福建地区汉族人群甘露糖结合蛋白基因多态性

目的探讨福建地区汉族人群甘露糖结合蛋白（MBP）基因多态性分布规律。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性方法,对152例福建地区汉族健康人MBP基因第54号密码子多态性进行检测,并与其它人群比较。结果 MBP基因第54号密码子基因型频率为：GGC/GGC（71.1%）,GGC/GAC（28.9%）,GAC/GAC（0.0%）;等位基因频率为：GGC（85.5%）,GAC（14.5%）。结论福建地区汉族人群MBP基因多态分布与中国汉族、蒙古族、藏族、彝族和香港华人接近;与北欧人群和东欧人群显著不同。     

精神分裂症患者MBL基因ExonI 54位密码子点突变频率与血清水平的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者血清MBL水平与基因突变的相关性,了解MBL在患者免疫病理机制中的作用。方法应用ELISA法检测血清MBL水平;利用PCR产物直接测序的方法检测MBL基因外显子Ⅰ第54位密码子(MBL-54)的点突变频率。结果精神分裂症患者血清MBL水平(1367.218±1277.429ng/mL)明显低于对照组(1987.781±976.748ng/mL)(t=2.888,P=0.047)。MBL-54基因型GGC/GGC突变频率(55.77%)低于对照组(69.23%)(χ^2=2.010,P=0.224);GGC/GAC型突变频率(42.31%)高于对照组的(28.85%)(χ^2=2.298,P=0.315);GGC/GAC型的患者血清MBL水平(1034.52±529.72ng/mL)明显低于对照组(2195.81±1275.38ng/mL)(t=3.336,P=0.0039)。结论精神分裂症患者血清低水平的MBL可能与MBL-54基因型GGC/GGC突变率减低,GGC/GAC突变率升高的综合作用相关,MBL可能是患者体内CIC滞留或清除障碍的分子机制之一。     

广东地区汉族人MBL基因GGC54GAC点突变的初步筛查

目的对广东地区汉族人群的甘露聚糖结合凝集素结构基因第一外显子第54位密码点突变(GGC54GAC)进行初步筛查.方法提取外周血白细胞DNA进行相应片段的PCR扩增,再对产物进行单链构象多态性分析.结果在166人中查出野生型纯合子147例,占88.55%,GGC54GAC突变杂合子19例,占11.45%,未发现GGC54GAC突变纯合子.结论广东地区汉族人群MBL基因GGC54GAC突变频率为0.057.     

慢性HBV感染者甘露糖结合蛋白基因多态性与疾病进展及与HBV DNA相关性的研究

目的 探讨慢性HBV感染者甘露糖结合蛋白(MBP)基因多态性对慢性乙型肝炎患者疾病进展的影响及与HBV DNA载量的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法和实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)技术对244例慢性乙型肝炎患者、151例肝硬化患者和88名正常对照者的MBP基因第54号密码子多态性和血清HBV DNA载量进行检测.结果 CHB轻、中度组患者MBP基因GGC/GAC基因型频率和GAC等位基因频率与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);CHB重度组、代偿性LC组、失代偿性LC组MBP基因GGC/GAC基因型频率和GAC等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.05);其中失代偿性LC组突变率最高,为36.5％.慢性HBV感染者MBP基因GGC/GAC基因型频率和GAC等位基因频率不随HBV DNA载量而变化(P＞0.05).结论 MBP基因第54号密码子突变与HBV DNA载量无明显关系,而与慢性HBV感染进展有关.     

湖北汉族人群甘露糖结合凝集素基因外显子1多态性与SLE关联性的研究

目的：分析湖北汉族人群甘露糖结合凝集素(Mannose-Binding LectionL或Mannose-Binding Protein,MBL或MBP)基因外显子1多态性，探讨其与系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,SLE)的易感性关系。方法：采用异源双链杂交技术对111例健康正常人和41例SLE患者的MBL基因外显子1多态性进行分析。结果：①共检测出两种等位基因：野生型A和变异型B(在54位密码子由GGC→GAC)，未检出变异型C、D等位基因。②正常对照中A等位基因及B等位基因的基因频率分别为0．910和0．090，符合Hardy-Wernberg定律；与此前在日本人中报道的A及B等位基因频率0．767和0．233相比，变异型B的等位基因频率明显低于后者(P＜0．05)。③SLE病人组中B等位基因频率为0．146，高于正常对照组，但差异无显著性意义。结论：在湖北汉族人群中MBL基因外显子1具有遗传多态性，而且与已知其他人群的分布频率有一定差异。MBL基因外显子1的遗传多态性并不与系统性红斑狼疮相关联。     

中国汉族、维吾尔族人群甘露聚糖结合凝素基因多态性的检测

分别收集广东省汉族和新疆维吾尔族自治区维吾尔族一般人群血标本,提取白细胞基因组DNA,以多聚酶链反应扩增目的基因片段,应用荧光探针杂交可视技术检测其甘露聚糖结合凝集素(MBL)基因54位密码点突变(GGC54GAC)。从138份汉族样本中检出GGC54GAC突变型纯合子4例,占2.9%,杂合子30例,占21.74%;120份维吾尔族标本中,检出突变型纯合子3例,占2.5%,杂合子34例,占28.33%。因此,汉族和维吾尔族人群MBL基因GGC54GAC突变的频率分别为0.138和0.167,两民族间无明显差异。     

广东地区汉族人MBL基因点突变的研究

目的：研究我国汉族人群甘露聚糖结合凝集素（MBL）结构基因外显子1第52、54、57位密码点突变（CGT52TGT、GGC54GAC和GGA57GAA）。方法：收集广东地区汉族普通人群的血标本，提取白细胞基因组DNA，以PCR扩增目的基冈片段，应用荧光探针杂交可视技术检测其MBL基因的点突变。结果：从202份样本中，检出GGC54GAC点突变纯合子6例和杂合子44例（等位基因频率为0．139），GGA57GAA点突变杂合子1例（频率为0．002），未发现CGT52TGT点突变（频率为0）。结论：广东地区汉族人群MBL基因点突变的频率较高，为防治MBL缺损病提供了一定的实验依据。     

中国维吾尔族人群MBL基因启动子及第一外显子区SNP及其单倍型与基因型研究

收集新疆维吾尔族自治区维吾尔族一般人群血标本,提取白细胞基因组DNA,以序列特异性引物-多聚酶链反应技术检测其甘露聚糖结合凝集素(MBL)基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性位点-550G/C(称H/L等位基因)、-221C/G(X/Y)、+4C/T(P/Q)和结构基因第一外显子点突变CGT52TGT、GGC54GAC和GGA57GAA(分别称为D、B、C等位基因,野生型即A等位基因),并分析其单倍型与基因型。发现MBL基因启动子区等位基因主要为L、Y、P,第一外显子等位基因只发现B,未检出C和D;检出5种单倍型,其频率分别是HYPA 0.282、LYPA 0.268、LXPA 0.260、LYPB 0.120、LYQA 0.070。检出12种基因型,其频率分别为HYPA/HYPA 0.183、LXPA/LXPA 0.141、LYPA/LYQA 0.113、LYPA/LYPA 0.112、LYPA/LXPA 0.085、HYPA/LYPA 0.085、LXPA/LYPB 0.085、HYPA/LXPA 0.070、HYPA/LYPB 0.042、LYPA/LYPB 0.028、LYPB/LYQA 0.028、YPB/LYPB 0.028。     

转化生长因子β1基因869T/C、915G/C多态性与食管癌关系的研究

目的研究转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)第1外显子+869T/C、+915G/C基因多态性与广西地区食管癌的关系。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)技术,检测118例食管癌患者和130例正常对照组TGF-β1的基因多态性,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清TGF-β1水平。结果食管癌患者血清TGF-β1水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),TGF-β1基因+915G/C多态性各等位基因及基因型频率在两组人群中的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),等位基因频率的相对风险分析发现,C等位基因携带者患食管癌的风险是G等位基因的3.077倍(OR=3.077,95%CI1.336~7.087),携带C等位基因食管癌患者血清TGF-β1水平显著高于不携带者[(55.37±9.76)μg/Lvs(48.29±8.29)μg/L,P<0.05];而TGF-β1基因+869T/C多态性在食管癌组和正常人群中的分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TGF-β1基因+915G/C多态性与食管癌的发病具有相关性,其中C等位基因可能是食管癌发病的遗传易感基因;携带C等位基因的个体可能通过促进TGF-β1的高度表达进而增加了食管癌的发病风险。     

广西壮族人群ICAM-1基因多态性及血清水平与脑梗死关系的研究

探讨细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)基因K469E多态性各等位基因及基因型在广西壮族脑梗死患者中的分布频率,初步分析其基因及血清水平与脑梗死的关系。采用聚合酶连反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)和DNA序列测定法检测19例脑梗死及210例对照者ICAM-1基因第6外显子K469E多态性,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测脑梗死和对照者血清ICAM-1水平。脑梗死组ICAM-1血清水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),ICAM-1基因K469E基因频率和等位基因频率在脑梗死组和对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),等位基因频率的相对风险分析发现,E等位基因携带者患脑梗死的风险是K等位基因的1.454倍(OR=1.454,95%CI1.090～1.940),携带E等位基因的脑梗死患者ICAM-1血清水平显著高于不携带者(503.31±141.32)ng/ml和(489.80±122.43)ng/ml,(P<0.01)。ICAM-1基因K469E多态性与脑梗死的发病具有相关性,E等位基因可能是广西地区壮族人脑梗死发病的遗传易感基因,携带E等位基因的个体可能通过促进ICAM-1的高度表达进而增加脑梗死的发病风险。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.