中孕期正常胎儿心脏发育的产前超声筛查检测

目的：应用胎儿超声心动图技术对21-25孕周正常胎儿心脏心房、心室、主动脉、肺动脉、动脉导管的内径及血流速度进行检测,为产前超声评估该孕期胎儿心脏发育提供参考依据。方法采用实时二维胎儿超声心动图对300例21-25孕周的正常单胎妊娠胎儿进行胎儿四腔心、左室流出道、右室流出道及三血管切面检查,测量心脏各房室腔及大血管内径,分析各测量值与孕周的关系。结果21-25孕周正常胎儿心脏各房室腔、大血管及动脉导管内径随孕周增加而增大。结论此研究建立了中孕期正常胎儿心脏各结构内径的正常参考值范围,为胎儿心脏发育的产前超声检测提供了实用的参考价值。     

80例中晚孕正常胎儿主肺动脉与升主动脉的超声心动图对比分析

目的 探讨中晚孕正常胎儿主肺动脉与升主动脉超声心动图图像的不同点.方法 按产科每四周为一妊娠月的标准,对80例胎龄21～40周正常胎儿,应用Siemens实时三维彩色多普勒超声诊断仪获取每个胎儿标准二维超声心动图图像,每个胎儿分五次测量不同妊娠月主肺动脉与升主动脉的内径、长度.结果 正常胎儿主肺动脉与升主动脉内径和长度的大小与胎龄呈正相关,内径随胎龄的增加而增宽,长度随胎龄的增加而增长;主肺动脉内径/升主动脉内径的比值≥1,主肺动脉长度/升主动脉长度的比值≤1;胎儿主肺动脉与升主动脉的发育与胎儿整体发育有关.结论 应用实时三维超声检查正常胎儿的超声心动图,测定主肺动脉与升主动脉的内径、长度,分析主肺动脉和升主动脉在二维超声图像上不同,验证主肺动脉和升主动脉的发育过程,为两者的鉴别提供新思路,为产前筛查胎儿心脏流出道畸形提供了一定的参考依据.     

先天性心脏大血管畸形的产前超声诊断特点分析

目的分析先天性心脏大血管畸形的产前超声诊断特点。方法采用心脏四腔心切面联合胎儿头侧偏转法对18960例胎儿行心脏畸形的快速筛查,可疑者给予肺动脉长轴切面、左右心室流出道及主、大动脉短轴切面、主动脉弓切面、三血管平面、动脉导管弓切面、三血管气管平面,对患者血管的内径大小、排列、数目、血流情况进行彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒的观察。结果共诊断出先天性心脏大血管畸形87例,其中内径大小异常43例,排列异常22例,数目异常27例,血管与气管关系异常2例,血流方向和性质异常43例。结论大动脉的起始部平行排列,血管内径的大小、数目异常、相对气管位置的关系异常以及内部血流的异常是胎儿出现先天性大血管畸形产前超声诊断的主要线索与依据,胎儿的心脏四腔心切面联合胎儿的头侧偏转法能够快速获取筛选情况,左右心室的流出道、三血管平面、主、肺动脉的长轴切面、三血管气管平面的诊断为先天性心脏大血管畸形主要的切面及检查方法。     

中孕中期胎儿动脉导管参考值范围的建立及其对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊断价值

目的探讨中孕中期(24~28周)胎儿动脉导管参考值范围及其对胎儿动脉导管依赖型先天性心脏病的诊断价值。方法 9026例进行产前筛查的孕妇,中孕中期8091例,同时进行胎儿心脏超声,测量动脉导管(DA)内径,统计各孕周DA内径参考值范围,分析动脉导管依赖型先天性心脏病与DA内径参考值的关系。结果中孕中期产前筛查的孕周内完成胎儿心脏超声检查共7931例观测到DA,显示率为98.0%。胎儿DA内径值呈正态分布,且DA内径值随孕周增长而增宽。24~28周胎龄胎儿DA内径值分别为(2.43±0.27)mm、(2.50±0.28)mm、(2.58±0.27)mm、(2.71±0.31)mm、(2.99±0.29)mm。DA增宽2例为完全型房室隔缺损、右室双出口和主动脉弓缩窄各1例;DA缩窄3例为三尖瓣下移畸形、法洛四联症以及完全性大动脉转位并肺动脉狭窄各1例。结论中孕中期能够观察到胎儿DA,并能进行管径测量,DA内径参考值的建立对早期发现DA异常及DA相关疾病有所帮助。     

彩色多普勒超声在胎儿先天性心脏病的筛查中临床意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在胎儿先天性心脏病（CHD）筛查中的应用价值。方法采用彩色多普勒技术对3800例孕17周以上孕妇的胎儿心脏进行初步筛查。结果查出胎儿CHD 47例,Kappa值为0.935。结论彩色多普勒超声是产前筛选胎儿CHD的首选方法,6个切面扫查比心尖四腔心切扫查筛选胎儿CHD有效性更强。     

产前超声检查胎儿心脏生长指标与孕周的相关性分析

目的 探讨产前超声检查胎儿心脏生长指标与孕周的关系.方法 选取2014年2月至2016年2月行常规产前检查的孕21~25周的孕妇214例,应用二维超声测量胎儿心脏各生长指标.结果 不同孕周左心房横径(LATD)、左心房纵径(LAVD)、右心房横径(RATD)、右心房纵径(RAVD)、左心室横径(LVTD)、左心室纵径(LVVD)、右心室横径(RVTD)和右心室纵径(RVVD)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同孕周升主动脉(AAO)、肺主动脉(PA)和动脉导管(DA)内径比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同孕周主动脉瓣(AV)、肺动脉瓣(PV)、动脉导管、卵圆孔、三尖瓣E峰和A峰血流速度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LATD、LAVD、RATD、RAVD、LVTD、LVVD、RVTD、RVVD、AAO、PA、DA、AV、PV、动脉导管血流速度、卵圆孔血流速度、E峰和A峰与孕周呈正相关(r=0.332、0.477、0.500、0.422、0.401、0.392、0.381、0.482、0.366、0.281、0.430、0.511和0.312,P<0.05).结论 胎儿心脏各房室腔、大血管及动脉导管内径以及主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣等血流速度随孕周增加而增大.     

超声心动图评价妊娠对母体心脏腔室大小和功能影响

目的 探讨超声心动图评价妊娠对母体心脏腔室大小和功能影响.方法 选取2012年4月至2014年4月期间,接诊检查的60例孕妇作为观察对象,分为产前组、产后组;选取同时期的60例健康未孕女性作为对照组;对比分析3组研究对象的心脏腔室大小和功能;心脏腔室大小的超声心动图观察指标包括:左心室舒张末内径(LVIDd)、左心室收缩末内径(LVIDs)、左心房内径、右心室横径、右心房内径、主动脉内径、肺动脉内径;心功能的超声心动图观察指标包括:左心室射血分数(LVEF)、每搏输出量、心输出量、心指数、心房收缩期及舒张早期的左心室充盈峰速度比值(A/E比值)、肺动脉收缩压(PASP);对比分析产前组、产后组及对照组的心脏腔室大小和功能的超声心动图观察指标,综合评价妊娠对母体心脏腔室大小和功能影响.结果 产前组孕妇的LVIDd、LVIDs、左心房内径及肺动脉内径均显著大于产后组及对照组(P<0.05),3组研究对象的右心室横径、右心房内径及主动脉内径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);产后组与对照组研究对象的心脏腔室大小超声心动图观察指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);产前组孕妇的LVEF、每搏输出量、心输出量、心指数、A/E比值及PASP显著大于产后组及对照组(P<0.05),产后组产妇与对照组的LVEF、每搏输出量、心输出量、心指数、A/E比值及PASP均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3组研究对象的心功能的超声心动图观察指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 妊娠期母体与产后及健康未孕女性的超声心动图具有显著性差异,通过超声心动图可定量检测母体心脏腔室大小、功能及妊娠对母体心脏腔室大小和功能影响;妊娠可增大母体的LVIDd、LVIDs、左房内径及肺动脉内径,显著增强母体的心脏收缩功能;但妊娠对母体心脏腔室大小和功能影响作为生理可逆过程.     

产前超声在先天性心脏大血管畸形中的诊断价值

目的 探讨先天性心脏大血管畸形的超声特点及其产前诊断方法.方法 随机选取本院2012年3月至2015年3月受检胎儿2260例,对其行胎儿心脏四腔心切面联合胎儿头侧偏转法以对心脏畸形进行快速筛查.对疑似心脏畸形者行大动脉短轴切面、主动脉弓切面、肺动脉长轴切面、左右心室流出道、三血管气管平面超声检查,并对内部血流情况、血管内径大小、排列关系等进行观察记录.结果 本次研究中共计检出82例先天性心脏大血管畸形,其中以血管排列异常、血流性质异常、血管内径大小异常及血管数目异常四种超声线索最为常见.结 论产前超声检查是一种有效的先天性心脏大血管畸形诊断方法,其中大动脉数目异常、内径大小异常、血流异常及血管排列异常均可作为临床诊断的可靠线索.     

心脏大血管畸形的产前超声诊断特点分析

目的探讨并分析心脏大血管畸形的产前超声诊断特点。方法由2011年1月~2013年1月间于我院接受产前胎儿产前检查的孕妇中随机抽取10 000例,采用四腔心切面方法对其进行胎儿心脏畸形的筛检,发现可疑者进行肺动脉长轴切面、大动脉短轴切面、主动脉弓切面、左右心室流出道及三血管平面、三血管气管平面和动脉导管弓切面,采用频谱多普勒和彩色多普勒观察并记录畸形血管内径的大小、数目、排列以及血流情况。结果10 000例接受产前检查的胎儿中有44例存在先天性心脏大血管畸形,其中内径大小异常21例,排列异常11例,数目异常14例,血管与气管关系异常2例,血流方向和性质异常23例。结论心脏大血管畸形产前诊断的主要依据为大动脉的起始部血管的平行排列,血管内径大小、数目存在异常、内部血流的异常以及相对气管位置的出现异常等。另外,诊断效果最好的切面及检测方法有左右心室的流出道、主、肺动脉的长轴切面、三血管气管平面以及三血管平面,均具有较高的临床应用价值。     

产前超生诊断胎儿法洛四联症12例临床分析

目的探讨产前超声诊断对胎儿法洛四联症的临床应用价值。方法对我院2009年1月至2012年1月12例经胎儿超声检查诊断为法洛四联症的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并总结其声像图特点。结果胎儿法洛四联症其主要的声像特征包括室间隔缺损、主动脉骑跨、肺动脉狭窄,肺动脉与主动脉内径比值减小,但右室前壁增厚不明显。结论产前超声检查对诊断胎儿法洛四联症有着重要的临床意义,同时其确诊率高,价格低廉,应当作为胎儿的常规检查。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.