急性上消化道出血患者的护理

目的：探讨急性上消化道出血患者临床护理方法及其护理效果。方法对来我院诊治的40例患者入院资料进行分析,将其随机分为两组。对照组采用常规方法护理,实验组进行心理护理,比较两组护理效果。结果实验组95%治疗效果理想,高于对照组(85%)(P<0.05);实验组95%对我院治疗总体满意,高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论急性上消化道出血发病率较高,临床上加强患者心理护理效果理想,能够提高临床治愈率,值得推广使用。     

分级分区干预模式在急诊上消化道出血患者中的护理分析

目的:探讨分级分区干预模式在急性上消化道出血患者中的护理效果.方法:收集2018年4月至2020年7月期间于本院急诊治疗的78例急性上消化道出血患者临床资料,按就诊时间段的不同将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各39例.对照组采用常规护理;观察组采用分级分区干预模式.比较两组患者治疗期间止血情况、治疗情况,采用采用Blatchford入院危险性积分(Blatchford risk score system,BRS)评估消化性出血的风险.结果:观察组止血成功率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);出血次数少于对照组,止血时间与出院时间短于对照组(P<0.05);护理后BRS评分较对照组低(P<0.05).结论:分级分区护理模式可提高急性上消化道出血患者止血成功率,减少出血次数,缩短止血时间及出院时间,降低消化道出血危险性.     

上消化道出血患者的内科护理体会

目的探讨针对上消化道出血患者的内科有效护理方案。方法选取2012年2月~2014年2月于我院接受治疗的80例上消化道出血患者作为研究对象，按照随机数字法将其分为对照组与观察组两组，对照组分得30例，观察组分得50例，对观察组患者采取针对性的内科护理干预，对对照组则采取常规基础护理，对比观察两组患者的护理效果。结果观察组显效28例，有效18例，总有效率高达92.0%，明显优于对照组的63.3%，组间对比差异显著，P<0.05。结论为提高上消化道出血患者的护理效果，构建良好的护患关系，提高我院整体护理水平，宜采用独具针对性的内科护理干预方案。     

浅谈消化内科老年住院患者护理的安全措施分析

目的：探讨分析对消化内科老年住院患者护理中存在的安全隐患及解决对策，以完善临床护理应用。方法选取2013年1月~2014年1月于我院消化内科就诊的96例老年住院患者，根据随机化的原则分成观察组和对照组各48例，对照组采取一般常规护理，观察组在一般常规护理的基础上采取积极的护理安全干预，对两组临床护理效果进行对比，分析存在的潜在安全隐患及相应处理措施。结果观察组患者对护理工作的总满意度显著较对照组高(P<0.05)，进行不同护理后观察组患者的自我保护意识、病情稳定情况、治疗依从度均较对照组好(P<0.05)。结论采取积极的护理安全干预，能显著提高患者对护理工作的满意度及患者的自我保护意识、病情稳定情况、治疗依从度，具有较高的应用价值，值得在消化内科老年患者护理工作中推广。     

护理干预对肠激惹综合征患者的影响

目的观察肠激惹综合征患者改善症状体征及提高生活质量在护理干预下是否切实有效及影响。方法从我院消化内科2011年2月~8月间收治的肠激惹患者60例,其中给予常规护理治疗标记为对照组30例;在常规护理治疗下加予护理干预配合治疗标记为观察组30例。12w后两组进行对比疗效。结果疗程结束后60例患者对比干预前后治疗效果,观察组临床疗效总有效率(80%)显著高于对照组常规护理治疗(60%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相对于常规护理治疗护理干预更能改善肠激惹综合征患者心理焦虑,临床症状与生活质量切实有效,值得临床大力推广。     

心理护理干预对糖尿病视网膜病变患者的影响及分析

目的：探讨分析心理护理干预对糖尿病视网膜病变患者的生活质量和预后影响,提升临床护理水平。方法选取2011年1月~2013年12月于我院眼科就诊的98例糖尿病视网膜病变患者,根据随机化的原则分成观察组和对照组各49例,对照组采取常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上进行全面的心理护理干预,对比分析两组患者的生活质量及预后影响。结果治疗后观察组患者精神状态、社会活动评分及总体评分均显著高于对照组患者,两组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对糖尿病视网膜病变患者采取心理护理干预,能显著改善患者的负面情绪,增加治疗依存度,提高患者生存质量,具有很高的应用价值。     

功能性消化不良患者的护理干预效果分析

目的：分析与探讨护理干预对功能性消化不良患者的影响。方法选择在我院消化内科治疗的172例患者分为对照组和观察组各86例,对照组患者采取常规护理措施,观察组患者在常规护理基础之上进行护理干预。观察两组患者消化道症状、生活质量以及不良情绪的改善情况。结果观察组治疗后消化道症状评分明显低于对照组,且差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后生活质量评分明显高于对照组,且差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者SAS和SDS评分低于对照组,且差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过护理干预能大大改善功能性消化不良患者的不良情绪,使患者积极接受疾病治疗,减缓消化不良症状,提高生活质量。     

系统化护理干预对上消化道出血患者的临床预后影响分析

目的 探讨系统化护理干预对上消化道出血患者的临床预后影响.方法 选择我院2012年8月～2014年8月在消化内科收治的上消化道出血患者130例,随机分为对照组和干预组,各65例,路予对照组常规护理,给予干预组健康教育、饮食护理、心理护理、预见性护理等一系列系统化护理,观察两组患者并发症、出血控制及心理状态等情况.结果 干预组患者发生并发症发生率为1 2.67％;对照组发生率为42.65％.对照组65例患者中出血控制占80％;死亡率为20％,死亡原因:肿瘤9例,并发症4例.干预组65例患者中出血控制占95％;死亡率为5％,死亡原因为肿瘤2例,并发症3例.干预组护理后SAS、SDS均较对照组低.结论 系统化护理干预可以降低上消化道出血患者并发症发生率,有效控制出血且能改善患者心理状态.     

突发性耳聋患者的人性化护理探讨

目的 探讨突发性耳聋患者的人性化护理方法与效果.方法 64例突发性耳聋患者分为对照组和观察组,对照组运用常规药物与物理治疗,观察组在对照组基础上实施人性化护理干预措施.结果 观察组的临床疗效明显好于对照组(P<0.05).治疗前两组患者心理状态无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后观察组的心理状态改善情况明显好于对照组(P<0.05).结论 突发性耳聋患者的人性化护理提高了患者维护自身健康的能力,提高了突发性耳聋的治疗效果,提高了患者的生活质量,值得临床推广.     

护理干预应用于重症消化溃疡上消化道大出血的临床效果分析

目的：分析护理干预应用于重症消化溃疡上消化道大出血的临床效果。方法资料随机选自2013年1月~2014年1月本院诊治的108例重症消化溃疡上消化道大出血患者,按照数字表法随机分为研究组和对照组两组,对照组54例患者予以常规护理,研究组54例患者予以护理干预,分析两组患者的治疗效果。结果研究组患者的住院时间明显短于对照组,且患者出院后的SAS评分明显低于对照组,比较差异明显(P<0.05);研究组患者治疗成功率88.89%明显高于对照组64.81%,比较差异明显(P<0.05)。结论护理干预应用于重症消化溃疡上消化道大出血的临床效果显著。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.