胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的：探讨胰肾联合移植的供体器官切取及移植手术方法。方法：2001年10月施行1例胰液肠腔引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植，手术分3个步骤：①供体腹部多器官(包括胰、肝脏、肾脏)联合原位灌洗、整块切取；②供胰、供肾的修整；③供胰和供肾的植入。监测术后胰腺、肾的功能恢复。结果：联合整块切取腹部多器官成功，热缺血时间在3min之内。施行1例胰液肠腔引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植，术后移植肾功能在术后第3d肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常；第5d停用胰岛素，移植胰内外分泌功能正常。随访1年，人／移植物存活良好。结论：胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法，供体腹部多器官联合原位灌洗、整块切取的方法可有效缩短器官的热缺血时间，减少损伤和提高供体器官的利用率。     

肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整的技术改进

目的:探讨肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整的技术改进。方法:采用原位灌注联合切取和体外修整的方法完成6例尸体供肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整。结果:6例获取器官的热缺血时间为(3.0±1.5)min,冷缺血时间为(7.0±3.0)h。修整时动脉重建方式既保证了肝脏血供又改善了胰腺十二指肠血供。同时为6例乙肝肝硬化病人实施原位肝移植,术后病人恢复顺利;为6例I型糖尿病合并尿毒症病人实施胰液膀胱引流式胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植术,手术顺利,术后病人移植胰腺和肾脏功能恢复良好;为6例慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症)病人实施肾移植术,术后病人恢复顺利。结论:肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取和修整的质量是器官移植成功的关键之一,采用原位灌注联合切取和保留胰腺的胃十二指肠动脉是可靠的。     

腹部多器官联合移植供器官切取方法探讨

目的:总结腹部多器官联合移植供器官的切取方法,观察其临床应用效果。方法:1999～2006年共行肝肾联合移植18例,肝胰联合移植1例,胰肾联合移植6例,均采用腹部多器官联合切取技术,优先灌注腹主动脉,于小肠系膜根部分离肠系膜上静脉,插管灌注肝门静脉,整块切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠。结果:腹腔多器官联合切取时间为(16.0±3.0)min,热缺血时间(3±1.2)min,所有供器官、血管无损伤,灌注良好。术后移植物功能恢复顺利,无移植肝原发无功能发生,无严重胆道并发症发生。肝肾联合移植患者术后ALT恢复正常时间为(8±3.2)d,Scr恢复正常时间为(6±2.8)d)。肝胰联合移植患者1周内ALT恢复正常并脱离胰岛素治疗。胰肾联合移植患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素治疗,2周内Scr功能恢复正常。所有患者随访至今,存活1～7年,移植物功能正常。结论:采用尸体腹部多器官联合切取技术能快速优质切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠,缩短热缺血时间,减少动脉损伤,提高腹部多器官联合移植存活。     

肝肾联合移植的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的：探讨肝肾联合移植的供体器官切取及移植手术方法。方法：1998年5月-2001年7月共联合切除供肝、供肾30例次,施行1例肝移植及1例肝肾联合移植,手术方法主要有3个步骤：供体肝脏、肾脏联合原位灌洗、整块切取;病肝的切除;供肝和供肾联合植入。结果：供体肝肾联合切取30例均成功,热缺血时间在5-10min之内。1例肝移植及1例肝肾联合移植获得成功。结论：肝肾联合移植是唯一能挽救肝、肾同时衰竭的病人生命的有效方法,供体肝脏、肾脏联合原位灌洗、整块切取的方法可有效缩短热缺血时间,提高供肝、肾的质量以及供体器官利用率。     

肝移植供肝切取与修整技术

目的：总结临床肝移植供肝切取与修整技术。方法：采用原位腹主动脉、门静脉双路灌注及肝。肾联合快速切取法切取供肝及。肾40例次，并施行同种异体肝移植40例，其中3例行肝。肾联合移植。结果：全组供肝平均热缺血时间为4min，切取时间为25min，保存时间为6h。全组移植肝均于恢复血流10min内有金黄色胆汁泌出，1周左右肝功能恢复正常。结论：我院开展的供肝、肾的切取与修整技术在临床实际应用中取得满意的效果，为移植手术的成功提供了可靠的保证。     

胸腹部多器官联合切取技术方法探讨

目的　探讨胸腹部多器官联合切取的技术方法及其对获取的器官质量的影响。 方法 采取胸部U型切口联合腹部大“十”切口,分别建立胸部器官和腹部器官原位灌注,在灌注的同时进行多器官游离和切取。 结果　2003年至今采用此方法行胸、腹腔多器官联合切取术8次,获得供心、肝、胰各8个,供肺8对及供肾16个。热缺血时间为(2±1.2)min,器官切取时间约(20±3)min。未出现任何影响器官质量和功能的手术意外损伤。临床行心脏移植6例、心肺联合移植2例、双肺移植3例、单肺移植5例、肝移植6例、肝肾联合移植2例、胰肾联合移植3例、肾移植11例,所有移植器官均在术后立即发挥功能。 结论　采用胸腹部多器官联合切取的技术方法能够快速优质的获取胸部和腹部供器官,缩短热缺血时间,减少手术损伤,提高供器官的质量和数量。     

尸体腹部多器官联合切取(TAE)技术的改进及临床应用

目的 :探讨尸体多器官联合切取的最佳方法。方法 :1998～ 2 0 0 2年采用改进后的多器官联合切取技术进行了 65例次多器官联合切取术 ,主要改进点有 :①采用纱布填塞导尿管内腔用以灌注腹主动脉 ;②气囊注水 ,堵塞腹主动脉上段 ;③回血由下腔静脉肾静脉开口以下引入 3升袋内 ;④优先灌注腹主动脉而后灌注肝门静脉 ;⑤体内整块切取肝、胰、脾、肾、十二指肠等器官。结果 :建立腹主动脉灌注的时间为(1.0± 0 .3 )min ,建立肝门静脉灌注的时间为 (1.0± 0 .7)min ,腹腔多器官联合切取时间为 (10 .0± 3 .0 )min ,热缺血时间 (2 .0± 1.2 )min。本院行肝移植 4例 ,肝肾联合移植 2例 ,供外院行肝移植 12例 ,所有肝移植病人肝功能在 3周内恢复正常 ;胰肾联合移植 1例 ,术后 2周脱离胰岛素和透析治疗 ;肾移植 12 7例 ,术后肾功能恢复时间 (4 .82± 3 .73 )d ,急性肾小管坏死 4例 (3 .2 % )。结论 :优先灌注腹主动脉优于优先灌注肝门静脉 ;改进后的尸体腹部多器官联合切取技术能快速优质切取供器官 ,适于临床推广使用。     

胰肾联合移植前供胰评估标准的临床分析

文题释义： 脑死亡器官捐献供者：包括脑干在内全脑功能完全、不可逆转地停止后进行器官捐献。各种原因致供者脑死亡而身体器官功能可用于器官移植,这一类供者是器官移植供者的主要来源之一。 胰肾联合移植术：是同期进行胰腺和肾脏移植,将供肾置于腹膜外,胰腺置于腹腔,是糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者的有效治疗方法,不仅能治愈糖尿病、终末期肾病,而且能延缓甚至逆转糖尿病相关并发症。 背景：胰肾联合移植是治疗终末期糖尿病肾病的主要方法,供胰的质量直接关系到受者的手术安全及长期存活,但是国内目前对于胰肾联合移植供胰评估标准并无统一规范。 目的：总结分析63例脑死亡器官捐献供者供胰的评估标准。方法：回顾性分析2016年9月至2018年11月广州医科大学附属第二医院完成脑死亡器官捐献潜在供胰的评估、获取及胰肾联合移植的临床资料。供胰和供肾来源于器官获取组织主导的公民器官捐献,脑死亡供者根据《中国脑死亡判定标准(成人)》进行判定。通过胰肾联合移植供胰评估的主要标准、次要标准和禁忌证,对供者进行严格评估和筛选。结果与结论：对168例供者进行严格评估,共成功完成63例胰肾联合移植供胰的评估、获取和手术,供胰的冷缺血时间为145-320 min。手术方法均采用改良的同侧胰肾联合移植术。63例患者手术过程顺利,1例受者术后需口服降糖药,1例受者恢复胰岛素使用,余受者血糖正常,均成功摆脱降糖药和胰岛素,取得了良好的手术效果。结果表明,采用作者所在移植中心胰肾联合移植前供胰评估标准,可以简单有效地进行供胰评估,提高了供胰利用率,并取得了良好的手术效果。 ORCID: 0000-0003-2967-2233(刘路浩) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

胰肾联合移植后的免疫抑制治疗

背景：胰肾联合移植已经被公认为是糖尿病(包括1型和2型)合并终末期尿毒症的有效治疗手段,由于胰腺为高免疫原性器官,合理的免疫抑制治疗是保证胰腺移植成功的关键。 目的：探讨胰肾一期联合移植后免疫抑制药物的合理应用。 方法：纳入2005-01/2009-06在中山大学附属第一医院器官移植中心完成胰肾一期联合移植的患者9例,其中男5例,女4例,胰液引流均采用空肠引流方式。术后采用白细胞介素2单克隆抗体诱导的四联免疫抑制方案：白细胞介素2单克隆抗体+他克莫司+麦考酚酸+激素,并逐渐过渡至单用他克莫司维持治疗。回顾性分析以上9例患者围手术期及长期随访情况。 结果与结论：胰肾一期联合移植后,除1例早期死亡外,其余8例患者移植后1周内肌酐降至正常水平,移植后停用胰岛素时间为(11.5±3.5) d,空腹血糖恢复至正常时间为(15.4±6.3) d。8例患者随访4~50个月期间,共有4例发生移植肾急性排斥,其中1例在接受床边血液透析过程中并发心脑血管意外后家属放弃治疗,其余3例患者经抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或激素冲击治疗后移植肾功能均逆转恢复,随访过程中未发现移植胰腺排斥。说明胰肾联合移植是治疗糖尿病合并终末期糖尿病肾病的有效方法,术后早期采用白细胞介素2单克隆抗体诱导的四联免疫抑制方案并逐渐过渡至单用他克莫司维持治疗是安全的。     

胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植长期存活15例随访

背景：胰肾联合移植是治疗1型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的首选疗法,但由于移植风险高,并发症多,国内开展并不广泛。 目的：总结胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植长期存活的临床经验,观察其远期效果并分析影响因素。 方法：对15例患者行胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植,均采用心脏死亡的供体。HLA配型平均为2.13。均选择胰液膀胱引流式和体循环回流血管吻合方式,免疫抑制剂方案均用他克莫司,霉酚酸酯和泼尼松治疗。观察移植后患者移植物肾功能、血糖、淀粉酶等及并发症。 结果与结论：最短随访8.5个月,最长随访105.5个月,平均住院时间为37.7 (13~82) d。移植后13例患者胰腺功能恢复,2例于移植后即切除移植胰腺。移植后除1例患者肾脏功能延迟恢复外,其余患者肾脏功能立即恢复。2例患者因慢性排斥反应丢失移植胰腺和移植肾。移植后主要并发症为排斥反应,返流性胰腺炎和血栓形成。提示胰肾联合移植是治疗终末期糖尿病并发肾功能衰竭的一种安全而有效地治疗方法,其远期效果理想,完善的围移植期管理、预防和及时处理并发症、合理应用免疫抑制剂是影响患者和移植物长期存活的重要因素。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.