二参泽术汤对肝纤维化小鼠腹膜淋巴孔的作用及意义

目的：寻找治疗肝硬化腹水的有效方药。方法：运用由４味中药组成的二参泽术汤对肝纤维化造膜小鼠进行腹膜淋巴孔调控与尿离子浓度的实验，并通过扫描电镜，计算机图像处理和全自动生化分析仪测定，观察二参泽术汤的利水作用。结果：预防组，治疗组腹膜淋巴孔的孔径，密度和尿离子浓度与模型组，对照组比较，有极显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：二参泽术汤是治疗肝硬化腹水的有效药物。     

丹参桃芎汤对肝纤维化小鼠腹膜淋巴孔的调控与尿钠离子浓度变化的影响

目的寻找治疗肝硬变腹水的有效方药.方法具有腹膜淋巴孔调控作用的丹参配合活血化瘀的桃仁、川芎组成丹参桃芎汤对肝纤维化造模小鼠进行腹膜淋巴孔调控与尿离子浓度变化的实验,并经扫描电镜和计算机图像处理与定量分析.结果预防组、治疗组腹膜淋巴孔孔径、密度与模型组、对照组比较有非常显著性差异(P＜0.001),而尿离子测定,治疗组不及预防组.结论丹参桃芎汤是治疗腹水的有效方剂.     

低分子右旋糖酐联合多巴胺和速尿静脉滴注治疗肝硬化腹水的临床观察

目的　观察低分子右旋糖酐联合多巴胺、速尿静滴治疗肝硬化腹水的疗效。方法　选择肝硬化并发腹水者 12 7例 ,治疗组 64例 ,用低分子右旋糖酐联合多巴胺、速尿静滴 ,口服安体舒通治疗 ;对照组 64例 ,用口服速尿加安体舒通治疗 ,两组均常规护肝治疗。结果　治疗组与对照组比较 ,腹水消退平均时间、有效率经统计学处理有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。结论　低分子右旋糖酐联合多巴胺、速尿静滴治疗肝硬化腹水的疗效优于一般治疗方法 ,值得临床进一步试用。     

慢性肝病患者尿前列腺素E_2排出量:钠潴留和对利尿剂的反应

有人假设,肝硬化患者肾脏前列腺素E_2(PGE_2)的基础生成量和利尿剂刺激生成量的减少为钠潴留的决定因素。为试图确定这一假设是否正确,作者进行下列研究。 19例慢性重度肝病临床稳定的患者(酒精性肝硬化17例,乙型肝炎1例,继发性胆汁性肝硬化1例)分成三组:A组5例无腹水,体重不变五天以上;B组7例有腹水,利尿剂治疗有效;C组7例经中至大剂量2～3种利尿剂并用无效,故作腹膜腔静脉回流术。每日钠摄入量:A组2g,B、C两组0.5或1.0g。BC两组试验前,停用安体舒通至少7天,停用其他利尿剂至少3天。B、C两组在10秒内静脉注入速尿80mg,收集给药后1小时尿标本备测。     

肝硬化顽固性腹水的治疗

肝硬化顽固性腹水(refractory ascites)系指腹水持续存在3个月以上,或经严格内科治疗后腹水仍无明显消退且持续1.5个月以上,并出现少尿和(或)氮质血症者,患者血钠浓度<130mmol/L,尿钠浓度<10mmol/L,尿钠/尿钾<1,自由水清除率<1,肾小球滤过率(GFR)和肾血浆流量均低于正常。顽固性腹水常出现于肝硬化终末期患者,多在严重低蛋白血症和门静脉高压的基础上,出现有效循环血容量减少、肾灌注不足和电解质紊乱后发生,并常诱发肝性脑病、肝肾综合征和感染等。以往顽固性腹水的治疗非常困难,患者预后差。近年来,由于对顽固性腹水发病机制的认识,以及…     

腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水疗效分析

目的 探讨腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水的疗效。方法 将56例肝硬化顽固性腹水患者随机分为2组,均给予保肝、利尿及抗病毒治疗。在此基础上,对治疗组行腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术加小剂量人血白蛋白静脉滴注(静滴)(每滤出1000ml腹水,静滴人血白蛋白4g),对对照组行大量放腹水加大剂量人血白蛋白静滴(每抽出1000ml腹水,静滴人血白蛋白8g)。结果 术后第14天,治疗组患者24h尿量、血清ALB水平均高于对照组(P均<0.05),且治疗组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术是一种安全有效的治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水的方法。     

肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者腹水中TNF-α及IL-6的测定及其意义

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)与肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,SBP)的关系。方法用ELISA方法对32例肝硬化并发SBP和30例肝硬化漏出性腹水中TNF-α及IL-6进行检测,并作对照分析。结果肝硬化并发SBP组腹水TNF-α及IL-6明显高于肝硬化漏出性腹水组(P<0·01);SBP组病情重、死亡者腹水中TNF-α及IL-6质量浓度明显高于存活者;SBP组部分病例抗感染治疗临床表现有效后,腹水中TNF-α及IL-6质量浓度明显下降。结论检测腹水中TNF-α及IL-6水平可辅助诊断SBP,并可观察治疗效果、判断病情及预后。     

肝硬化患者血浆内皮素和一氧化氮水平及与肾功能状态的关系

测定不同阶段肝硬化患者血浆的NO、ET水平，探索它们对肝硬化腹水形成和肾功能损害所起的作用及其相互关系。测血浆NO的代谢产物NO2^-浓度（Griess法），ET-1浓度（放免法）及肾功能。1.血浆NO浓度在肝硬化各组均明显高于正常对照组，在肾衰组明显高于有腹水、无肾衰组。血浆ET浓度在肝硬化各组均明显高于正常对照组，肾衰组明显高于有腹水、无肾衰组。2.肝硬化患者血浆ET浓度与血肌酐呈正相关，与肌酐清除率、血钠、尿钠呈负相关。3.肝硬化患者血浆NO与ET水平呈正相关。血浆NO和ET升高可能在肝硬化病程进展中起了重要作用，是形成腹水和引起肾功损害的重要因素，二者相互依赖、相互影响的协同作用是肝硬化进展及出现并发症的重要机制之一。     

腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术对肝硬化顽固性大量腹水并发Ⅱ型肝肾综合征的疗效探讨

[目的]探讨腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术对肝硬化顽固性大量腹水患者并发Ⅱ型肝肾综合征的疗效。[方法]将66例肝硬化顽固性大量腹水同时并发Ⅱ型肝肾综合征的患者随机分为治疗组(34例)和对照组(32例);治疗组采用腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术治疗,对照组采用腹腔穿刺放液治疗。[结果]2组治疗后,在改善24h尿量、降低血清尿素氮、降低血清K+方面均较治疗前有效,但治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.05);2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]合理应用腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术是一种治疗肝硬化顽固性大量腹水并发Ⅱ肝肾综合征的有效措施,可迅速改善患者肾脏功能,明显增加尿量,缓解氮质血症,解除高钾血症。     

腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水疗效评价

目的 评估腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术治疗肝炎肝硬化顽固性腹水患者临床疗效。方法75例肝硬化顽固性腹水患者分为治疗组（50例）和对照组（25例）,两组患者均采用保肝、利尿、对症、支持等常规治疗,疗程4周。对照组在常规治疗基础上,采用多次治疗性腹穿放液治疗;治疗组在常规治疗基础上,采用腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔治疗,观察并比较两组治疗后体重、腹围、24h尿量和尿钠排出量、肝功能、肾功能、血电解质及不良反应。结果治疗4周后治疗组腹围、体重、24h尿量优于对照组（P〈0．01）;血清白蛋白、肾小球滤过率及24h尿钠量高于对照组（P〈0．01）,肌酐、胱抑素c水平低于对照组（P〈0．05。P〈0．01）;治疗组显效率（48．0％）和总有效率（80．0％）明显好于对照组（24．0％和52．0％）（P〈0．05）：两组均未出现严重不良反应。结论腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔术治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水患者临床疗效优于多次治疗性腹穿放液。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.