Iliac compression syndrome and recanalization of femoropopliteal and iliac venous thrombosis: a prospective study with magnetic resonance venography

OBJECTIVES: Poor iliac vein recanalization has been associated with compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery (RCIA/LCIV compression); however, this finding has been difficult to confirm. In a baseline study, RCIA/LCIV compression was detected with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with deep venous thrombosis. We compared recanalization of left femoropopliteal and iliac thrombosis with and without RCIA/LCIV compression. METHODS: This was a prospective blinded study carried out in a 1355-bed university hospital. Thirty-one patients were recruited from consecutive cohorts of patients with iliofemoral and femoropopliteal DVT who underwent direct thrombus magnetic resonance imaging, venous enhanced peak arterial magnetic resonance venography, and magnetic resonance arteriography as part of the baseline study relating RCIA/LCIV compression to extent of thrombosis. Magnetic resonance venography was performed 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Femoropopliteal and iliac venous segments that were occluded at diagnosis were classified as occluded, partially occluded, or patent on follow-up scans. RESULTS: At 6-week follow-up, recanalization of all segments was incomplete. At both 6-month and 1-year follow-up, recanalization of left iliac segments associated with RCIA/LCIV compression was poorer compared with recanalization of left iliac segments not associated with compression (6 of 6 occluded vs 1 of 6 occluded and 1 of 6 partially occluded at 6 months, P =.015; 6 of 6 occluded vs 5 of 5 patent at 1 year, P = .002). This was due to complete failure of recanalization of left common iliac veins associated with RCIA/LCIV compression in 6 of 6 cases. All other iliac and femoropopliteal segments including left external iliac veins associated with RCIA/LCIV compression had high rates of recanalization at both 6 months and 1 year. CONCLUSION: RCIA/LCIV compression is associated with persistent occlusion of the left common iliac vein. The recanalization rate for all other femoropopliteal and iliac segments was high.     

腔内治疗髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效分析

目的探讨腔内治疗髂静脉压迫综合征(iliac vein compression syndrome,IVCS)合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性收集和分析甘肃省人民医院血管外科2015年6月至2018年6月期间行支架置入与球囊扩张联合AngioJet机械血栓抽吸术治疗IVCS合并急性下肢DVT的57例患者的临床资料。通过患者术前及术后患健膝下15 cm处肢体周径差的变化和术中血栓清除率评价治疗效果。此外,术后依据改良的Villaita量表评分,患者的症状、体征和下肢静脉超声及造影检查统计血栓后综合征(postthrombotic syndrome,PTS)的发生率和髂静脉的通畅率。结果本组患者的手术均顺利,技术成功率为100%;术中及术后均无肺栓塞发生;下肢深静脉血栓清除率达Ⅲ级48例(84.2%),达Ⅱ级9例(15.8%);术后患健侧膝下15 cm处肢体周径差从(5.8±1.7)cm降至(3.7±1.0)cm(P<0.001)。术后随访1年结果:髂静脉狭窄置入支架术后12个月的通畅率为86.0%(49/57);有8例(14.0%)患者发生PTS(Villalta评分>5分)。结论支架置入与球囊扩张联合AngioJet机械血栓抽吸术治疗IVCS合并急性下肢DVT形成是一种安全、有效且易于进行的血管腔内治疗方法,具有高效的血栓清除率和高的通畅率。     

非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征漏诊病例分析及其腔内治疗效果评价

目的:探讨非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征(NIVCS)漏诊的原因及其腔内治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月—2014年12月23例NIVCS漏诊患者的临床资料。结果:23例患者均为女性;平均年龄50.3(36~64)岁;均以原发性左下肢静脉曲张为首诊,行左侧大隐静脉高位结扎、主干抽剥+点式抽剥术。患者术后平均6.2(1~13)个月出现静脉曲张复发,患肢疼痛、肿胀、疲劳;左下肢顺行静脉造影后确诊NIVCS,予左髂静脉球囊扩张+支架植入术。患者腔内修复术后症状评分(4.2 vs.6.9)、支架两端压力差(1.70 cm H2O vs.5.19 cm H2O)均较术前明显降低(均P0.05)。腔内修复术疗效评价分别为治愈7例,好转16例。随访1~24个月无复发及支架相关并发症。结论:NIVCS漏诊率高,对于女性、左下肢静脉曲张首诊的患者应提高对该病的警惕性;腔内治疗疗效确切,远期并发症少。     

髂静脉受压综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性腔内治疗

目的：探讨综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：选取2004年10月—2012年10月,315例髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,左侧277例,右侧38例。均行局麻下患侧股静脉穿刺,并在导丝引导下,采用12~14 F鞘管机械性血栓抽吸或配合Fogarty球囊取栓,对髂静脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管成形术或支架植入,术后根据血栓清除情况,行抗凝或置管溶栓治疗。 结果：患肢肿胀、疼痛均于术后1~2 d内开始消退或减轻。血栓清除III级（清除率>95%）80.32%、II级（清除率50%~95%）18.09%、I级（清除率<50%）1.59%。支架植入后,治愈86.03%、显效10.79%、好转2.54%、无效0.64%。出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差均小于入院时（均P<0.05）。随访通畅率分别为3~6个月95.87%,7~12个月95.53%,13~24个月94.25%,25~36个月92.33%。 结论：综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成,疗效显著、恢复时间短,是安全有效的方法。     

The treatment of acute venous thromboses with renokinase

The article presents results of treatment of 53 patients with acute thrombosis of profound veins of various localizations by means of a new home thrombolytic drug, physiologic activator plasminogen--renokinase. High effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with good rehabilitation or marked clinical improvement was obtained in 79% of the patients. Renokinase is areactogenic and may be used many times.     

Children with cerebral venous thrombosis diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography.

From 1985 to 1991, 13 children were diagnosed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Saint Francis Medical Center, with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) by magnetic resonance imaging scan. Ages ranged from newborn to 5 years. Six children were premature neonates, five were term neonates and two were 5 years old. In the premature neonates, thrombosis was usually associated with other problems. All the term neonates had seizures. In all neonates, thrombosis resolved without any specific treatment. In the two older children, one presented with pseudotumor cerebri and one with coma. These children required neurosurgical intervention. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained in 9 of 13 children and showed thrombus resolution in each case. Three children were studied in the acute and convalescent stages by magnetic resonance angiography using time-of-flight techniques. Each follow-up magnetic resonance angiogram showed improvement in venous flow consistent with their clinical course and other imaging studies. We conclude that 1) CVT in children encompasses a range of clinical conditions which may or may not require neurosurgical intervention; 2) magnetic resonance imaging is superior to other modalities for the diagnosis of CVT; and 3) magnetic resonance angiography is an alternative means to monitor the evolution of CVT and efficacy of therapeutic intervention.     

非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征在下肢慢性静脉功能不全中的诊治意义

目的 探讨非血栓性髂静脉受压综合征(NIVCS)在下肢慢性静脉功能不全中的诊治意义.方法 对210例下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)伴NIVCS患者的治疗成功率、疗效及并发症进行分析.结果 本组男116例,女94例,左下肢192例,右下肢18例,平均年龄55.7岁.介入球囊扩张+支架植入或联合浅静脉手术共210例,技术成功率100.0％.浅静脉曲张治愈率95.8％,下肢肿胀缓解率76.9％,疼痛缓解率80.2％,溃疡愈合率75.0％.平均随访32.4个月,支架总通畅率100.0％.结论 纠正NIVCS或联合抗返流手术能明显改善CVI患者的症状,提出NIVCS可能是部分CVI的基础疾病.     

导管溶栓联合髂静脉介入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 总结经三种入路导管溶栓联合髂静脉介入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效.方法 分析急性下肢深静脉血栓形成137例患者的临床资料,经小隐静脉置管溶栓107例,大隐静脉置管21例,胭静脉置管9例.对66例左髂静脉狭窄进行扩张,60例置入支架.结果 经小隐静脉置管的肢体消肿率为82.3％±7.6％,经大隐静脉置管为81.6％±6.0％,经胭静脉置管为83.9％±6.1％,3种入路间两两比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);溶栓率依次为63.5％±7.7％、66.9％±8.4％和66.1％±2.7％,3种入路间两两比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);3种入路置管平均耗时依次为(20.8±1.1) min、(7.3±0.3)min和(15.7±0.6)min,经大隐静脉置管耗时较短(P＜0.05).经小隐静脉置管有12例溶栓过程中并发切口出血,5例出现静脉炎,8例并发隐神经损伤;经胭静脉置管有2例并发术后腘窝血肿形成;经大隐静脉置管的并发症发生率较低(P＜0.05).随访112例,随访时间7～ 22个月,平均(10.1±1.5)个月.97例无患肢肿胀.经下肢深静脉造影或彩色多普勒检查,89例静脉通畅,8例血栓复发.结论 导管溶栓联合髂静脉介入是治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效方法,经大隐静脉途径置管溶栓操作简单、术后并发症较少.     

Scimitar syndrome: cine magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

A "scimitar" shadow was found on routine chest roentgenography in an asymptomatic patient. Evaluation with cine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an anomalous pulmonary vein draining into the inferior vena cava below the diaphragm. The diagnosis of scimitar syndrome was confirmed and successfully repaired at operation. Cine magnetic resonance imaging may be of considerable value in the assessment of congenital pulmonary venous abnormalities and may provide an alternative to more traditional invasive diagnostic techniques in certain circumstances.     

Treatment of acute venous thromboses in patients with varicose disease of lower extremity veins

The work was devoted to surgical methods of treatment of acute venous thromboses of main lower extremity veins for prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with varicose disease of lower extremities. Possibilities of surgical correction of the venous blood flow are discussed at different variants of the course of acute venous thrombosis. An analysis of treatment of 92 patients with thrombotic lesions of the main lower extremity veins and high danger of thromboembolic complications has shown that more than 40% of patients with venous thromboembolism need treatment with surgical and medicodiagnostic endovascular interventions. Surgical and endovascular methods of prophylactics of thromboembolism of the lesser circle of blood circulation for complicated forms of chronic venous insufficiency are described.     

Appearance of venous malformations on magnetic resonance imaging

The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of venous malformations, all angiographically verified, was evaluated in 11 patients. A venous malformation is characteristically depicted as a tubular area of decreased signal intensity in the white matter of the brain. In one patient, a histologically verified cavernous malformation was also present with a characteristic mixed signal-intensity core on the T2-weighted MR images. Care should be used when evaluating venous angiomas to exclude the presence of a lesion with associated prominent venous drainage, such as a glioma.     

Sedation with magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients

219 children (ASA I-II, age 30 days-12 yrs), underwent deep sedation with intravenous thiopental for magnetic resonance imaging in a hospital setting. Sedation strategies and monitoring are described. The procedure showed to be safe for the patients and cause low artefacts by movements.     

Congenital anomalies of inferior vena cava in young patients with iliac deep venous thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in young patients is frequently associated with hereditary biological thrombophilia, autoimmune disorders, or neoplasia. Advances in venous ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography have allowed for the identification of inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies as newly considered etiologic factor. We present two cases of VTE in young patients: the first case involves left IVC in a 22-year-old man and the second involves IVC atresia in a 39-year-old man. IVC anomalies should be identified in young patients with spontaneous VTE involving the iliac veins because they are at a high risk for thrombotic recurrence and adaptation to long periods of antithrombotic therapy.     

Evaluation of an acute nerve compression injury with magnetic resonance neurography

Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is performed routinely, current techniques offer little for evaluation of the peripheral nervous system. An animal model was developed to evaluate the appearance and geographic changes associated with an acute nerve compression injury by MR neurography. Several measurements of signal intensity were made for the contralateral noninjured nerve and each sciatic nerve proximal to the site of compression (PN), at the site of compression (CN), and distal to the site of compression (DN) injury. Mean (+/-SEM) values of the MR nerve/muscle signal intensity ratio were 2.24 +/- 0.08 for normal nerve, 2.29 +/- 0.12 for PN, 3.11 +/- 0.31 for CN, and 4.33 +/- 0.47 for DN. There was a statistically significant geographic variation of nerve/muscle signal intensity ratios along the course of the nerve relative to the site of injury that MR neurography could detect. Magnetic resonance neurography may have significant potential to provide more information about problems such as brachial plexus injuries and peripheral nerve compression.     

Effect of mechanical compression on the prevalence of proximal deep venous thrombosis as assessed by magnetic resonance venography

BACKGROUND: Patients have been shown to be at greater risk for deep venous thrombosis, particularly proximal thrombosis, after total hip arthroplasty. Proximal thrombi are more likely to develop into pulmonary emboli than are distal thrombi. The purpose of this randomized, prospective study was to compare the prevalence of pelvic and proximal lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis after primary total hip arthroplasty between patients treated with an impulse mechanical compression device for prophylaxis and those treated with prophylactic stockings. METHODS: One hundred patients were evaluated, with use of magnetic resonance venography, for proximal deep venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. Fifty patients were treated with a mechanical compression device on both lower extremities, and the other fifty patients received only prophylactic stockings. Both groups of patients received hypotensive epidural anesthesia and 325 mg of aspirin twice a day. RESULTS: Overall, proximal deep venous thrombi were found in 15% of the 100 patients. Of the fifty patients treated with mechanical compression, 8% (four) had a positive venogram. Of the fifty control patients, 22% (eleven) had a positive venogram (p < 0.05). However, overall the rate of occlusive thrombi was 6% (six) compared with an overall rate of nonocclusive thrombi of 9% (nine). The rate of occlusive thrombi was 2% (one of fifty) in the study group and 10% (five of fifty) in the control group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this study, we concluded that patients managed with total hip arthroplasty benefit from a reduction in the rates of femoral and pelvic deep vein thrombosis when they are treated with hypotensive epidural anesthesia, mechanical compression, and aspirin and are subsequently assessed with magnetic resonance venography.     

Tumoral thrombosis of cerebral venous sinuses: preoperative diagnosis using magnetic resonance phase imaging

Intracranial, dural-based neoplasms will not infrequently invade adjacent venous sinuses. Therefore, the preoperative diagnosis of venous invasion is important, as it will alter the surgical approach to the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive means of visualizing the cerebral venous sinuses. The preoperative diagnosis of venous thrombosis can, however, be difficult and confusing with conventional spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging because of variable appearances produced by blood clot degradation products as well as flowing blood. Phase magnetic resonance imaging is a simple method that can be acquired simultaneously with conventional spin-echo sequences, and is based primarily on whether protons are stationary or moving. In the context of venous sinus occlusion, phase imaging can demonstrate the presence or absence of blood flow more easily than spin-echo imaging. Three cases of dural-based neoplasms are presented that demonstrate the utility of phase imaging in diagnosing tumoral occlusion of the venous sinuses.     

P选择素在肾病综合征并发深静脉血栓中的作用及犬血栓模型磁共振分子成像观察

目的 观察P选择素在肾病综合征（NS）并发深静脉血栓形成（DVT）中作用，探讨P选择素靶向对比剂及分子磁共振成像（MRI）在DVT犬模型早期诊断应用的可行性。 方法 （1）选择我院2005年至2006年间住院NS患者41例，根据核素深静脉造影检查有无伴发DVT，再分为DVT组和无DVT组，检测患者血中P选择素含量。（2）选择健康成年毕格犬，建立DVT模型，并按造模即刻、1 h、3 h采血并取静脉损伤节段，行血管组织和血中P选择素含量检测。（3）利用研制的抗P选择素单抗，制成P选择素靶向对比剂，结合体外犬静脉损伤节段血管MRI，进行犬活体内观察。 结果 （1）NS患者血P选择素水平较健康组显著增高（P < 0.01），DVT组又较无伴DVT组明显增高（P < 0.01）。（2）模型犬血P选择素水平较对照犬显著增高（P < 0.05），且于受损血管内膜及血栓形成部位明显表达。（3）制备的MRI对比剂，体外可明显增强犬离体受损血管与血栓部位显像信号。体内于犬静脉损伤局部注射对比剂30 min，MRI即显示高于周围肌肉显影的血管信号；1 h可见附壁血栓增强信号；至3 h随血栓形成增大而持续强化，实验组对比度噪声比 （CNR）值与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（11.51±2.32比2.71±0.86，P < 0.01），且显示了与P选择素表达一致的信号强化效果。另从犬损伤部位远心端注射对比剂30 min至1 h，也显示了上述成像效果；2 h至4 h血栓信号由明显上升渐见趋缓，延迟24 h信号强度减弱，实验组CNR值与对照组间差异也有统计学意义（10.40±2.15比1.93±0.57，P < 0.01）。此外，该对比剂对实验犬的生命体征及心、肺、肝、肾等脏器均无明显影响。 结论 P选择素参与NS合并DVT。利用P选择素单抗MRI对比剂，可在活体内早期定位显像及反映血栓形成状态，为DVT早期诊断提供了一种可行方法。     

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence and distribution of direct brain injury caused by acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by the use of magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), were performed in 32 patients with SAH by use of a 1.5-T whole-body superconductive scanner equipped with an echo planar imaging system. In all cases, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained at the time of admission, before angiography and surgical intervention. RESULTS: No abnormalities were revealed by DWI in any of the low-grade SAH patients. However, five (71%) of seven patients diagnosed as having poor-grade SAH (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Grades 4 and 5) displayed multiple, patchy focal abnormalities on DWI. Computed tomographic scans obtained at admission failed to clearly demonstrate all of the damaged areas of the brain that were visualized by DWI. These lesions were located in supratentorial cerebral parenchyma, but not in the thalamus, basal ganglia, or cerebellar hemisphere. These multiple widespread lesions exhibiting laminar involvement of the cerebral cortex were not associated with the site of the ruptured aneurysm. CONCLUSION: DWI revealed widespread multifocal lesions in the cerebral cortex of acute poor-grade SAH patients. DWI provides accurate images of all areas of brain damage directly attributable to SAH.     

High-field magnetic resonance imaging in patients with moyamoya disease

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a quantitative tool for estimating cerebral circulation in patients with moyamoya disease. METHODS: Eighteen patients with moyamoya disease who were scheduled to undergo revascularization surgery and 100 healthy volunteers were examined using T2-reversed MR imaging performed using a 3-tesla system. Ten of the 18 patients underwent a second study between 1 year and 3 years after revascularization. Magnetic resonance images obtained in the patients with moyamoya disease were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained in healthy volunteers. The MR imaging findings were also correlated with results of single-photon emission computerized tomography and conventional cerebral angiography studies. Transverse lines in the white matter (medullary streaks) were observed in almost all persons. In healthy volunteers, the diameter sizes of the medullary streaks increased significantly with age (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age-adjusted medullary streak diameters were significantly larger in patients with moyamoya disease (p < 0.001). Diameter sizes also increased significantly with the increased severity of cerebral hypoperfusion (p < 0.001) and a higher angiographically determined stage of the disease (p < 0.001). Diameter sizes decreased significantly after surgery (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The increases in medullary streak diameters observed in patients with moyamoya disease appear to represent vessels dilated due to cerebral hypoperfusion. High-field T2-reversed MR imaging is useful in estimating cerebral circulation in patients with moyamoya disease.