Medium-term results of percutaneous transluminal balloon aortic valvuloplasty with Inoue balloon catheter for congenital aortic stenosis

Although percutaneous transluminal balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PTAV) has been performed for congenital aortic stenosis in infants and children for several years, its efficacy and the associated aortic regurgitation (AR) have not been widely discussed. Percutaneous transluminal balloon aortic valvuloplasty using an Inoue balloon catheter was performed for congenital aortic stenosis in 12 patients (4–16 years old) in this study. The systolic aortic valve pressure gradient ranged from 42 to 111 mmHg before PTAV and became < 50 mmHg immediately after PTAV in 10 cases (83%). Eight of these 10 patients had no increase in the gradient during subsequent observation for a period of 9–40 months. Aortic regurgitation increased immediately after PTAV in nine cases (75%). It increased from grade 1 to grade 2 in eight cases and from grade 1 to grade 3 in one patient; no significant enlargement of the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and no significant change in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) or the cardiac index was observed during follow-up in these patients. There was a correlation between the diameter of the balloon and efficacy; an appropriate diameter was considered to be about 90% of the aortic annular diameter. Changes in the hemodynamic parameter after PTAV with an Inoue balloon were small in most patients and this procedure is considered to be a treatment that should be attempted prior to surgery for congenital aortic stenosis.     

Successful percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of the aortic valve in an infant

Summary Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty was attempted in an eight-month-old infant with severe aortic valve stenosis. The procedure resulted in a fall in the resting transvalvular systolic pressure gradient from 106 mmHg to 40 mmHg and no aortic regurgitation. Clinical and Doppler echocardiography findings suggest persistent improved status 3 1/2 months after the procedure.     

Aortic balloon valvuloplasty with transluminal venous balloon inflow occlusion

Summary Aortic balloon valvuloplasty was performed on a three-year-old girl with severe valvar aortic stenosis. This case demonstrates excellent, nonsurgical relief of stenosis without significant complications. A new technique of simultaneous caval balloon inflow occlusion is described.     

儿童肺动脉瓣狭窄介入治疗术并发症的防治

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术已取代传统手术,成为肺动脉瓣狭窄首选治疗方法.虽然其临床疗效与安全性已得到公认,但仍存在不同程度的并发症,影响预后,甚至致死.该文就经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术术中与术后相关并发症的原因及防治措施进行综述.     

Contemporary results of balloon valvuloplasty and surgical valvotomy for congenital aortic stenosis

The purpose of this study was to compare contemporary results of balloon dilatation and surgery for valvar aortic stenosis in infants and children in the five years between August 1988 and October 1993. Thirty four children underwent attempted balloon valvuloplasty (age 1 day-16 years, weight 1720 g-68 kg) (group 1), eight of whom were neonates with critical aortic stenosis. During the same period, 17 children underwent direct surgical valvotomy (group 2) (seven neonates). Successful balloon valvuloplasty was achieved in 33 (97%) with immediate reduction in the instantaneous systolic pressure gradient from 82 to 34 mm Hg (mean). There were two deaths in this group (both neonates), the second in a preterm neonate from necrotising enterocolitis. Complications requiring intervention in group 1 were aortic regurgitation in one and femoral artery injury in two. Follow up from four months to five years showed sustained results in most cases. There were two neonatal deaths in the surgical group. When the two groups were compared there was no significant difference in mortality, morbidity, or need for reintervention within 12 months. Deaths from both groups were attributed to small left ventricles. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in group 1. It is concluded that balloon dilatation for valvar aortic stenosis is effective and safe for the entire paediatric population. The results compare favourably with those of surgery.     

Contemporary results of balloon valvuloplasty and surgical valvotomy for congenital aortic stenosis.

The purpose of this study was to compare contemporary results of balloon dilatation and surgery for valvar aortic stenosis in infants and children in the five years between August 1988 and October 1993. Thirty four children underwent attempted balloon valvuloplasty (age 1 day-16 years, weight 1720 g-68 kg) (group 1), eight of whom were neonates with critical aortic stenosis. During the same period, 17 children underwent direct surgical valvotomy (group 2) (seven neonates). Successful balloon valvuloplasty was achieved in 33 (97%) with immediate reduction in the instantaneous systolic pressure gradient from 82 to 34 mm Hg (mean). There were two deaths in this group (both neonates), the second in a preterm neonate from necrotising enterocolitis. Complications requiring intervention in group 1 were aortic regurgitation in one and femoral artery injury in two. Follow up from four months to five years showed sustained results in most cases. There were two neonatal deaths in the surgical group. When the two groups were compared there was no significant difference in mortality, morbidity, or need for reintervention within 12 months. Deaths from both groups were attributed to small left ventricles. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in group 1. It is concluded that balloon dilatation for valvar aortic stenosis is effective and safe for the entire paediatric population. The results compare favourably with those of surgery.     

Discrete subaortic stenosis after successful treatment of congenital aortic valve stenosis

Summary Two cases of discrete subaortic obstruction which developed in a previously normal left ventricular outflow tract of patients with congenital valvar aortic stenosis are described. These examples emphasize the need for careful scrutiny of the etiology of recurrent postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.     

瓣膜发育不良型肺动脉瓣狭窄经皮球囊扩张术治疗的探讨

为探讨瓣膜发育不的狭窄（简称ＰＳ）球囊扩张术（简称ＰＢＰＶ）效果,采用超大球囊法为３４例瓣膜发育不良型ＰＳ进行球囊扩张术。３４例中轻型２１例（平均年龄４．４０岁）,重型１３例（平均年龄５．１５岁）,最小年龄１１月。应用ＰＢＰＶ术球／瓣比值轻型１．３６～１．６４（平均１．１４）,重型１．２０～１．６４（平均１．５２）,术前后观察跨肺动脉瓣压差（△Ｐ）,出院后随访多普勒超专心动图以监测△Ｐ。结果：轻型     

球囊成形术治疗婴幼儿重度肺动脉瓣狭窄临床效果

目的 探讨经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV)治疗婴幼儿重度肺动脉瓣狭窄(PVS)的效果和安全性.方法 自2001年9月至2010年6月,共对44例2 ～ 35个月的重度PVS患儿进行PBPV治疗,并按年龄分为婴儿组( ＜ 12个月,n ＝ 18)、幼儿一组(12 ～ 23个月,n ＝ 13)、幼儿二组(24 ～ 35个月,n ＝ 13)比较不同年龄组患儿PBPV的治疗效果和并发症.结果所有患儿均成功实施PBPV,术后右心室压力和跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差显著下降,无死亡和严重并发症发生.术后出现肺动脉瓣关闭不全13例(29.5%),三尖瓣关闭不全5例(11.4%).婴儿组术前右心室收缩后和术后右心室收缩后、术后肺动脉收缩压、术后跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差与幼儿一组、二组比较差别无统计学意义(P均＞ 0.05).随访显示,患儿跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差基本保持稳定,仅1例患儿再次升高.结论 PBPV治疗重度婴幼儿PVS安全可靠,能有效解除肺动脉瓣狭窄.与幼儿一组、二组比较,婴儿PBPV在疗效和安全性方面差别无统计学意义.     

Stepwise interventional approach in a neonate with pulmonary valve atresia and intact ventricular septum

In neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum the aims of therapy are maintenance of pulmonary blood flow and right ventricular decompression in order to achieve right ventricular support of the pulmonary circulation. Recent developments in interventional heart catheterization with pulmonary radiofrequency-assisted balloon valvuloplasty and ductal stent implantation offer an alternative to the classical surgical approach. We report on a neonate with membranous pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, in whom a large interatrial right-to-left shunt via the foramen ovale persisted after radiofrequency-assisted pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty on the 2nd day of life. The interatrial shunt prevented adequate right ventricular filling and antegrade pulmonary perfusion leading to severe cyanosis (transcutaneous oxygen saturation 40%). In order to increase pulmonary blood flow and raise left atrial pressure, the arterial duct was stented. After ductal stenting, prostaglandin was discontinued and the transcutaneous oxygen saturation remained stable around 89%. At follow up after 7 weeks the foramen ovale had decreased in size and only a small left-to-right shunt was present, documenting the effectiveness of this approach. Conclusion Based on the present case we propose a stepwise interventional approach for the neonate with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. If cyanosis persists after isolated pulmonary valvuloplasty despite adequate right ventricular function, ductal stent implantation can reduce interatrial shunting and thus improve oxygen saturation. Received: 12 January 1998 / Accepted: 15 February 1998     

Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital heart disease: Immediate and long-term results of multi-institutional study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several studies have been reported in Japan. However, the reports consist of small series at individual institutions. We evaluated the immediate to long-term results of balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) of congenital pulmonary and aortic stenosis at multi-institutions in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immediate and follow-up data were obtained from eight institutions in Japan. In our series of 172 cases of pulmonary valvuloplasty excluding critical pulmonary stenosis, the mean pressure gradient decreased immediately after BVP from 61+/-27 mmHg to 28+/-20 mmHg and the reduced gradient continued at follow-up in most cases. The BVP for critical pulmonary stenosis could be accomplished in 35 of 39 patients. The mean right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 102+/-29 mmHg to 62+/-23 mmHg. One of them required the surgical operation for perforation of the right ventricular outflow tract. In BVP for congenital aortic valvular stenosis of 77 cases excluding critical aortic stenosis, the mean pressure gradient decreased immediately after BVP from 68+/-24 mmHg to 34+/-23 mmHg. Thirty-one cases (55%) were free from any interventions in long-term follow-up. The BVP for critical aortic stenosis was performed in 29 neonates. The overall mortality rate was 34% and 24% of the patients required repeat intervention. The remaining 42% was free from any interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital pulmonary valvular stenosis is a safe and effective procedure and the initial treatment of choice. In spite of an occasional major complication, BVP for critical pulmonary stenosis is effective in many infants. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty is palliative. However, this procedure has the efficacy in deferring the surgical intervention. Balloon valvuloplasty for neonatal critical aortic stenosis is a useful method to recover from serious conditions.     

激光打孔球囊瓣膜成形术治疗肺动脉瓣闭锁伴室间隔完整患儿的研究

目的探讨激光打孔球囊瓣膜成形术治疗婴儿及新生儿肺动脉瓣闭锁伴室间隔完整的方法的可行性。方法１９９６年１月～１９９７年１０月，对７例肺动脉瓣闭锁伴室间隔完整的患儿行心导管术，并以直径为００１８英寸（０４６ｍｍ）激光导丝对闭锁的肺动脉瓣行激光打孔。导丝在已到达漏斗部的心导管的引导下至闭锁的肺动脉瓣。激光打孔后再以球囊扩张瓣膜。结果７例患儿，其中６例激光打孔球囊瓣膜成形术获得成功。在随访中，２例需行改良的ＢｌａｌｏｃｋＴａｕｓｉｎｇ分流术，以维持动脉血氧饱和度达８０％以上。球囊瓣膜成形术后，５例右心室发育获得改善，其三尖瓣环内径及漏斗部内径均较术前明显增加（Ｐ分别＜００５及０００５）。结论对患有肺动脉瓣闭锁伴室间隔完整的婴儿，激光打孔球囊瓣膜成形术是一可接受的非手术治疗方法     

Persistence of hypoplastic and recoarcted fifth aortic arch associated with type A aortic arch interruption: Surgical and balloon angioplasty results in an infant

Summary A rare aortic malformation, the persistence of the fifth aortic arch (PFAA) associated with coarctation of the aorta, is reported in a 3-month-old male infant who underwent an emergency surgical intervention at 10 days of life, to relieve a severe aortic coarctation by pericardial patch technique.A successful balloon angioplasty was performed 2 months later eliminating a recoarctation. The gradient fell from 77 mmHg to 0, but a definitive surgical intervention for recoarctation was necessary 14 months after angioplasty.     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成型术姑息治疗婴儿法洛四联症

目的 探讨采用经皮球囊导管扩张术扩张法洛四联症患儿的右心室出口,用以姑息治疗的方法。方法 在心导管室中,对月龄２－１２个月的１６例法洛四联症必,以球囊导管扩张其右心室出口处后,测量主动脉血氧饱和度,右心室及肺动脉的压力。以右心室、肺动脉及（或）主动脉摄影,分别测量肺动脉环,左肺动脉及右肺动脉第一分枝处,升主主降主动不直径,以及肺动脉指数,３￣１６个月后随访,行右心导管检查。结果（１）术后即刻主动脉     

Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄的疗效

目的 总结Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄的临床疗效.方法 2009年1月至2013年6月,Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄12例,其中合并Williams综合征5例.其中男9例,女3例;年龄9个月～12岁[(5.3±4.2)岁];体质量7.5～ 32.0(11.5±5.3)kg.心脏超声和增强CT明确诊断,局限型9例,弥散型3例;跨主动脉瓣上收缩压差6.86 ～16.23(11.07±3.68) kPa,压差＞13.33 kPa者3例;合并左、右肺动脉分支狭窄3例,主动脉瓣二瓣化2例,主动脉瓣轻度返流2例,动脉导管未闭2例,轻度狭窄1例,主动脉瓣下膈膜1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄1例.1例二尖瓣中-重度关闭不全.12例患儿均在全麻体外循环下行Doty法矫治术,并处理合并畸形.结果 体外循环时间68～ 129(85±26) min;主动脉阻断时间43 ～68(51±16) min.术后早期无死亡,无严重低心排出量综合征;5例轻度ST段改变,3例偶发期前收缩;呼吸机应用7～58 h,心脏重症监护室治疗时间1 ～5 d;超声心动图检查提示跨主动脉瓣上收缩压差1.01 ～3.76(2.18±1.09) kPa;有效随访患儿11例,随访6个月～3年,无死亡,无头晕、心悸.除2例患儿外,其余残余压差均低于3.33 kPa.结论 Doty法治疗小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄可获得满意的疗效.     

Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for double outlet right ventricle with valvular pulmonary stenosis

A male neonate presented with cyanosis. Echocardiograms showed a double outlet right ventricle, an absent outlet septum, a subaortic ventricular septal defect and valvular pulmonary stenosis. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed at 19 days of age, resulting in an immediate increase of the systemic arterial oxygen saturation from 67 to 87%. As far as could be found, this is the first report of a patient with a double outlet right ventricle without the outlet septum who was clinically observed and underwent balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.     

6月龄以下小婴儿危重型肺动脉瓣狭窄经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张成形术治疗的随访报告

目的 探讨经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张成形术(percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty,PBPV)治疗新生儿和6月龄以下小婴儿危重型肺动脉瓣狭窄(critical pulmonary stenosis,CPS)的疗效以及早中期随访.方法 采用PBPV治疗34例日龄波动于13～175 d的新生儿以及小婴儿CPS,并进行了6个月～4年的临床随访.记录患儿PBPV前后右室收缩压(right ventricular systolic pressure,RVSP),肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差(transvalvular peak to peak systolic gradient,△P)以及PBPV术后采用心脏彩色多普勒动态监测的肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差的动态变化.结果 34例中32例(94%)完成PBPV术,1例术后2 h内死亡,2例心包积血,3例术中小球囊预扩张后换用合适球囊完成PBPV术,3例右室流出道痉挛,1例术后30 min右下肢股动脉搏动减弱.28例PBPV成功,RVSP由(96±28)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)下降至(49±20)mm Hg(下降49%,P＜0.01),△P由(89±25)mm Hg下降到(25±12)mm Hg(下降72%,P＜0.01),右室/主动脉收缩比值1.2±0.5下降到0.7±0.3(P＜0.01).随访6个月～4年,3例失访,5例(其中3例新生儿)因残余压超过40 mm Hg行第二次PBPV术,23例彩色多普勒心脏超声监测肺动脉瓣跨瓣压有进一步下降到(20±13)mm Hg,无明显的肺动脉瓣反流,无需进一步处理.结论 对于6个月以下小婴儿CPS,PBPV仍有效,安全的治疗方法并具有相对好的短中期疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect and results of short and medium periods of follow-up of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for critical pulmonary stenosis of neonates and infants under 6 months of age. Methods Between January 2002 and December 2008, 34 consecutive patients aged from 13to 175 days with critical pulmonary valvular stenosis underwent percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Patients records, catheterization data, angiograms and echocardiograms were reviewed. Patients were followed up for 6 months to 4 years ( mean 25.5 months ) by means of clinical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results The pulmonary valvuloplasty was accomplished in 32 (94%) of 34 attempts. Immediately after dilation, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) decreased from (96 ±28) mm Hg ( 1 mm Hg =0. 133kPa ) (49 ± 20 ) mm Hg ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), the transvalvular peak to peak systolic gradient (△P) decreased from (89±25) mm Hg to (25 ± 12) mm Hg (P ＜0.01 ), and the right ventricular/aortic systolic pressure ratio decreased from 1.2 ± 0. 5 to 0. 7 ± 0. 3 ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). One patient died because of cardiac tamponade following rupture of the pulmonary valve annulus, 2 patients developed pericardial effusion, 3 patients had infundibular spasm, 3 patients had a pre-dilation by small balloon and 1 patient had weakened femoral artery pollex. After a follow up period of 6 months to 4 years 3 of 31 patients lost to follow-up. Repeat valvuloplasty was performed in 5 patients (3 neonates), no patient required surgery, and the other 23 patients did not undergo further intervention, a mean peak systolic Doppler gradient of (20 ± 13) mm Hg was found and no significant pulmonary regurgitation was seen. Conclusions Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was effective and safe for the treatment of critical pulmonary stenosis of neonates and infants under 6 months of age with good short and medium term results.     

小儿主动脉狭窄的心导管及心血管造影检查之评价

为评价心导管及心血管造影检查对小儿主动脉狭窄的诊断价值。应用左右心导管检测心室和大血管压力及血氧饱和度,左、右室及升主动脉造影显示狭窄部位和合并畸形,并以造影与超声心科检查作比较,结果：主动脉瓣上狭窄２５例,８例伴有外周体循环动脉狭窄。１６例伴有外周肺动脉狭窄,３例存在冠状动脉病变;主动脉瓣狭窄４３例,１８例单纯主动脉瓣供穿行球囊瓣膜成形术;主动脉瓣下狭窄４８例,４６合并其他先天性心脏病,仅２例为单纯主动脉瓣下狭窄,说明先天性主动脉瓣上及瓣膜狭窄时心导管及心血管造影仍很有必要,单纯主动脉瓣下狭窄,可不必作心导管和心血管造影。