成人睾丸良性占位病变的诊断与治疗选择(附16例报告)

目的 探讨成人睾丸良性占位病变的诊断与治疗选择.方法 对2003～2010年诊治的16例睾丸良性肿瘤的临床资料及随访情况进行回顾性分析.结果 16例睾丸肿瘤病例术前经超声、CT或MRI、AFP和β- HCG检查,诊断13例考虑为良性病变,3例可疑恶性.术中行冰冻切片检查10例,其中7例行睾丸部分切除术,3例性质不定行睾丸根治性切除术.6例未行术中病理检查直接行根治性睾丸切除.术后经病理诊断睾丸间质细胞瘤2例,成熟畸胎瘤4例,腺瘤样瘤3例,平滑肌瘤3例,皮样囊肿1例,混合肿瘤3例.术后随访2个月～12年均未出现复发及转移.结论 睾丸良性占位的术前诊断对手术处理方式选择非常重要,B超、CT或MRI、肿瘤标记物以及术中冰冻切片活检均具有临床诊断价值.睾丸良性肿瘤的治疗应首选保留睾丸的肿瘤切除.     

睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊断与治疗（附2例报告）

目的：探讨和总结睾丸间质细胞瘤的临床表现、诊断与治疗。方法：回顾性分析2例睾丸间质细胞瘤患者的临床资料：2例均为青春期后发病,分别因隐睾肿痛伴发热及不育超声检查发现睾丸肿物人院。B超均为界限清楚的实性低回声结节,大小分别为2．1cm×1．5cm和1．0cm×0．8cm,瘤标及激素水平均正常。结果：2例均行根治性睾丸切除术,术中快速冷冻切片病理检查诊断为睾丸间质细胞瘤。术后病理表现为瘤细胞呈弥漫片状排列,多角形,胞质丰富嗜酸性。分别随访32和2个月,未见复发和转移。结论：睾丸间质细胞瘤临床罕见,确诊依赖病理组织学检查,术前细针穿刺活检有助于选择手术方式,尤其是青春期前的患者。     

睾丸间质细胞瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨睾丸间质细胞瘤的临床病理特点,进而提高睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析2例睾丸间质细胞瘤的临床病理资料并复习相关文献。结果 1例术中快速冷冻切片病理诊断为睾丸间质细胞瘤,行根治性睾丸切除术,1例直接行根治性睾丸切除术,术后病理均诊断为睾丸间质细胞瘤,其中1例精索残端及周围脂肪组织可见肿瘤细胞,精索静脉可见肿瘤浸润。术后分别随访24和6个月,未见复发或转移。结论 睾丸间质细胞瘤临床罕见,术前诊断较为困难,确诊仍依赖组织病理学检查,外科手术是睾丸间质细胞瘤唯一有效的治疗方法。     

睾丸鞘膜纤维性假瘤（附5例报告）

目的：提高对睾丸鞘膜纤维性假瘤的认识及诊疗水平.方法：回顾性分析1994年3月～2009年6月收治的5例睾丸鞘膜纤维性假瘤的临床资料;5例患者均以发现阴囊内肿块而入院,体检发现睾丸和附睾旁数个大小不一的类圆形结节,结节质韧,无压痛,活动度好,无粘连;B超发现结节为实性低回声光团、无明显血流信号;5例均行手术治疗.结果：1例行睾丸、附睾及多发性结节切除术,4例行保留睾丸、附睾的多发性结节和睾丸鞘膜切除术,1例术中快速冷冻切片为炎性假瘤,术后病理结果均为睾丸鞘膜多发性纤维性假瘤,随访1～5年无复发.结论：睾丸鞘膜纤维性假瘤是一种少见的阴囊部位良性肿瘤样病变,提高认识后诊断不难,治疗上行保留睾丸、附睾的多发性结节和睾丸鞘膜切除术即可,无需行睾丸附睾切除术.     

睾丸保留术式治疗睾丸表皮样囊肿

目的提高对睾丸表皮样囊肿的认识,探讨保留睾丸的肿瘤剜除术治疗睾丸表皮样囊肿的可行性及安全性。方法回顾性分析5例行保留睾丸术式治疗的睾丸表皮样囊肿患者的临床资料。结果 5例患者术中冷冻切片病理检查诊断为良性肿瘤,均行保留睾丸的肿瘤剜除术,术后病理检查诊断为表皮样囊肿。随访无复发,未出现睾酮分泌减少及性腺功能低下。结论保留睾丸术式治疗睾丸表皮样囊肿是安全可行的,值得临床推广。     

双侧睾丸间质细胞瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 报告1例双侧睾丸间质细胞瘤患者的临床资料并文献复习.结果 根据患者临床表现及相关检查,术前诊断考虑为双侧睾丸间质细胞瘤,术中快速冰冻病理检查示双侧睾丸间质细胞瘤,行睾丸肿瘤剜除术.术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发或转移.结论 睾丸间质细胞瘤是一种较为罕见的睾丸肿瘤.术前诊断较为困难,睾酮、雌二醇等性激素水平升高及男性乳房发育等症状对睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊断有重要意义,确诊仍需依赖病理组织学检查.传统的手术方法采用根治性睾丸切除术,然而对于青春期前患者、双侧睾丸间质细胞瘤等患者,可以施行保留睾丸的肿瘤剜除术.     

睾丸表皮样囊肿7例报告并文献复习

目的探讨睾丸表皮样囊肿的临床特点及诊治方案。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2013年6月我院收治的7例睾丸表皮样囊肿的临床资料,结合文献复习进行讨论,其中6例采用肿瘤剜除术,1例采用睾丸切除术。结果术后随访6个月~10年,无肿瘤复发及转移。结论睾丸表皮样囊肿是少见的睾丸良性肿瘤,B超、CT、MRI检查对诊断本病有重要作用,推荐保留睾丸的单纯肿物剜除术作为主要的治疗方式。     

肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变诊治分析(附49例报告)

目的　提高肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变的诊治水平。　方法　肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变 4 9例 ,均行B超和CT检查 ,14例行MRI检查 ,分析临床表现、病理和影像学特点。 2 1例术前未能确诊 ,按肾癌行肾切除术 ;2 8例行保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术。　结果　各种病变临床症状无特异性。血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT和MRI表现含脂肪组织的影像学特点。彩超检测 2例肾动脉瘤和 2例动静脉瘘有特异性表现。其他良性病变无特异性影像学表现。行保肾手术的 2 8例患者随访 1～ 9年无复发 ,肾功能正常。　结论　B超、CT、MRI和彩超等影像学检查对肾良性肿瘤和病变有重要诊断价值。有依据的保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术和术中行冰冻病理检查可减少误诊误治。     

睾丸表皮样囊肿6例报告

目的探讨在睾丸表皮样囊肿手术治疗中保留睾丸的临床价值。方法回顾性分析睾丸表皮样囊肿的临床表现,影像学和病理学特征及治疗方法。结果 6例患者行保留睾丸的肿瘤剜除术,术后随访0.5～5年,均未见复发。结论睾丸表皮样囊肿是比较少见的睾丸良性肿瘤,彩超、MRI对其诊断有重要意义,应行保留睾丸的肿瘤切除术。     

显微镜下睾丸肿瘤剜除术治疗睾丸肿瘤的临床价值

目的探讨在显微镜下剜除睾丸肿瘤并同时保留睾丸正常组织治疗睾丸肿瘤的临床价值。方法选取南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院泌尿外科2010年1月至2017年11月间部分手术治疗的10例睾丸肿瘤患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 10例患者仅1例患者无生育需求;其中2例行睾丸部分切除术,3例行显微镜下睾丸肿瘤剜除术,5例行根治性睾丸切除术。保留睾丸组织术中均行快速病理确认良性肿瘤及手术切缘阴性,术后病理检查诊断示畸胎瘤1例,表皮样囊肿4例,恶性肿瘤5例。术后患者经随访6个月～5年,均未出现复发及转移。结论在保留睾丸正常组织前提下切除睾丸肿瘤对治疗睾丸良性肿瘤具有一定的临床意义,其中显微镜下睾丸肿瘤剜除术可作为治疗睾丸良性肿瘤的优先选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.