诊断。     

Leflunomide therapy for BK virus allograft nephropathy after pediatric kidney transplantation

The BK virus (BKV) can be reactivated with immunosuppressive treatment in renal allograft recipients, which can result in interstitial nephritis (BKV‐associated nephropathy, BKVAN) and lead to renal allograft failure. Recently, leflunomide has been reported in some case series of BKVAN with favorable results. Most studies have included only adult patients, we herein report a pediatric case and include a literature review. The patient was a nine‐yr‐old female with end‐stage renal disease due to hypoxic kidney injury. A deceased donor renal transplant was performed and good initial allograft function was achieved following treatment with prednisolone, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. The serum Cr level increased to 1.6 mg/dL over the following four‐month period. A kidney biopsy revealed pathologic findings of acute cellular rejection and BK nephropathy. After methylprednisolone pulse therapy was administered to control acute rejection, the tacrolimus dose was reduced, and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and leflunomide therapy were administered to control the BKVAN. Over the following 18 months, the viral load steadily decreased and remained below 100 copies/mL in the plasma. Leflunomide therapy in addition to a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapies resulted in a significant decline in the BK viral load without further deterioration of renal function.     

Familial juvenile nephronophthisis. A review and differential diagnosis

Familial juvenile nephronophthisis (FJN) is a frequent cause of chronic renal failure in children and adolescents. Typically it presents after 6 years of age through adolescence, but may become apparent in early childhood. The clinical presentation is insidious, and the early symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia are often overlooked in the presence of a relatively normal urinalysis and in the absence of proteinuria, azotemia, and hypertension. Thus most patients are not diagnosed until after the onset of renal failure. These children are excellent candidates for properly selected transplantation.