EUS和ERCP、MRCP在可疑胆总管结石诊断中的临床价值

目的：评价内镜超声检查（EUS）,内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）和磁共振成像胆胰管造影（MRCP）在诊断可疑胆总管结石的临床价值。 方法：自2009年6月至2010年3月我院收治的胆总管结石可疑病例共93例。93例病例全部经内镜超声检查（EUS）,内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）和磁共振成像胆胰管造影（MRCP）方法进行诊断,前瞻性研究三项诊断方法的临床诊断价值。 结果：联合两种以上诊断方法,可大幅提高胆总管患者的诊断准确率。EUS对胆总管结石检出的灵敏性为83.8%,特异性73.7%;ERCP对胆总管结石检出的灵敏性为89.2%,特异性84.2%;MRCP对胆总管结石敏感性为93.2%,特异性100%。 结论：MRCP无论在胆总管结石可疑患者检出的特异性或灵敏性上,都显著高于另EUS和ERCP方法,显示MRCP在诊断胆总管结石可疑患者具有较大的临床优势。胆总管结石可疑患者首先可行MRCP筛查,阴性者可进一步实施ERCP或EUS检查确认。     

无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行磁共振胆胰管成像的必要性

目的探讨无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)前行磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)检查的必要性。方法回顾分析我院450例无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行LC术前常规行彩超、MRCP检查并于术后结果比较。结果 450例无胆总管结石高危因素的患者经MRCP检出胆总管结石38例,术中胆总管探查阳性率100%,无胆道损伤病例,术后随访最少三个月,除一例术后7天因发生胆总管结石再次住院外,无因胆总管结石再次入院及死亡病例。结论对于无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者LC术前常规行MRCP检查是很有必要的,可以及时发现隐匿性胆总管结石,减少胆总管结石的漏诊,减少术中胆总管探查阴性率和胆道损伤等并发症。     

Necessity of MRCP Examination before Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Patients who have Cholecystolithiasis without high Risk Factor of Choledocholith

目的 探讨无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)前行磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)检查的必要性.方法 回顾分析我院450例无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行LC术前常规行彩超、MRCP检查并于术后结果比较.结果 450例无胆总管结石高危因素的患者经MRCP检出胆总管结石38例,术中胆总管探查阳性率100％,无胆道损伤病例,术后随访最少三个月,除一例术后7天因发生胆总管结石再次住院外,无因胆总管结石再次入院及死亡病例.结论 对于无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者LC术前常规行MRCP检查是很有必要的,可以及时发现隐匿性胆总管结石,减少胆总管结石的漏诊,减少术中胆总管探查阴性率和胆道损伤等并发症.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前MRCP的应用价值分析

目的 讨论磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前的应用价值.方法 分析本院2008年10月至2010年5月拟行LC、术前怀疑胆总管结石而行MRCP检查的56例患者的临床诊治资料.结果 经MRCP检查发现胆总管结石15例,均成功行EST+LC术.未发现胆总管结石的41例仅行LC术,术后3例出现胆管炎表现,经ERCP证实胆总管结石,行EST取石.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术前,对于可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石患者,MRCP检查具有重要的诊断价值,同时可根据MRCP检查结果,选择不同的微创治疗方法.     

十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的 探讨螺旋CT三维胆道成像联合内镜下逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)、内镜Oddi括约肌切开取石术(EST)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)对胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗作用.方法 回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年6月期间,应用螺旋CT三维胆道成像联合十二指肠镜及腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者30例的方法与经验.并与...     

磁共振胰胆管成像与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影对胆胰疾病诊断价值的比较研究

目的 评价磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胆胰疾病的诊断价值.方法 对134例怀疑为胆胰管疾病病人行MRCP,并与58例ERCP比较,所有病例均经手术病理证实.结果 134例MRCP均获成功,在行ERCP中54例成功,4例失败者改行PTC检查成功.MRCP和ERCP总的诊断准确率分别为90.3%和88.9%.结论 MRCP对胆胰系统疾病中恶性梗阻所致的梗阻性黄疸诊断准确性较高,对胆总管、肝内胆管较小结石的诊断不如ERCP敏感及准确,而且不能治疗,提示MRCP和ERCP各有优越点,二者合理应用可提高胆胰系统疾病的诊断符合率.     

磁共振胰胆管造影所示胆囊管低位汇合与胆总管结石的关系

目的 通过磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)分析、探讨胆囊管低位汇合与胆总管结石发生的关系.方法 回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年8月进行MRCP检查的胆囊切除术后且无合并肝内胆管结石的129例病人资料.由两位医生独立观察MRCP图像,结合T2WI图像评价胆囊管变异情况及是否存在胆总管结石.结果 所有病例MRCP均能清晰显示胆道系统及胆道结石.129例病人中49例(38%)合并胆总管结石,31例(24%)胆囊管低位汇入胆总管,其中胆囊管低位汇合且合并胆总管结石的为17例(13.2%).胆囊管低位汇入与胆总管结石的发生相关(x2=4.921,P=0.027).结论 胆囊管低位汇入与胆总管结石的发生有一定相关性,胆囊管低位汇入可能是胆总管结石形成的危险因素之一.     

十二指肠内镜胆胰管造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术前评价

经十二指肠内镜胆胰管造影 (ERCP)是胆道检查较为先进准确的方法。ERCP用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)术前常规检查 ,对了解患者胆道生理解剖结构和病理状况 ,诊断和治疗胆总管结石有帮助。我院自 1998至 2 0 0 1年共行LC术 115 0例 ,其中 6 0 0例患者术前做了ERCP检查 ,报道如下。1　资料与方法1 1　临床资料　 6 0 0例患者中男 2 0 2例 ,女 398例 ,12～ 82岁 ,平均 4 2岁。其中单纯胆囊息肉 6 5例 ,胆囊结石 5 35例中合并胆总管结石 98例 ,合并胆囊息肉 11例。全部患者均行ERCP检查。检查前 ,患者均作血常规、血型、凝血常规 ,生化全…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的临床分析

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后胆总管残留结石的成因、预防措施及处理经验。方法?回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年12月我院行LC术后发现胆总管残留结石的46例患者的术前一般情况、影像学检查及其中在我院接受治疗的26例患者的治疗及住院情况等。结果 本组患者LC术前均行磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）,未见肝内胆管或胆总管结石,胆红素及淀粉酶检查均无明显异常。LC术后28例因住院期间出现水肿性胰腺炎,复查MRCP发现胆总管结石;16例住院期间出现上腹痛、小便黄染,复查MRCP发现胆总管结石;2例出院后1周出现腹痛、腹胀伴小便黄染再次入院,复查MRCP发现胆总管结石。46例患者均行内镜逆行胰胆管造影/十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（ERCP/EST）,其中本院开展26例,术后（7.3±1.2）d出院,均恢复良好。术后随访1年,均无明显不适。结论 对于LC术后胆总管残留结石,MRCP检查多可确诊。胆囊多发结石、细小结石、对胆囊牵引幅度过大为LC术后胆总管残留结石的高危因素,采用ERCP/EST治疗创伤小,患者术后恢复快。     

ERCP在梗阻性黄疸诊治中的价值

目的：评价经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）对梗阻性黄疸的诊治价值。方法：75例病因不确切梗阻性黄疸患者均行ERCP检查,并与MRCP对比分析ERCP诊治结果。结果：ERCP对梗阻性黄疸病因诊断符合率84.0%（63/75）,明显高于MRCP诊断符合率53.3%（40/75）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。ERCP、MRCP对胆系结石所致梗阻性黄疸诊断符合率分别为92.1%（35/38）、78.9%（30/38）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对胆系结石以外的病因所致梗阻性黄疸,ERCP诊断符合率为80.0%（28/35）,明显高于MRCP28.6%（10/35）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。10例胆总管结石患者在ERCP下取石成功。结论：在明确梗阻性黄疸病因方面的作用,目前MRCP尚不能取代ERCP。ERCP对于部分梗阻性黄疸患者具有一定治疗作用。     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the optimal method to detect common bile duct (CBD) stones in patients with mild resolving gallstone pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in detecting choledocholithiasis in this group of patients. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized trial was conducted. Patients randomized to group 1 (n = 34) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). Those randomized to group 2 (n = 29) had preoperative MRCP, of these, patients with negative MRCP underwent LC and IOC, patients with positive MRCP had preoperative ERCP followed by LC. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were randomized (34 to group 1 and 29 to group 2). CBD stones were found in 5 patients in group 1. CBD exploration was performed in 2 patients, preoperative ERCP in 1, and postoperative ERCP in the other 2. MRCP showed CBD stones in 4 patients in group 2. There were two false-positive MRCPs. Four patients with a negative MRCP did not have IOC or ERCP, the remaining 21 patients with a negative MRCP had a negative IOC. The MRCP sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 16-100%), specificity 91% (95% CI, 72-99%), positive predictive value 50% (95% CI, 7-93%), negative predictive value 100% (95% CI, 84-100%), and accuracy 92% (95% CI, 74-99%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with resolving gallstone pancreatitis and a negative MRCP do not need preoperative ERCP or IOC. Only patients with a positive MRCP will require preoperative ERCP.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography as a diagnostic tool for common bile duct stones: a comparison with ERCP and clinical follow-up

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) has improved as a result of evolving technique. MRCP has the advantage of negligible morbidity and mortality in contrast to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This study was performed to evaluate MRCP as a replacement for diagnostic ERCP for the suspicion of common bile duct (CBD) stones. METHODS: From 1998 to 2001, MRCP was performed in 202 patients with a suspicion of CBD stones based on medical history (MH), cholestatic liver function tests (CL), both MH and CL or other reasons. ERCP was performed in all patients where MRCP indicated the presence of CBD stones and in those patients with a persistent strong clinical suspicion for CBD stones despite a negative MRCP. RESULTS: In 25 patients, MRCP suggested CBD stones which were proven with ERCP in 24 patients. Despite a negative MRCP, 27 patients had a subsequent ERCP. None of these patients appeared to have CBD stones. In this group, MRCP resulted in 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity in detecting CBD stones. Follow-up of all patients revealed 5 more patients with persistent clinical suspicion or cholestatic liver function values. Assuming CBD stones in these patients, MRCP had a sensitivity of 83 % and a specificity of 99% for this diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In the case of CBD stone suspicion, MRCP should be the diagnostic procedure of choice.     

Current management of common bile duct stones in a teaching community hospital

The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has complicated management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. While LC is routine, laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) is not, and an algorithm to manage suspected choledocholithiasis has not been uniformly accepted. We evaluated current management of choledocholithiasis. Patients suspected of having CBD stones over a 2-year period were evaluated, and 42 studies in the literature were reviewed. Thirty-two patients were identified. Fourteen patients (44%) had LC with intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) with no preoperative studies. IOC revealed CBD stones in nine (64%). Seven had CBD exploration (CBDE) at cholecystectomy, and two had postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). CBDE was successful in five cases, and ERCP was successful in one. Eighteen patients (56%) underwent preoperative ERCP. Five (28%) had no CBD stones. ERCP removed stones in nine patients, and four had open CBDE after failed ERCP. Current literature supports LC with IOC without any preoperative studies. Laparoscopic CBDE is highly successful but depends on surgeon experience. Removing CBD stones with ERCP is also very successful but is associated with increased cost, hospital stay, and complications. We conclude that LC with IOC should be performed without preoperative ERCP when choledocholithiasis is suspected. If found, stones should be removed laparoscopically if possible.     

Sequential endo-laparoscopic treatment in patients with common bile calculi

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones is gaining great acceptance worldwide, but actually it requires skills and technologies too expensive for a great part of general surgeons. So endoscopic removal of CBD stones before cholecystectomy is usually performed. Since 1991 in our department we started a policy of selective preoperative cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients suspected for choledocholithiasis and waiting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: A retrospective study has been made on a population of 1100 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the period between January 1991 and December 1997. They were 391 male and 719 female with a mean age of 52 years, 126 of whom (11.5%) were selected to have ERCP preoperatively because they had clinical, biochemical and ultrasound signs of the presence of common bile duct stones (CBDS). RESULTS: Successful cannulation of the CBD was achieved in 124 cases (98.4%), with failures due to ampullary diverticula. In 7 cases (5.5%) a precut was necessary to obtain cannulation. Sphincterotomy was performed in 113 patients (89.7%). In 93 patients (73.8%) stones were found (87 macrolithiasis and 6 microlithiasis); in 91 (97.8%) stones were removed in one (87) or two (4) endoscopic session. There were 2 major complications (one bleeding and one severe pancreatitis) due to ERCP or a sphincterotomy. Two patients developed symptoms from unsuspected common bile duct stones after LC and were removed endoscopically. No complications during LC were due to ERCP or ES. CONCLUSIONS: Selective preoperative ERCP is an effective way of clearing the CBD stones before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with low rate of complications related to endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures, and short mean hospital stay (5.5 days), according to the concept of minimally invasive treatment.     

Current management of common bile duct stones: is there a role for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as a single-stage procedure?

BACKGROUND: Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have revolutionized the management of secondary common bile duct (CBD) stones, the use of these modalities as a single-stage procedure remains controversial. The aim of this study is to determine whether LC and intraoperative ERCP as a single procedure has any advantages to LC and either preoperative or postoperative therapeutic ERCP performed in 2 stages. METHODS: A retrospective 5-year review involved all patients undergoing both LC and ERCP for management of CBD stones from January 1997 to December 2001. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: (1) preoperative ERCP, followed by LC (ERCP then LC); (2) LC, followed by postoperative ERCP (LC then ERCP); and (3) LC with intraoperative ERCP as a single procedure (LC/ERCP). RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were treated for secondary CBD stones. Forty-three patients underwent ERCP then LC, 10 underwent LC then ERCP, and 14 patients underwent LC/ERCP. There were no differences among the groups in terms of patient demographics or overall complication rates. CBD access and stone clearance was achieved in all 67 (100%) patients, with 1 mild ERCP-related complication in the ERCP-then-LC group. Overall complication rates, hospital length of stay, and total hospital charges were not statistically different among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Single-stage LC/ERCP provides efficacious therapy for CBD stones and may be beneficial in select patients who may not tolerate a second anesthetic procedure.     

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目的 评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前磁共振胆硬管成像(MRCP)对无征兆肛总管结石(ACBDS)的诊断价值。方法 对2002年1月至6月419例慢性结石性胆囊炎病人比前常规行MRCP，对检查结果进行分析。并统计有无黄疸或胆源性胰腺炎病史、B超提示胆总管扩张及入院后肝功能异常等胆总管结石(CBDS)危险因素，计算相关指标。结果 MRCP敏感性为100％(35／35)，特异度99．5％(382／384)，正确率为99．5％(417／419)。ACBDS的发生率为1．0％(4／419)，占CBDS的11．4％(4／35)。结论 MRCP对ACBDS有很高的诊断价值，可以降低比后胆总管残余结石的发生率，应作为比前常规检查。     

Diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder and common bile duct stones: our experience

AIM: The aim of this study was to verify the possibility to identify and treat common bile duct (CBD) stones by means of preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with a reduction of postoperative complications. METHODS: We have carried out a retrospective monocenter analysis of 104 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy performed by a single surgeon at the VII Division of General Surgery, Second University of Naples, between 2002 and 2006. Before the operation, we have performed highly selective studies like MRCP and ERCP to identify and treat CBD stones in patients affected by pancreatitis, jaundice, high liver function tests or in case of common bile duct dilation at the US examination, without intraoperative cholangiography. RESULTS: Of 104 patients with indication for a cholecystectomy, 22 patients (21.2%) presented high levels of cholestasis tests; 13 patients (12.5%) presented common bile duct dilation at the US examination (>6 mm diameter). Both groups underwent a MRCP which was positive in 8 patients (7.7%), confirming the diagnosis of common bile duct stones. For these reasons we removed CBD stones using preoperative ERCP. CONCLUSION: Preoperative ERCP and RMCP, without intraoperative cholangiography, is not associated with a significant increase in morbility/mortality associated with CBD stones before surgical treatment.     

Routine intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy minimizes unnecessary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the necessity for intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during pediatric laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing LC was conducted. RESULTS: Ninety-eight children underwent successful LC. The average age was 11.3 years. IOC was successful in 55 of 63 studies. Operating time for patients with IOC averaged 91 minutes, and without IOC, 67 minutes. Twenty children had preoperative ultrasound, laboratory, or clinical evidence of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Fifteen of these 20 children actually had CBD stones. Three additional children who lacked any ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory evidence of choledocholithiasis had unsuspected CBD stones. Eight children, therefore, had ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory findings not predictive of the actual state of the CBD. Sixteen children underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 9 preoperatively and 7 postoperatively. Four preoperative ERCP studies showed no CBD stones. There were no complications from performing IOC. CONCLUSIONS: (1) CBD stones are common in children with gallstones, (18 of 100 patients). (2) Preoperative studies and clinical findings may not predict accurately the presence or absence of CBD stones. (3) IOC should be routinely performed in children before the use of ERCP to avoid unnecessary ERCP unless CBD stones are specifically visualized by ultrasound scan. J Pediatr Surg 36:881-884.     

Short-versus long-sequence MRI cholangiography for the preoperative imaging of the common bile duct in patients with cholecystolithiasis

Background This study aimed to compare an 18-s fast spin echo magnetic resonance image sequence (coronal thick-section two-dimensional breathhold) with a three-dimensional axial and coronal thin-section sequence and its secondary reconstruction, and to assess its value in the diagnosis of bile duct pathologies, particularly common bile duct stones (CBDS) before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods This study prospectively included 72 patients. Because of protocol violations, 14 of these patients had to be excluded. Thus, 58 patients (29 Man and 29 women with a mean age of 51 years) who had cholecystolithiasis or suspected choledocholithiasis were evaluated. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed for all patients with a fast sequence (18 s) and a long sequence (coronal oblique and axial respiratory triggered; 16 min). Two radiologists, blinded with respect to diagnosis, evaluated all the radiographic images. The MRCP results were confirmed for all the patients: 20 by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 46 by intraoperative cholangiography, and 2 by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Results According to the findings, 16 patients (28%) had CBDS, 6 patients (10%) had common bile duct stenosis, and 36 patients (62%) had a clear bile duct. With regard to CBDS, the short sequence had 100% specificity, 94% sensitivity, and an overall accuracy of 98%. Its negative predictive value was 98%, and its positive predictive value was 100%. The long sequence had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 100%. Conclusion Because of its high sensitivity and specifity, MRCP has the potential to be the diagnostic method of choice for CBD evaluation. The short sequence is not suitable for the diagnosis of all CBD pathologies, but in cases of suspected CBDS, more than 80% of the patients could be diagnosed correctly, and the complete sequence could be dropped.     

B超、磁共振胆胰管成像、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在诊断胆总管结石中的价值

目的 探讨B超、磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆总管结石诊断中的价值.方法 收集2005年8月至2007年10月怀疑为胆总管结石且同时行B超、MRCP、ERCP的患者384例,对3种检查方法 进行比较分析.结果 384例患者中,最后经ERCP确诊胆总管结石者370例;B超诊断胆总管结石者268例,其中8例为假阳性,诊断准确率为70.3%(260/370);MRCP诊断362例,其中6例为假阳性,诊断准确率96.2%(356/370).有7例患者MRCP发现有胆总管结石和胆总管扩张,ERCP造影仅发现胆总管扩张,但在用取石网篮和取石气囊清理胆道时取出小结石.结论 B超对于胆总管结石的诊断具有一定的准确率,可作为最基本的检查手段,MRCP和ERCP对于胆总管结石的诊断具有较高的一致性,MRCP可部分替代诊断性ERCP,联合应用MRCP和ERCP可提高胆管结石诊断准确率.