多种RNA分子在肿瘤热疗研究中的进展

随着热疗技术的发展和进步,热疗在肿瘤治疗领域发挥重大作用。RNA分子运载着基因和调控信息,并能反映细胞的实时状态,因此敏感特异性的RNA分子在临床精准医疗中显得尤为重要。 关键RNA分子在肿瘤细胞热疗中的特异性表达,一方面可以揭示肿瘤热疗的分子机制,另一方面也作为肿瘤预后和诊断的重要标记。     

miR-199a在消化系统肿瘤中的相关研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）是一类内源性非编码短链RNA。研究发现miRNA具有癌基因或抑癌基因样作用,参与多种恶性肿瘤的演进,是肿瘤发生、发展过程中的重要分子,其中miR-199a最受关注。miR-199a在消化系统肿瘤中表达上调,发挥着类似于癌基因的作用。miR-199a通过对靶基因的调控,增强肿瘤细胞的增殖、浸润及转移能力,且与消化系统肿瘤患者的无复发生存时间与总生存时间密切相关。体外研究证实,抑制miR-199a表达或阻碍其与靶基因的相互作用在消化系统肿瘤的治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。本文就miR-199a在消化系统肿瘤的调控机制、增殖与凋亡、侵袭、耐药与转移中的 作用,及其临床价值作一综述。     

微小RNA在肿瘤干细胞中的研究进展

肿瘤干细胞学说（tumorstemcells,TSCs）认为肿瘤组织中存在一小部分细胞具有干细胞特性,具有自我更新和多向分化的潜能,是肿瘤形成、发展、转移及复发的根本原因。最近的研究发现微小RNA（miRNA）在维持肿瘤干细胞生物学特性方面发挥着重要作用。探讨miRNA参与调控肿瘤干细胞特性的分子机制,具有重要的理论意义。     

长链非编码RNA在肿瘤转移研究中的进展

近年来一些长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)被发现参与调控多种肿瘤侵袭及转移,而肿瘤转移是临床上影响肿瘤患者生存预后的主要原因.因此深入研究lncRNA与肿瘤转移的关系对提高肿瘤治疗效果、改善患者预后有重要意义.全文就lncRNA调控肿瘤转移机制的最新进展作一综述.     

MiRNA在肿瘤血管生成中的研究进展

摘 要：肿瘤血管生成在肿瘤的生长和转移过程中发挥重要的作用。微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类内源性单链非编码RNA分子,通过转录后水平调控广泛参与肿瘤相关生物学过程。MiRNA通过调控促血管生成因子、血管生成抑制因子及血管生成相关信号通路来促进或抑制肿瘤血管生成,并介导肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞间细胞通讯。全文对miRNA在肿瘤血管生成中的调控作用进行总结,并对miRNA作为抗肿瘤血管生成新的治疗手段及抗血管生成治疗效果生物标志物的临床意义进行讨论。     

淋巴管与肿瘤转移

肿瘤转移中淋巴转移是其最常见、最基本的途径，在肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移过程中，肿瘤血管和淋巴管的生成是重要的影响因素。随着对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)家族的深入研究，逐渐发现其在肿瘤淋巴管的生成中起重要调控作用。现综述与肿瘤转移相关的淋巴管解剖特征、肿瘤淋巴管生成、转移中的分子调控机制及治疗策略等。     

microRNA与肿瘤转移

微RNA(microRNA)又称微小RNA、miRNA,是在转录后水平对编码蛋白质的mRNA进行调控的一族内源性非编码小RNA.越来越多的研究结果证实microRNA在肿瘤转移过程中发挥重要作用,肿瘤转移相关microRNA的研究已成为关注的热点.microRNA可能给肿瘤转移的诊断与治疗带来新的突破.     

淋巴管与肿瘤转移

肿瘤转移中淋巴转移是其最常见、最基本的途径,在肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移过程中,肿瘤血管和淋巴管的生成是重要的影响因素.随着对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)家族的深入研究,逐渐发现其在肿瘤淋巴管的生成中起重要调控作用.现综述与肿瘤转移相关的淋巴管解剖特征、肿瘤淋巴管生成、转移中的分子调控机制及治疗策略等.     

环状RNA在肿瘤中的研究进展

摘 要：环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA )是一类由mRNA 3′及5′末端首尾相连形成的无蛋白编码功能的RNA分子,研究发现其可通过调节肿瘤相关基因转录水平及转录后水平来促进肿瘤的发病,并与肿瘤的转移、预后等显著相关。该文通过总结环状RNA在肿瘤中的研究进展,发现其可通过与miRNA的海绵作用以及调控肿瘤信号通路因子的方式在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥相应作用。环状RNA在肿瘤发病中作用的具体分子机制研究,可为肿瘤的预防、早期诊断及精准治疗提供一种全新的理论支持。     

炎症对上皮间质转化的调控机制

炎症在肿瘤发生发展中发挥重要作用.上皮间质转化（EMT）是肿瘤增殖、侵袭及转移过程中的重要分子机制.越来越多的研究表明,炎症与EMT密切相关.在炎症微环境中,细胞因子和炎症微生物都参与EMT的调控.     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.