浙江地区炎症性肠病136例危险因素及其基因多态性分析

目的研究浙江地区住院治疗的炎症性肠病(IBD)患者的可能危险因素及NOD2/CARD15基因3个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与IBD的相关性。方法通过问卷调查对2005年1月至2008年12月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院、浙江省金华市中心医院、宁波李惠利医院及台州地区医院136例IBD患者和等量健康对照者进行病例对照研究,对结果进行COX回归分析;采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)法对60例无血缘关系的IBD患者及60例健康对照者NOD2/CARD15基因Arg702Trp、Gly908Arg和Leu1007fsinsC多态性进行分析。结果 IBD平均发病年龄42.6岁,男性稍多于女性。牛奶、油炸食品和精神因素在IBD致病因素中具有统计学意义。IBD患者和健康对照者均未检测出纯合子和杂合子的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)突变。结论牛奶、油炸食品和精神紧张可能是浙江地区IBD潜在的危险因素,白种人克罗恩病(CD)患者相关易感基因NOD2/CARD15常见的3个SNPs与浙江地区IBD患者无关。     

NOD2/CARD15基因多态性与炎症性肠病遗传易感性关系分析

目的 研究NOD2/CARD15基因与我国汉族人群炎症性肠病遗传易感性的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物方法对45例克罗恩病NOD2/CARD15基因野生型和C2104T(4外显子处)、G2722C(8外显子处)和3020insC(11外显子处)三个主要碱基突变进行基因分型并测序.另对60例溃疡性结肠炎患者、50名健康献血者、2例克罗恩病患者的21名家系成员、3例溃疡性结肠炎患者的31名家系成员也进行了NOD2/CARD15基因多态性分析.结果 全部被调查人群中均未发现有NOD2/CARD15基因突变者,均携带野生型NOD2/CARD15基因.结论 在西方国家中与克罗恩病显著相关的NOD2/CARD15基因突变与我国汉族炎症性肠病人群无明显相关性,该基因可能不是我国汉族炎症性肠病人群的致病基因.     

TLR2、TLR4和NOD2/CARD15基因多态性与溃疡性结肠炎相关性的meta分析

背景:近年我国溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的患病率明显增高,Toll样受体2(TLR2)、TLR4和NOD2/CARD15基因多态性与UC的发生、发展可能密切相关。目的:探讨TLR2、TLR4和NOD2/CARD15基因多态性对UC发生的影响。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、中国生物医学文献、中国知网、万方数据库、重庆维普等数据库中所有TLR2、TLR4和NOD2/CARD15基因多态性与UC相关性的研究。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、评价质量并提取数据,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果:共纳入15项研究。Meta分析结果显示,TLR2 Arg753Gln基因多态性与UC发生风险无关(P 0.05)。除隐性模型外,TLR4 Asp299Gly基因多态性可显著增加UC的发生风险(P 0.05),TLR4 Thr399Ile基因超显性模型可导致UC风险增加(P 0.05),但显性模型和隐性模型与UC无关(P 0.05)。NOD2/CARD15(Arg702Trp、Gly908Arg、Leu1007fsins C)基因多态性均与UC无关(P 0.05)。结论:NOD2/CARD15(Arg702Trp、Gly908Arg、Leu1007fsins C)、TLR2(Arg753Gln)与UC发生风险无关,TLR4(Asp299Gly、Thr399Ile)可增加UC的发生风险。     

NOD2/CARD15基因突变与中国人克罗恩病相关性的研究

背景：近年多项研究证明NOD2／CARD15基因序列的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与西方白种人克罗恩病（CD）明显相关．其中3个SNP（R702W、G908R和3020ins C）与CD的相关性尤为显著。目的：探讨NOD2／CARD15基因SNP与中国人CD发病的相关性及其与CD临床特点的关系。方法：选取临床资料完整的CD患者48例、溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者和健康对照者各50例，提取人血白细胞基因组DNA，经聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增NOD2基因全部12对外显子，纯化后直接测序，根据结果分析其突变与CD病变特点的关系。结果：CD组、UC组和健康对照组均未检出3个西方人常见的NOD2／CARD15基因多态性位点。CD组的P268S突变率显著高于UC组和健康对照组（P〈0．05）。5例P268S突变的CD患者病变均位于回肠（P〈0．01），4例发病年龄≤20岁（P〈0．01），且均并发肠腔狭窄（P〈0．01）。结论：中国人CD患者中存在NOD2／CARD15基因P268S突变，且与患者的发病年龄、病变部位和并发症相关，有必要对其功能作进一步探讨。     

P268S突变型NOD2/CARD15真核表达载体的构建及其体外表达

背景：NOD2/CARD15基因序列单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与欧美人群的克罗恩病（CD）明显相关．其中R702W、G908R和3020insC3个SNP位点与CD的相关性尤为显著。而13本、韩国以及我国香港和浙江地区的研究均未发现上述3个SNP的改变，但最近研究发现了可能与中国人CD相关的P268S突变。目的：构建P268S突变型NOD2／CARD15真核表达载体和体外转染体系，为研究突变型NOD2／CARD15的功能提供实验基础。方法：应用定点诱变技术构建P268S突变型NOD2／CARD15真核表达载体，以阳离子脂质体介导体外转染技术瞬时转染人胚肾细胞HEK293T．以蛋白质印迹法和逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测HEK293T细胞NOD2／CARD15的表达。结果：经克隆、酶切、测序证实获得P268S突变型NOD2／CARD15基因，突变载体转入HEK293T细胞后，NOD2／CARD15有效表达。结论：成功构建了P268S突变型NOD2／CARD15真核表达载体，阳离子脂质体是人胚肾细胞有效的体外转染体系。     

CARD15/NOD2基因多态性与克罗恩病发病的荟萃分析

克罗恩病（CD）是一种具有遗传背景的多因素疾病。位于第16号染色体上的CARD15／NOD2基因被确定为克罗恩病的易感基因，该基因是参与细胞凋亡调控的Apaf21／PCed4超家族成员之一，主要在单核巨噬细胞内表达。有研究证明，CARD15／NOD2基因上三个多态位点（R702W、G908R、3020sinC）与克罗恩病发病相关。为综合评价CARD15／NOD2基因序列单核苷酸多态性同克罗恩病发病的相关性，我们用荟萃分析方法对二者的关系进行综合定量再分析，探讨CARD15／NOD2基因多态性与克罗恩病发病的关系。     

NOD2/CARD15基因R702W、G908R及L1007fs多态性与广西壮族人群炎症性肠病的相关性

目的:探讨我国广西壮族人群NOD2/CARD15基因R702W、G908R及L1007fs的遗传多态性与炎症性肠病的相关性.方法:分别收集2007-02/2010-10在广西地区无亲缘关系的壮族(n=70)和汉族(n=76)IBD患者及壮族(n=80)和汉族(n=84)正常对照者的肠黏膜组织.采用酚氯仿法提取各组织样本DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)方法对NOD2/CARD15基因R702W、G908R及L1007fs进行检测,统计基因型及等位基因频率,分析上述3个多态性位点与广西壮族人群炎症性肠病的相关性.结果:广西壮族和汉族IBD患者与正常对照者均未发现NOD2/CARD15基因R702W、G908R及L1007fs突变型基因型,所有多态性位点上的基因型全部为野生型纯合子,其基因型频率和等位基因频率分布在IBD患者和正常对照者中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:NOD2/CARD15基因R702W、G908R及L1007fs多态性与广西壮族人群炎症性肠病无明显相关性.     

NOD2/CARD15与克罗恩病相关性研究进展

克罗恩病(CD)是一种常见的炎症性肠病,是环境因素作用于易感个体产生的肠道慢性非特异性炎症。其发病机制尚未完全明了。NOD2/CARD15是目前确认的第一个与CD相关的基因,通过介导凋亡,调节免疫等多种途径参与CD的发病。本文就NOD2/ CARD15与CD的研究进展作一综述。     

NOD2基因P268S突变是中国人克罗恩病的易感基因吗?

本期龙靖华等作者发表的论文，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增NOD2／CARD15基因12对外显子．纯化后直接测序的方法，研究了我国广东地区48例克罗恩病（CD）患者、50例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者和50名健康对照者NOD2基因突变与炎症性肠病（IBD）的相关性，结果发现了一个有意义的现象。CD组NOD2P268S突变率显著高于UC组和健康对照组．且与CD患者的发病年龄、     

CD第一个易感基因NOD 2及其与CD易感性的研究进展

目前认为克罗恩氏病(Crohn’s disesase,CD)是遗传易感者受环境因素作用而发病的,其发病符合多基因病的遗传规律,其遗传易感性主要表现在家族聚集现象及双胞胎共患CD上。近年来,随着人类基因组计划的进展和多基因病研究及统计学方法的发展,已发现了人类CD的第一个易感基因——NOD 2基因,现命名为CARD 15基因。本文就NOD 2基因及其与CD易感性的研究进展进行综述。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.