临床分离大肠埃希菌药敏及结果分析

目的 探讨医院临床分离大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药情况,为医院耐药性监测和临床用药提供指导.方法 采用常规方法进行细菌的分离及鉴定;运用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析.结果 2007年7-12月共分离出352株大肠埃希菌,产ESBLs菌233株,占66.2%,非产ESBLs菌119株,占33.8%,痰中分离111株,产ESBLs菌89株,非产ESBLs菌22株,尿中分离111株,产ESBLs菌62株,非产ESBLs菌49株;产与非产ESBLs菌株间耐药性具有较大差异,不同来源的菌株对不同的抗菌药物耐药性也表现不同;所有分离菌株可首选哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、厄他培南,亚胺培南,阿米卡星,呋喃妥因进行治疗.结论 医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药性较为严重(66.2%);医院应加强抗菌药物使用的管理,提高抗菌药物的合理使用,降低细菌耐药率的产生.     

ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌感染的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本地区ICU分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据。方法采用K-B纸片扩散法,检测2013年-2015年ICU感染类标本分离的无重复的778株大肠埃希菌和570株肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 2013年-2015临床标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为52.96%和44.74%,ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为0.00%~30.34%。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为0.00%~23.53%。ICU产ESBLs菌株耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对各类抗菌药物呈现不同程度耐药,并具多药耐药特点,碳青霉烯类仍是最敏感的药物;应加强产ESBLs菌株的监测及耐药性分析,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物,对控制产ESBLs菌株的播散以及耐药基因的传播具有重要意义。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性及产酶因素分析

目的分析医院2008年1月-2010年1月产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的耐药性及其产酶因素。方法收集2008年1月-2010年1月住院患者不同标本分离的大肠埃希菌205株,按照CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法(K-B法),进行耐药性检测和产ESBLs菌株的确认;产ESBLs组与非产ESBLs组之间比较计数资料采用t检验、卡方检验及多因素logistic回归进行分析。结果 205株大肠埃希菌中,检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌89株,检出率43.4%;所有产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和阿米卡星敏感,对呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁的耐药率<10.0%;多因素logistic回归分析结果表明连续使用抗菌药物时间、使用三代头孢、联合用药和频繁更换用药是造成细菌产ESBLs的危险因素。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁的敏感率高,对其他抗菌药物具有较高的交叉耐药性和多药耐药性;连续使用抗菌药物时间长、使用三代头孢、联合用药和频繁更换用药者易造成细菌产ESBLs。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用美国德灵Microscan WalkAway40 S1自动微生物分析仪(W/A40)及专用NC21鉴定药敏复合板检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶和药敏试验。结果 341株菌中共检测出ESBLs细菌150株,检出率43.99%,其中大肠埃希菌118株,检出率49.79%,肺炎克雷伯菌32株,检出率30.77%,产ESBLs菌株对大部分抗菌药物耐药,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢西丁耐药性较低。结论及时监测产ESBLs菌的发生率及其耐药趋势,指导临床合理用药,亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢西丁是目前治疗产ESBLs菌感染的有效抗菌药物。     

临床血标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药性检测

目的了解临床血标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 CLSI表型确证试验纸片增强法检测产ESBLs大肠埃希菌;采用药敏分析仪对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行抗菌药物的敏感性试验。结果 44株血标本分离大肠埃希菌中,检出产ESBLs菌株20株,占45.5%;科室分布较为分散,其中神经内科、泌尿外科及血液内科各分离出3株,均占15.0%;产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦100.0%敏感,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、氨曲南的耐药率均为100.0%;对阿米卡星、头孢西丁的耐药率分别为5.0%、10.0%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>50.0%。结论临床血标本分离大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌株发生率较高,并显示多药耐药性。     

大肠埃希菌感染的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的 分析大肠埃希菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供科学依据.方法 采用常规方法分离大肠埃希菌,全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK-2 Compact进行细菌的鉴定,纸片扩散法(K-B法)做药敏试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行分析.结果 分离的775株大肠埃希菌,来自临床送检的各类标本,主要以痰液、尿液及脓液标本为主,分别占43.1％、28.8％及11.5％;大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率为63.7％;药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率为100.0％,对头孢替坦、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因耐药率较低,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨曲南耐药率均＞60.0％,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率大部分高于非产ESBLs菌株.结论 大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性严重,应加强耐药性监测.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌耐药谱的连续监测

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌耐药谱的变化,为临床经验用药提供依据。方法采用法国Bio-Merieux公司的VITEK-60全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定细菌,K-B单片琼脂扩散法做药敏试验,WHONET5.0分析软件对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的药敏试验进行统计。结果检出912株大肠埃希菌,其中产ESBLs 386株,占42.3%;体外试验显示亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢西丁、头孢他啶对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌有较高的抗菌活性;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的耐药率均明显高于非产ESBLs菌。结论我院大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株主要是头孢菌素型(CTX-M型),ESBLs尚未有效控制,仍然处于较高水平;3年间产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药谱变化不大,亚胺培南、美罗培南对产ESBLs株未发现耐药,阿米卡星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦具有良好的治疗效果。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌尿路感染的耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌所致尿路感染中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供参考。方法分析2001年1月-2005年12月,尿路感染患者尿培养分离出的42株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对15种抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均<10.00%,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类耐药率较高(>85.00%);产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、阿米卡星的耐药性高于非产ESBLs菌株。结论治疗大肠埃希菌感染时,需根据药敏结果选用抗菌药物;碳青酶烯类、β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂是治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌所致尿路感染的首选药物。     

235株血流感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的分析某院血流感染患者标本分离的大肠埃希菌耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用BacT/Alert全自动血培养仪、VITEK2细菌鉴定仪对患者血标本进行培养、鉴定;K-B药敏纸片测定法进行药敏试验并筛选出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌。结果 2009—2011年共分离血流感染大肠埃希菌235株,ESBLs阳性90株,阳性率38.30%。产ESBLs菌株对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松100%耐药;对亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南敏感率均为100%,对头孢美唑、阿米卡星敏感率90%。非产ESBLs菌株耐药率最高的是氨苄西林,达70.63%;对亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南敏感率均为100%,对阿米卡星、头孢噻肟、头孢美唑敏感率95%。产ESBLs菌株的耐药率均明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。在含有β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合抗菌药物中,只有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的敏感率90%,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和替卡西林/克拉维酸的敏感率均未超过80%。结论血流感染大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株的耐药性较高,临床用药应根据患者感染菌的耐药情况制定合理的个体化治疗措施。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株的耐药性.方法采用Microscan autoscan-4鉴定仪(AS-4)及专用药敏板NC21检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶及药敏试验.结果产ESBLs株对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率分别为0、5.6%～34.0%、10.1%～46.0%,其余抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药.结论重视产ESBLs细菌的检测,根据药敏试验结果合理用药,亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星是目前治疗ESBLs株有效药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.