支气管激发试验在咳嗽变异型哮喘诊断的应用

目的：探讨支气管激发试验在咳嗽变异型哮喘（CVA）诊断中的应用。方法：采用组胺支气管激发试验对79例慢性咳嗽疑诊咳嗽变异型哮喘患者进气道反应性测定，阳性者计算其FEV1下降20％预计值时的累积吸入组胺量（PD20FEV1）．并以此判断其气道高反应性的程度。结果：病例组支气管激发试验阳性32例占40.5％．其中重度2例占2．53％．中度11例占13．9％．轻度17例占21．5％．极轻度2例占2．53％。对照组30例中无一例阳性。32例支气管激发试验阳性者最后经临床确诊为咳嗽变异型哮喘30例。结论：对慢性咳嗽而基础肺功能较好的患者，如怀疑CVA，应首选支气管激发试验。     

支气管激发试验对慢性咳嗽患者的诊断价值

目的探讨支气管激发试验对慢性咳嗽患者的诊断价值。方法对180例符合慢性咳嗽标准的患者采用组胺进行支气管激发试验,测定其气道高反应性（AHR）。结果 180例患者支气管激发试验阳性62例（34.4%）,可疑阳性30例（16.7%）,阴性88例（49.0%）。可疑阳性及阳性的92例患者咳嗽症状大都与家族哮喘史,嗅觉、刺激性气体及过敏源有关,表现为季节性变化,夜间症状明显;AHR程度：重度28例（30.4%）,中度44例（47.8%）,轻度20例（21.7%）。结论支气管激发试验是慢性咳嗽患者的重要检查方法,能协助诊断咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）,做到早诊断、早治疗,为临床治疗提供依据。     

支气管激发试验诊断咳嗽变异性哮喘76例分析

目的了解慢性咳嗽患者乙酰甲胆碱支气管激发试验的结果。方法对218例不明原因慢性咳嗽患者行乙酰甲胆碱支气管激发试验。结果支气管激发试验阳性34.86%（76/218）,阴性65.14%（142/218）;诊断咳嗽变异性哮喘（cough variant asthma,CVA）76例;76例咳嗽变异性哮喘气道高反应性严重程度：重度7例,占9.21%;中度18例,占23.68%;轻度28例,占36.84%;极轻度23例,占30.26%。结论支气管激发试验是诊断CVA的主要方法,为临床治疗及疗效判断提供了依据。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿50例肺功能变化分析

目的：了解咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿的肺功能变化。方法：对50例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿作肺功能检查及气道反应性测定或支气管扩张试验测定。结果：50例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿中，41例(82.00％)有不同程度肺功能损害，通气功能正常32例中，26例示气道反应性增高(81.25％)，轻至中度占84.62％。结论：对疑诊CVA患儿进行肺通气功能检查及气道反应性测定或支气管扩张试验测定，可提高CVA的诊断率。     

儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘75例观察

目的观察儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）患者肺功能改变、临床特征及治疗效果。方法对75例CVA及哮喘患儿进行临床特征、肺功能及治疗结果分析。结果 CVA与哮喘儿童肺功能差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;CVA与对照组肺功能差异有显著性意义。CVA及哮喘的患儿吸入糖皮质激素、口服白三烯调节剂、联合吸入糖皮质激素（ICS）和长效β2-受体激动剂（LABA）等方法进行规范治疗,均取得满意的疗效。结论 CVA临床上唯一症状为慢性咳嗽,易误诊,排除其它疾病后可经验性试用支气管舒张剂或吸入糖皮质激素、口服白三烯调节剂、联合吸入糖皮质激素（ICS）和长效β2-受体激动剂（LABA）的等方法进行经验性治疗。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘42例诊治分析

目的探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）的临床诊治特点,评价其疗效,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析方城县人民医院自2008年10月至2010年10月42例咳嗽变异性哮喘患者的临床资料及经验总结。结果 CVA主要症状为慢性咳嗽,支气管舒张试验阳性,吸入支气管舒张剂及糖皮质激素效果良好。结论该病临床多见,但因临床表现不典型,易误诊,应提高对该病的认识。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘20例临床分析

目的探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘疾病特点、诊断、治疗及鉴别诊断。方法临床选取金川集团公司职工医院1998年10月-2001年5月20例咳嗽病历，病程长达1—6个月，经使用广谱抗生素、止咳药物及不含肾上腺糖皮质激素、支气管舒张剂、＆受体激动剂的雾化液治疗无效的患者。做肺功能检查：2例正常，但支气管激发试验阳性；18例1秒率（FEV1％）〈80％，支气管舒张试验阳性；20例做最大呼气流速峰值变异率测定，均〉20％。结果20例患者经做肺功能检查确诊为咳嗽变异性哮喘，停用抗生素及止咳药物，给予氨茶碱、强的松、舒喘灵气雾剂治疗，症状减轻时加用必可酮气雾剂，症状消失时停用氨茶碱、强的松、舒喘灵气雾剂，使用必可酮气雾剂维护治疗，2个月时减量、3个月时停用。结论咳嗽变异性哮喘属哮喘一种类型，但症状不典型，易误诊、漏诊，需与急、慢性支气管炎，支气管内膜结核，左心衰竭，胃食管反流，急性上呼吸道感染等疾病相鉴别；咳嗽变异性哮喘诊断标准：必要条件（1）阵发性咳嗽持续8周以上，不伴有喘息和呼吸困难；（2）双肺听诊未闻及喘鸣音；（3）肺功能检查大多正常，支气管激发试验阳性，如果发现小气道阻塞，则支气管舒张试验阳性，或最大呼气流量昼夜波动率（m）≥20％；（4）使用＆受体兴奋剂、茶碱类等支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素治疗有效。参考条件：（1）咳嗽多在夜间发作，可因吸入冷气或运动诱发；（2）病人既往有过敏性疾病史或家族史；（3）血中嗜酸性粒细胞增多，IgE升高；（4）使用抗过敏药物，吸入色甘酸钠治疗有效；（5）镇咳药物治疗无效；咳嗽变异性哮喘治疗：使用＆受体激动剂、茶碱类等支气管扩张剂和肾上腺糖皮质激素治疗有效。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘32例分析

目的:探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)临床特点、误诊原因、发病机制,提高诊疗水平。方法:对32例CVA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:CVA常以咳嗽为唯一症状,无喘息,肺功能检查舒张试验阳性。临床上常误诊为急慢性支气管炎、咽炎、肺炎、感冒后咳嗽等。32例CVA患者经支气管扩张剂及吸入糖皮质激素(ICS)治疗有效。结论:CVA具有咳而不喘的特点,误诊的主要原因是临床医师对本病认识不够,不重视肺功能检查,支气管扩张剂及ICS治疗CVA有良好疗效。     

咳嗽变异型哮喘59例诊治分析

目的：认识咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）的临床特点，提高其诊断率，降低误诊率。方法：对59例长期慢性咳嗽患者行常规肺功能检测，对第1秒钟用力呼气容积（FEV1）实测值/预计值〈70%患者行支气管舒张试验。均给予支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素等治疗。结果：肺功能正常者19例（32.2%），支气管舒张试验阳性40例（67.8%）。确诊CVA，用药后症状明显改善或消失。结论：行支气管舒张试验测定是诊断CVA的有力依据，结合对支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素的治疗效果可确诊。支气管舒张试验操作简单又安全，建议可作为慢性咳嗽的初步检查手段。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘56例临床分析

目的 探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘(cough variant asthma,CVA)的临床特点,加深对CVA的认识.方法 回顾分析广西桂林区南溪山医院56例CVA患者的临床资料.结果 CVA表现为反复顽固性咳嗽,常有个人或家族过敏史,容易误诊,支气管激发试验或舒张试验阳性,治疗以吸入糖皮质激素为主.结论 提高临床医生对CVA的认识是诊治的关键.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.