大米重金属污染的健康风险评价

目的：评价某地区大米中重金属对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法根据是否存在明确污染源,2012年在某市辖区范围内抽取A县、B县和C县产大米34份,对大米中的总砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）和铅（Pb）5种重金属进行检测,按照美国国家环境保护署（USEPA）推荐方法,建立大米中重金属污染健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮食途径引起的健康风险作出评价。结果34份大米总超标率为52.94％,其中As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb污染平均值为0.183、0.115、0.049、0.014和0.247 mg/kg。5种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险分别为：A污染区7.01×215;10-4 a-1,B污染区5.19×215;10-4 a-1,C污染区6.20×215;10-4 a-1,合计6.12×215;10-4 a-1。结论3地区大米中重金属污染物对人体健康潜在危害的个人年总风险均大于USEPA推荐最大可接受水平（1×215;10-4 a-1）。     

Primary Health Risk Analysis of Metals in Surface Water of Taihu Lake,China

The status and health risks of eight metals, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Mn, in surface water from Taihu Lake (Jiangsu Province, China) were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum hazard quotients (HQ) value through ingestion pathway and dermal adsorption pathway was 2.74E−01 (Ni) and 2.57E−02 (Cd), respectively. However, the individual hazard quotient and total hazard index of eight metals through ingestion and dermal adsorption pathway was all lower than 1, indicating that the pollution situation in the surface water of Taihu Lake concerning these metals has no or low adverse health effects.     

深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的 初步评价深圳市生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害.方法 于2007年1月-2009年12月,于每个季度对深圳市9个市政水厂水源水水样中砷(As)、铬(六价)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)6种重金属进行检测.按照美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的方案建立水环境污染健康风险评...     

Assessment of Metals Distribution and Microbial Contamination at Selected Lake Waters in and Around Miri City,East Malaysia

A baseline study was carried out to assess the metal concentrations and microbial contamination at selected Lake waters in and around Miri City, East Malaysia. Sixteen surface water samples were collected at specific Lakes in the environs of major settlement areas and recreational centers in Miri City. The Physico-chemical parameters [pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)], metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Zn) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were analysed. The concentrations of Fe, Mn and Ni have been found to be above the permissible limits of drinking water quality standards. The metals data have also been used for the calculation of heavy metal pollution index. Higher values of E. coli indicate microbial contamination in the Lake waters.     

Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments from Yellow Sea

Based on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 12 surface sediment samples from Yellow sea, the relative risk of 9 PAHs was investigated using joint risk probability distribution curves and overlapping area, which were generated based on the distributions of exposure and acute toxicity data (LC₅₀), and the sources of PAHs were apportioned using principal component analysis. It was found that joint probability curve and overlapping area indicated the acceptable ecological risk of individual PAHs, only a small fraction of the benthic organisms was affected. Among the nine PAHs studied, the overall risk of pyrene was the highest, with that of naphthalene the lowest. For lower exposure levels at which the percentage of species affected was less than 10%, the risk associated with phenanthrene and fluorene were clearly higher than that of the other seven PAHs. It was indicated that PAHs in surface sediments mainly originated from vehicular emissions, coal combustion sources, coke oven emission and wood combustion, petroleum origin made little influence on sources of PAHs by PCA.     

上海市生活垃圾重金属来源分析及污染风险评价

以上海市不同产生源生活垃圾为调查对象,分析垃圾单组分重金属Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、As元素含量,探索垃圾重金属来源及分布特征并进行污染风险评价。结果表明:单组分重金属元素含量除Hg外,其余均存在显著差异。厨余类Cr、As含量最高,橡塑类Pb、Cd含量最高;橡塑类、厨余类、纸类为重金属的关键来源,厨余类贡献基本约45%,橡塑类贡献基本在31%~34%,且对Pb贡献最高(45%);Hg主要来自事业区,其他重金属元素在各产生源中无差异。各功能区处于重金属轻度污染水平,特征污染物为Cd,同时事业区Hg污染也不容忽视;参照不同标准,全市生活垃圾具有不同程度的重金属污染风险,且Cd、Hg、Pb为特征污染物。     

Bioaccumulation of Cr,Ni, Cd and Pb in the Economically Important Freshwater Fish Schizothorax plagiostomus from Three Rivers of Malakand Division,Pakistan: Risk Assessment for Human Health

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Contamination of freshwater ecosystems such as rivers with hazardous heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern....     

兰州市大气PM_(2.5)中金属和类金属污染健康风险评价

目的了解2015年兰州市(LZ)大气PM_(2.5)中被测元素污染对人群健康的影响。方法 2015年每月10月—16日同时在LZ城关区、西固区进行大气采样,共采集样品168份,分析PM_(2.5)及Sb,Al,As,Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb,Hg,Mn和Se10种元素的污染特征,采用美国环境保护局健康风险评估模型对呼吸暴露健康风险进行评价。结果 LZ城关区、西固区大气PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为0.088 mg/m~3、0.075 mg/m~3,是《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值的2.6倍和2倍。城关区、西固区元素浓度由高到低分别为Al>Pb>Mn>As>Cd>Sb>Ni>Cr>Se>Hg,Al>Pb>Mn>As>Sb>Cr>Ni>Cd>Se>Hg,两区As和Cr的浓度均超过限值。10种金属元素通过呼吸途径对暴露人群的年均超额危险度为3.45×10-12~2.81×10-7,低于人群可接受的危险度水平(10~(-6))。其中城关区监测点10种元素的超额危险度大小由高到低依次为As>Cr>Cd>Al>Ni>Mn>Pb>Hg>Sb>Se,西固区则为Cr>As>Cd>Al>Ni>Pb>Mn>Sb>Hg>Se,人群健康受影响程度成年男性>成年女性>儿童。结论两个监测点空气中的Cr和As对人群健康的危险度相对较大,且各元素对成年男性健康影响最大。     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Metals in Sediments from Taihu Lake, China Using Multivariate Statistics and Multiple Tools

Metals in the surface sediment and zoobenthos throughout Taihu Lake were investigated to explore their distribution, source and potential ecological risks. The result showed that the average metal concentration followed the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd, with the highest value of 27.9 g/kg (Fe) and lowest value 0.54 mg/kg (Cd). Anthropogenic inputs were the major sources of metals, followed by geochemical processes, and organic matter is also a control for metals. Spatially, high metal concentrations were distributed in the northern lake and low concentrations in Gonghu Bay and the eastern part of the lake. Risk assessment showed that Pb had the highest ecological risk (E_r = 10.32), followed by Cu and Ni (E_r = 8.77−8.81), while Zn had the lowest risk (E_r = 1.59). Analysis indicated that Corbicula sp. was more suitable for biomonitoring than Bellamya sp.     

石家庄市农村饮用水重金属健康风险评价

目的对石家庄市农村饮用水中重金属的健康风险进行评价。方法于2012年枯水期(4月)和丰水期(7月)分别对10个县245个行政村的地下水出厂水进行采集检测,采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对地下水中砷、镉、铬、铅和汞经饮水途径所引起的健康风险做初步评价。结果 3种基因有毒物质所引起健康危害的个人年总风险水平为8.44×10-5/年,超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5/年)。铅(8.50×10-10/年)的健康危害的个人年风险水平高于汞(3.23×10-10/年),两者均未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5/年)。结论石家庄市部分县监测点饮用水中铬可能存在一定的健康风险。     

Characterization and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in River Sediments on the Western Bank of Taihu Lake,China

In this study, nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Be, and Sb) in the sediments of 17 typical rivers on the western bank of Taihu Lake were determined. Several statistical methods were applied to analyze the distribution, sources, pollution status, and potential ecological risk of these metals. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediments other than Be exceeded their local background values. Geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index analyses demonstrated that most sediment samples were contaminated and may pose ecological risks, especially those from the Taihu Lake estuary. In particular, Cd concentrations indicated moderate contamination and potentially serious to severe ecological risk. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses demonstrated that Ni, Sb, Cr, and Cu were derived from industrial sources, whereas the other metals had complex origins.

     

Preliminary Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Surface Water of the Himalayan Rivers,Nepal

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - This study investigates the contamination levels and risk assessments of 14 elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, V and...     

饮用水源水中典型有机污染物健康风险与遗传毒性评价

目的为了评价饮用水源水中有机污染物健康风险及遗传毒性。方法Z省对水源中176种有机物例行监测,监测结果采用美国国家环保局（USEPA）推荐水环境健康风险评价模型对水源水中有机物经饮水途径导致的健康风险进行评价。结果显示微囊藻毒素（Microcystin,MCs）和草甘膦农药分布广、检出率高,是水中典型的有机污染物。饮用水源中有机物引起的健康风险相对较小,远低于国际权威机构推荐的可接受水平。同时,利用单细胞凝胶电泳法进行DNA损伤分析结果表明,水源水中MCLR、MCRR均可以造成淋巴细胞DNA链明显损伤,草甘膦也可导致人外周血淋巴细胞DNA不同程度的损伤,而且DNA损伤效应可能受到水源水中其他组分的影响。结论显示了水中有机物遗传毒性作用的复杂性。     

Distributions of Heavy Metals in Rice and Corn and Their Health Risk Assessment in Guizhou Province

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Long-term exposure to heavy metals from high geological background area may lead to varieties of diseases. Therefore, risk assessment from...     

湖北省农田土壤重金属铅、镉、铬的健康风险评估研究

目的对湖北省400份农田土壤状况进行重金属污染程度评价,为今后湖北省制定土壤污染防治和健康风险防范相关政策提供依据。方法采用污染指数法、生态及健康风险评价等方法进行评价。结果湖北省土壤铅、镉和铬3种重金属元素的污染程度大小为Cd>Cr>Pb,潜在生态风险评价有9份土壤存在中及重度危险,整体潜在生态风险综合指数11.31,属于轻微生态污染,儿童和成人总非致癌风险指数均小于1,镉的致癌风险指数低于10~(-6)。结论本次调查的湖北省农田土壤整体评价在清洁水平范围内,符合农用地土壤标准,且3种重金属污染导致的健康风险均在可接受范围内。本次调查评估还存在不少局限性,重金属污染的源头及其风险评估仍有待进一步研究。     

合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估

[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates,PAEs）及己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱一质谱法（GC／MS）检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二（2．乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60．22％和21．43％。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0．80×10-6～2．72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2．95×10-3～1．04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99．0％～99．4％和92．8％～93．8％。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐限值,为可接受水平。     

Historical Characteristics of Contamination and Risk of Heavy Metals in Weishan Lake,China

Combined with the dating analysis of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs, the historical concentration and risk of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the core sediment of Weishan Lake were determined. Pollution concentrations, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, and ecological risk index of these metals and C/N ratio indicate that the natural inputs prevailed till early 1900s. From late 1970s onwards, the risk posed by these metals was significantly increased. Cu and Hg might cause adverse biological effects. The increase of soil erosion and wastewater discharge in the watershed promoted input and accumulation of these metals in the lake. The coal and petroleum industry in the catchment led the more accumulation of Hg, Cd and Cu in the lake.