上颌窦底提升的研究进展

上颌窦底提升是有效解决上颌骨后部骨量不足的方法之一,能为后期种植体的成功植入提供保证。长期以来,利用自体髂骨提升上颌窦底被视为"金标准"。但取髂骨术后,疼痛、感染是其常见并发症。组织工程技术和细胞因子的应用,克服了传统方法的不足,成为上颌窦提升的新进展。本文就此作一综述。     

经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术植骨与否的研究进展

上颌后牙区常因骨量不足而成为种植的难点区域,常用的解决办法为上颌窦侧壁开窗窦底提升术和经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术。经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术因为手术操作简单、创伤小、愈合时间短、术后不适感少等优点逐步得到广泛应用。该技术早期应用常伴有同期植骨,但由于骨替代材料存在感染、低吸收率及引发上颌窦再气化等风险,近些年来临床上开始主张经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升时不再植骨。目前对经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术中植骨与不植骨的愈合状况和临床疗效等方面都有较多的研究报道。本文就经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升术是否需要同期植骨的研究进展做如下综述。     

上颌窦底提升及人工骨粉植入的动物实验研究

目的:评价金骨威骨粉用于上颌窦底提升后植骨的可行性.方法:在兔上颌窦底提升动物模型中植入金骨威和自体骨进行对照研究.用影像学和组织形态学的方法评价植骨后不同时期的效果.观察灰度值、成骨细胞数量、新生骨面积和金骨威材料的剩余面积,对金骨威植骨后的成骨过程做一阐述.通过自体骨植骨后获得的各项数据,比较金骨威与自体骨之间成骨的差异.结果:金骨威植骨区在2周时灰度值很低,随着时间的增加,灰度逐渐上升,在12周时与自体骨无明显差异.在金骨威植骨区成骨细胞数目随着时间的延长,成骨细胞数量逐渐降低.12周时,金骨威植骨区和自体骨植骨区的成骨细胞数量没有统计学差异.金骨威植骨区的材料剩余面积随着时间的延长逐渐下降,且降解速度相对较快.结论:在兔上颌窦底提升植骨模型中单独使用金骨威作为植骨材料是可行的.     

改良上颌窦底提升术的临床应用

目的:评价改良上颌窦底提升术在处理上颌后牙区垂直骨量不足中的应用及临床效果。方法:65名上颌后牙缺失患者,共103个植入位点。上颌窦底下方的剩余牙槽骨高度为2～9mm。其中,30例剩余骨高度为5～9mm的患者,采用超声骨刀行上颌窦底内提升术;35例剩余骨高度为2～5mm的患者,行侧壁小开窗上颌窦底提升术。同期或延期植入种植体,随访9-30个月。结果:术后6个月,行上颌窦底内提升术的患者,平均提升高度为4.43mm(2.22～5.47mm);行上颌窦底外提升术的患者,平均提升高度为5.95mm(4.16～12.85mm)。103个种植位点中仅2例在术中发现黏膜穿孔,1例在戴牙后3个月出现种植体松动,其余种植体均形成良好骨结合,存留率为99%。结论:上颌窦底提升术能够有效促进上颌窦内成骨,增加上颌后牙区骨高度,超声骨刀及外提升术中小开窗术式的应用,可显著降低术中并发症的发生率、缩短手术时间、减轻患者术后反应。     

上颌窦底提升术

目前,种植手术已成为一种常规的技术应用于临床,随着种植体设计的改进和植入技术的日趋成熟,成功率不断提高,适应证也不断扩大,但是剩余骨高度不足仍是影响上颌后牙区种植手术的主要因素.临床上多采用上颌窦底提升术,主要包括上颌窦侧壁开窗术和冲压式上颌窦底提升术,这2种术式有效解决了上颌后牙区剩余骨高度不足的问题.本文主要介绍上颌窦的解剖结构、底壁分嵴等情况,以及口腔影像学检查方法的应用;归纳总结上颌窦底提升术的基本原则,上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术的切口设计、手术方法,以及3种改良冲压式上颌窦底提升术的比较,骨挤压器和骨冲顶器的应用,初步探讨植骨材料的选择,辅助上颌窦底提升术的特殊器械(超声骨刀和内镜)的特点,伴发上颌窦囊肿和术后并发症的处理方法.     

上颌窦底提升术的临床研究

目的:研究比较上后牙缺失后牙槽嵴高度不足时根据上颌窦底牙槽嵴骨高度不同,选用不同术式和不同充填材料提升上颌窦底,进行种植修复的治疗效果.方法:89例上后牙缺失的患者,其中68例窦底牙槽嵴骨高6一lOnun者行闭合冲压上颌窦底提升术,其余21例骨高2-5mm者行开窗植骨上颌窦底提升手术,同期完成一期种植手术86例,二期完成种植手术3例.充填材料有自体颗粒骨、人工骨粉或者自体颗粒骨加人工骨粉.结果:所有患者术后未出现上颌窦炎症,21例行开窗植骨上颌窦底提升手术的患者2例术中窦膜穿孔,以可吸收生物膜修补后同期完成种植手术.平均提升窦底高度5.8mm,59颗种植体有1颗松动失败,其余种植体平均负载23个月,种植体稳定,骨结合状况良好.68例行闭合冲压上颌窦底提升术的患者,平均提升窦底高度4.1mm.植入术中有3例发生可察觉窦膜破孔,3例术后2天内鼻腔少量自发性渗血,其余无明显症状.在121颗种植体中,有2颗种植体失败,119颗种植体平均负载15个月,种植体稳定,未见明显骨吸收.结论:临床上上颌窦底骨高度不足的情况应根据上颌窦底骨高度不同,选用开窗植骨或闭合冲压提升上颌窦底,并根据需提升高度不同选用不同的充填材料,大多数可以同期种植.     

上颌窦底提升中骨增量材料的专家共识：生物活性制剂、细胞疗法与不植入骨增量材料的上颌窦底提升

上颌窦底提升是解决上颌后牙区垂直向骨量不足的可靠方法。目前应用于上颌窦底骨增量的材料较多,关于材料的选择尚无统一共识。本文基于现有临床文献证据,针对生物活性制剂、细胞疗法以及不植入骨增量材料的上颌窦底提升进行总结及阐述,以期为临床上颌窦底提升中骨增量材料的选择提供参考。     

关于上颌窦底提升术骨增量策略的研究进展

上颌后牙区骨高度不足是种植手术常见的问题之一。而上颌窦底提升术拓宽了上颌后牙区种植的适应证。随着临床技术的进步和口腔材料学的发展,上颌窦底提升术的植骨策略不断更新。尽管上颌窦内的成骨机制尚未完全阐明,但上颌窦底提升术不植骨已经得到了越来越多的认可,如何选择和把握适应证是该策略的关键。经典传统的骨移植材料存在不同程度的缺陷,新型骨组织工程辅助材料应运而生,部分已得到临床应用。该文就上颌窦底提升术是否植骨、骨移植材料等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

上颌窦底提升术的研究进展

上颌后牙区解剖的特殊性导致上颌后牙缺失后骨量丧失严重,成为临床上种植义齿修复的主要障碍,上颌窦提升术是解决上颌后牙区骨量不足的主要方法,可为种植体植入提供充足的骨量,本文就上颌窦底提升术的发展作一综述。     

上颌窦底提升自体骨与异种骨移植延期种植的临床疗效评价

目的 评价经上颌骨前外侧壁的上颌窦底提升植骨延期种植术的长期临床效果,并比较两种不同的骨移植材料在种植修复不同时期的变化.方法 对2002年1月至2008年12月牙列缺损患者18例(21侧)上颌窦行经上颌骨前外侧壁的上颌窦底提升植骨延期种植术.延期(6～8个月)植入共46枚种植体.将牙列缺损区域剩余牙槽骨高度＜4 mm的患者分为两组:①混合材料组(自体骨+异种骨)5例6侧;②单纯异种骨组(Bio-Oss)13例15侧.在3个时间点(植骨术后即刻、种植体负荷即刻、＞12个月随访)拍摄曲面体层X线片,评估骨吸收率及种植体存留率.结果 在植入的46枚种植体中,除1枚因感染取出外,其余种植体骨结合良好并完成修复.在平均54个月随访期内,种植体存留率为98％ (45/46).3个时间点的X线片测量比较,移植骨量两组均减少,混合材料组(10.88％和7.77％),总吸收率18.65％;单纯异种骨组(4.40％和-2.47％),总吸收率1.93％.骨量变化的差异有统计学意义.结论 上颌窦底提升植骨的临床效果是可以预期的;单纯异种骨移植的骨吸收率低于自体骨+异种骨混合材料的骨吸收率.     

包绕式盖膜引导骨再生技术在上颌窦底提升同期牙种植中的成骨研究

目的探讨骨引导再生技术在上颌窦底提升中的成骨效果。方法对18只比格犬行双侧上颌窦底提升同期牙种植术。采用自身对照,左侧上颌窦行包绕式盖膜（实验侧）,右侧行上颌窦颊侧开窗口盖膜（对照侧）。术后4、12、24周分别处死实验犬各6只,力学测试、大体标本及组织学观察。结果对照侧骨移植材料有移位,骨质吸收明显,种植体顶部暴露;实验侧种植体顶部骨移植材料无移位现象,有较厚的骨质覆盖。力学检测两组随时间的增加种植体被牵出的力增加;在24周时力学测试实验侧[(558.1±37.4)N]与对照侧[(471.4±31.5)N]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。组织学检查：双侧上颌窦底植入骨粉后均可见新生骨形成,随时间延长逐渐增多、成熟,骨粉颗粒逐渐减少。结论包绕式盖膜骨引导再生技术可减少上颌窦底提升后骨的吸收,促进种植体顶部骨形成。     

Maxillary sinus floor elevation using a tissue engineered bone complex with BMP-2 gene modified bMSCs and a novel porous ceramic scaffold in rabbits

Objectives

To study the effects of maxillary sinus floor elevation by a tissue engineered bone complex with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene modified bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) and a novel porous ceramic scaffold (OsteoBone™) in rabbits.

Materials and methods

bMSCs derived from New Zealand rabbit bone marrow were cultured and transduced with adenovirus AdBMP-2 and with AdEGFP gene (without BMP-2 gene sequence) as a control, respectively, in vitro. These bMSCs were then combined with OsteoBone™ scaffold at a concentration of 2 × 10⁷ cells/ml and used to elevate the maxillary sinus floor in rabbits. Eight rabbits were randomly allocated into groups and sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4. For each time point, 8 maxillary sinus floor elevation surgeries were made bilaterally in 4 rabbits for the two groups (n = 4 per group): group A (AdBMP-2-bMSCs/material) and group B (AdEGFP-bMSCs/material). All samples were evaluated by histologic and histomorphometric analysis.

Results

The augmented maxillary sinus height was maintained for both groups over the entire experimental period, while new bone area increased over time for group A. At week 4 after operation, bone area in group A was significantly more than that in group B (P < 0.05), and was more obviously detected in the center of the elevated space. Under a confocal microscope, green fluorescence in newly formed bone was observed in the EGFP group, which suggests that those implanted bMSCs had contributed to the new bone formation.

Conclusion

bMSCs modified with AdBMP-2 gene can promote new bone formation in elevating the rabbit maxillary sinus. OsteoBone™ scaffold could be an ideal carrier for gene enhanced bone tissue engineering.     

上颌窦底提升术中应用组织工程化骨的实验研究

目的评价组织工程化骨在上颌窦底提升术中的效果。方法取犬骨髓基质干细胞（bone marrow stromal cells，BMSC）体外培养，并向成骨细胞定向诱导。将BMSC与多孔矿化骨（Bio-Oss）复合在体外培养5d。健康成年犬16只，行双侧上颌窦底提升术，选取一侧将BMSC-Bio-Oss复合物填充于上颌窦底提升形成的空腔中，另一侧植入单纯Bio-Oss骨粉作为空白对照。分别于术后30、90d行大体观察、CT检查、组织学检查和新生骨量分析。应用t检验对实验结果进行统计学分析。结果术后30、90d大体观察和CT检查均显示上颌窦内有新骨生成。新生骨量分析显示，单纯Bio-Oss组骨小梁总面积14．17±4．28，植入BMSC-Bio-Oss复合物组为21．31±5．14，新生骨量显著增多（P〈0．05）。结论将组织工程化骨应用于上颌窦底提升术可获得良好的成骨效果。     

Maxillary sinus floor augmentation and dental implant placement using dentin matrix protein-1 gene-modified bone marrow stromal cells mixed with deproteinized boving bone: A comparative study in beagles

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the combined use of dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1) gene-modified bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and Bio-Oss^® for maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) implant placement in dogs.Materials and methodsBMSCs were derived from bone marrow of six beagles and cultured. The cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector overexpressing the DMP1 gene and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene (Lenti-DMP1/EGFP) in test group, and with a lentiviral vector encoding EGFP gene (Lenti-EGFP) in control group. Six dogs received sinus augmentations using the bilateral approach with a simultaneous implant placement at each site respectively. At the same concentration, 2 × 10⁷ cells/ml, one sinus was grafted using a mixture of autologous DMP1/EGFP gene-modified BMSCs and Bio-Oss^® (DMP1 group), and the contralateral sinus was grafted with autologous EGFP gene-modified bMSCs and Bio-Oss^® (EGFP group). After a 3 month healing period, bone regeneration and osseointegration were evaluated using histologic and histomorphometric methods.ResultsThe bone-implant contact (BIC) and the bone area fraction in the DMP1 group (BIC: 34.67% ± 8.23%, bone area fraction: 35.16% ± 3.32%) were significantly greater compared with the EGFP group (BIC: 26.06% ± 5.16%, bone area fraction: 20.74% ± 1.63%) (P < 0.05). No significant difference between the residual bone substitute material volume (BSMV) in the DMP1 group (35.86 ± 7.35) and the EGFP group (32.16 ± 9.16) was found in our study (P > 0.05).ConclusionBMSCs modified with the DMP1 gene can be used as an adjunct to Bio-Oss^® to enhance new bone formation and the osseointegration of dental implants in MSFA of dogs.     

上颌窦开窗植骨种植修复的远期效果评价

目的:探讨上颌窦开窗植骨种植修复在上颌后牙区骨量不足患者中的临床应用效果。方法:2002年1月—2006年11月,使用上颌窦开窗植骨种植修复上颌后牙缺失40例,其中3例行双侧手术。男29例,女11例,平均年龄51.4岁(28～66岁)。共植入84颗种植体。采用埋入式愈合方式。种植体平均愈合11.8个月(8～19个月)后行永久修复。随访期为62.3个月(47～84个月)。结果:植入的84颗种植体在愈合和随访期内均未发生松动脱落,留存率达100%。4侧上颌窦黏膜在手术过程中发生穿破,但未发生上颌窦炎等并发症。随访期X线片显示种植体颈部骨吸收平均值为(0.63±0.33)mm。结论:上颌窦开窗植骨种植修复技术安全可行,是解决上颌后牙区骨高度不足区种植修复难题的有效方法。     

上颌窦提升术

上颌窦提升术是解决上颌后牙区骨量不足的常用方法。上颌窦提升术可分为上颌窦侧壁开窗术（上颌窦外提升术）和经牙槽嵴入路的上颌窦冲顶提升术（上颌窦内提升术）。本文就上颌窦提升相关解剖、上颌窦提升抗生素选择、上颌窦提升适应证把握、植骨方案选择、促生长因子的作用、上颌窦提升术的常见并发症和吸烟的影响作一论述。     

Pre-implantological bone formation in the floor of the maxillary sinus in a self-supporting space

Introduction

In edentulous patients the form and size of the maxillary sinus vary greatly. Therefore sinus floor augmentation is a standard procedure for implantological purposes. As the sinus membrane cannot be characterized as periosteum, various augmentation materials are used.

侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后垂直向骨增量的观察研究

目的通过观察侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后垂直向骨增量的变化情况,研究其相关的影响因素。方法收集上颌后牙区牙列缺损行侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术分期种植患者资料,对纳入病例的术前剩余牙槽骨高度(residual bone height,RBH)、术后当日垂直向骨高度、术后6个月垂直向骨高度及垂直向骨增量的变化情况进行观察。结果术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨高度有显著性降低,降低量为0.56±0.25mm;上颌窦底黏膜厚度的术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的变化量无明显差异;在不同剩余牙槽骨高度情况下,术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的变化量有统计学差异,RBH大于5mm的患者相对RBH小于5mm的患者垂直向骨增量的降低值显著增加;上颌窦宽度与术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的降低值呈正相关。结论侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后6个月较术后当日存在垂直向骨增量的降低现象;剩余牙槽骨高度大于5mm时垂直向骨增量的降低值显著增加;上颌窦宽度与垂直向骨增量的降低值呈正相关。     

Bone formation after sinus augmentation with engineered bone

Objectives: The aim of the following investigation was to quantify the resorption rate of tissue-engineered bone grafts in the maxillary sinus using volume measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sinus floor augmentation using autologous bone grafts from the iliac crest (n=17, group 1) was compared with commercially produced transplants of human cells seeded on polyglycolid-polylactid (PLGA) scaffolds (Oral Bone) (n=14, group 2). RESULTS: The total resorption rate for autologous transplants 3 months post operation was 29%, while the tissue-engineered bone showed a resorption rate of 90%. The autologous bone had a bone density of up to 266-551 Hounsfield units (HU), while sufficient mineralization of tissue-engineered bone was found in only one case (152 HU). CONCLUSION: In this clinical study, the use of autologous cancellous bone grafts in sinus augmentation was more reliable than scaffolds containing cultured osteoblasts. Further tissue-engineered bone transplants should be examined to draw general conclusions about the use of tissue-engineered grafts compared with autologous bone grafts for maxillary sinus augmentation.