曲马多或吗啡复合罗哌卡因或布比卡因对术后硬膜外镇痛的效果比较

目的：比较曲马多或吗啡复合哌卡因或布比止因行术后硬膜外持续镇痛（CEA）的临床效果和并发症。方法：ASA－Ⅰ－Ⅱ级的髋关节以下手术病人100例，随机分为A、B、C、D、E五组，每组20例。A对照组：0．9％生理盐水；B组，005％吗啡＋0．125％布比卡因；C组：0．005％吗啡＋0．2％罗哌卡因；D组：0．5％曲马多＋0．125％布比卡因；E组：0．5％曲马多＋0．2％罗哌卡因。CEA流速为2ml/h，负荷剂量3ml。记录术后第6、第12、第18及第24h各时间点VAS评分，并观察恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等并发症的发生情况。结果：VAS评分B、C、D、E组明显低于A组，术后第6hVAS评分D、E组分别低于B、C组（P＜0．01），B、C组尿潴留发生率为9／20，显高于A、D、E三组（2／20，3／20，2／20，P＜0．05，B、C组恶心呕吐发生率分别为9／20和10／20，显高于A、D、E三组（3／20；3／20；4／20，P＜0．05），皮肤瘙痒发生率B、C、D、E高于A组。结论：吗啡或曲马多复合布比卡因或罗哌卡因用于术后镇痛均可取得较佳镇痛效果，应用曲马多可减少镇痛并发症。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外镇痛对产妇产程和母婴结局的影响

目的：研究不同浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外镇痛对产妇的产程及母婴结局的影响。方法选取住院分娩的孕产妇60例,按照孕产妇自愿情况分为A 1组（罗哌卡因0.14%）(n=16)、A 2组（罗哌卡因0.089%）(n=14)、B 1组（罗哌卡因0.14%）(n=17)、B 2组（罗哌卡因0.089%）(n=13),4组分别给予不同浓度罗哌卡因进行硬膜外镇痛,比较4组的产妇产程及母婴结局。结果 A1组宫缩素使用率50.00%,A2组宫缩素使用率42.86%,B1组宫缩素使用率17.65%,B2组宫缩素使用率7.69%,A1组、A2组缩宫素使用率均高于B1组、B2组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论0.089%罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛不影响产妇产程进展以及母婴结局,并且镇痛效果较好。     

左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因及布比卡因硬膜外镇痛效果比较

目的 比较左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因、布比卡因复合吗啡用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果和副作用。方法 采用随机双盲法,将90例择期行剖宫产术的足月、单胎、年龄25～38岁、体质量59～87kg孕妇均分为3组：左旋布比卡因组（L组）、罗哌卡因组（R组）和布比卡因组（B组）。术后分别采用0．125％左旋布比卡因、0．125％罗哌卡因或0．125％布比卡因复合小剂量吗啡（20μg／ml）行病人自控硬膜外镇痛。观察各组术后48h内镇痛效果、运动阻滞程度以及恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等副作用的发生率。结果 3组产妇术后视觉模拟评分、镇痛治疗总体印象评分、改良Bromage评分比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。3组产妇对病人自控硬膜外镇痛的满意率有显著性差异（L组93．3％,R组70％,B组96．6％,P〈0．05）。3组不良反应发生率及排气时间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论 0．125％左旋布比卡因混合吗啡用于产科术后硬膜外镇痛可获得满意的镇痛效果,且无明显毒剐作用。     

曲马多联合罗哌卡因用于子宫次全切除术后患者硬膜外镇痛效果观察

目的:观察子宫次全切除术后患者硬膜外实施曲马多联合罗哌卡因的镇痛效果。方法:随机选取120例经腹子宫次全切除术患者,根据不同的镇痛方式,将患者分为对照组、联合A组和联合B组,每组各40例。对照组患者接受罗哌卡因镇痛;联合A组患者接受罗哌卡因联合芬太尼镇痛;联合B组患者接受罗哌卡因联合曲马多镇痛。观察3组患者临床各项指标,对比3组患者镇痛效果的总体满意率。结果:对照组患者术后不同时段的VAS得分高于联合A组和联合B组;联合A组患者术后不良反应发生率为47.5%,均高于对照组和联合B组;联合A组和联合B组患者的镇痛效果总体满意率(90%和87.5%),均优于对照组的30%,对比有差异P<0.05。结论:采用曲马多联合罗哌卡因、芬太尼联合罗哌卡因均可达到良好的术后硬膜外镇痛效果,且曲马多联合罗哌卡因不良反应较少。     

0.248%罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察0．248％罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果。方法：80例剖宫产术后患者随机分成两组,罗哌卡因组（A组）和布比卡因组（B组）,每组40例,进行术后镇痛比较。结果：两组均使用镇痛泵,镇痛效果无显著差异（P〉0．05）。A组的下床活动时间、肛门排气时间明显短于B组,有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：0．248％罗哌卡因硬膜外术后镇痛,既能够达到满意的镇痛效果．又能促使患者提前下床活动,增强肠蠕动,缩短肛门排气时间,是一种理想的镇痛方法。     

罗哌卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合阻滞用于分娩镇痛

目的 观察罗哌卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合阻滞缓解分娩疼痛的临床效果。方法 条件相同的初产妇90例,其中要求分娩镇痛的60例随机分成2组（各n=30）,A组用罗哌卡因复合芬太尼;B组用罗哌卡因;C组（对照组）,未要求镇痛的初产妇。记录镇痛前、镇痛后5,10,15min的疼痛评分、肌张力评分及平均动脉压、心率、血氧饱和度,并对新生儿出生后1,5,10min进行Apgar’s评分;观察镇痛期间的副作用。结果 镇痛前3组产妇血压、心率、SpO2和VAS评分相似（P〉0．05）;镇痛后A组VAS评分明显低于镇痛前（P〈0．01）,B组VAS评分镇痛后5min明显低于镇痛前（P〈0．05）,10min后降低更为明显（P〈0．01）;镇痛后A组VAS评分明显低于B组与C组（P〈0．01）;B组VAS评分在镇痛5min后明显低于C组（P〈0．05）;C组血压高于A组与B组,C组心率快于A组与B组（P〈0．05）;3组SpO2和新生儿评分镇痛前后无统计学差异。结论 罗哌卡因复合芬太尼腰麻一硬膜外联合镇痛效果均优于单纯相同剂量的罗哌卡因。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于经腹前列腺摘除术后硬膜外镇痛的比较

目的探讨经腹前列腺摘除术后硬膜外镇痛时适宜的罗哌卡因浓度。方法选择择期前列腺摘除术患者90例,在硬膜外麻醉下完成手术。术后接硬膜外镇痛泵。随机分成A组（0．10％罗哌卡因浓度组）,B组（0．15％罗哌卡因浓度组）．C组（0．20％罗哌卡因浓度组）,每组30例。观察记录术后的血压、SpO2、恶心呕吐、镇痛评分（VAS）、下肢运动阻滞（改良Bromage）评分和膀胱痉挛次数。结果三组的VAS评分无统计学差异（P〉o．05）;不良反应：血压、SpO2、恶心呕吐3组间均无统计学差异;下肢运动阻滞：改良Bromage评分在C组较A组、B组低,有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;膀胱痉挛次数比较：C组无1例发生膀胱痉挛,B组1例发生1次膀胱痉挛,而A组有3例次膀胱痉挛。结论0．15％罗哌卡因浓度对下肢的运动阻滞无明显影响,且可有效解除膀胱痉挛,更适合于经腹前列腺摘除的术后硬膜外镇痛。     

妇科术后用罗哌卡因与布比卡因镇痛效果比较

目的：评价罗哌因和布比卡因复合芬太尼用于妇科病人术后镇痛的效果。方法：选择择期行妇科手术病人60例，随机分为2组，每组30例。术后对其行硬膜外镇痛。A组（罗哌卡因组）：0．2％罗哌卡因90mL（浓度为0．18％）＋芬太尼0.4mg＋氟哌利多5mg;B组（布比卡因组）：0．75％布比卡因24mL(浓度为0．18％）＋芬太尼0.4mg＋氟派利多5mg，用生理盐水稀释至100mL。两组推注速度均为24mL/h，自控硬膜外镇前技术（PCEA）锁定时间为1mL/15min。分别观察两组术后镇痛效果，下肢运动阻滞情况，首次肛门排气时间及并发症发生情况。结果：两组患者镇痛效果无差异。A组患者下肢运动阻滞明显轻于B组（P＜0．01）。结论：罗哌卡因比布比卡因更适合用于做妇科手术后病人自控镇痛的局部麻醉药。     

罗哌卡因复合芬太尼及氟哌利多术后硬膜外镇痛的临床研究

目的：比较不同浓度罗哌卡因在术后硬膜镇痛（PCEA）的临床效果。方法：术后病人90例，随机分为三组：A组0．25％罗哌卡因（n=30)；B组0．15％罗哌卡因（n=30)；C组0．075％罗哌卡因（n=30），三组均加入芬太尼和氟哌利多。首剂负荷量8ml，采用镇痛泵持续量2ml/h，单次按压量每次0.5ml，锁定时间15min。结果：A、B两组间VAS疼痛评分无显著差异（P＞0．05），有较好的镇痛效果。两组病人恶区，呕吐、皮肤瘙痒，呼吸抑制发生率无显著差异（P＞0．05）。B组尿潴留发生率明显低于A组（P＜0．05）。C组镇痛效果不满意，结论：0．15％罗哌卡因复合芬太尼，氟哌利多在PCEA术后镇痛是安全有效的。     

联合腰麻硬膜外麻醉术后不同的硬膜外镇痛用药对尿潴留的影响

目的 :探讨联合腰麻硬膜外麻醉 (CSEA)术后不同的硬膜外镇痛 (EA)用药对尿潴留的影响。方法 :下肢择期手术行CSEA12 0例 ,根据术后EA液不同随机分为四组 :A组 (n =3 0 ) 0 .2 %罗哌卡因 +0 .0 3 %吗啡 ;B组 (n =3 0 ) 0 .2 %罗哌卡因 +5 %曲马多 ;C组 (n =3 0 ) 0 .12 5 %布比卡因 +0 .0 3 %吗啡 ;D组 (n =3 0 ) 0 .12 5 %布比卡因 +5 %曲马多 ,观察术后 6h和 12h的镇痛效果及术后尿潴留的发生率。结果 :四组病人镇痛效果满意 ,差异无显著性 ,尿潴留发生率A组明显高于B组 (P <0 .0 1) ,C组高于B组和D组 (P <0 .0 1) ,A、C和D组高于B组。结论 :联合腰麻硬膜外麻醉术后硬膜外镇痛用药选用吗啡的 ,尿潴留的发生率明显高于曲马多 ,尤其是硬膜外镇痛用药为 0 .2 %罗哌卡因 +5 %曲马多 ,术后尿潴留的发生率最低     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.