成人胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学观测

目的 通过解剖观测成人胸椎间孔韧带.为国人提供胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学资料并探讨其临床意义.方法 选用成人尸体标本15具,解剖观察胸椎间孔韧带.用游标卡尺进行相关测量.结果 在30侧成人胸椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带和体横韧带.T1椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带,T2～T12椎间孔内均发现横孔下韧带,其出现率从T2～T12呈逐渐增加...     

腰椎间孔韧带的解剖观测及其临床意义

目的:观察腰椎间孔韧带的形态及特点,以探讨其在腰腿痛发病机制中的作用。方法:取正常人体腰椎防腐标本,解剖椎间孔区,对椎间孔韧带的起止点、形态特征和分布特点等进行观测。结果:所有标本均含有椎间孔韧带,８０%椎间孔存在韧带组织,韧带以上腰椎多见,左右椎间孔韧带分布无对称性。椎间孔韧带平均厚度(０．３６ ± ０．４４)ｍｍ,以带状韧带为主。椎间孔垂直径、神经根孔垂直径和神经根直径分别为(１７．０９±２．９２)ｍｍ、(１１．１９±３．０６)ｍｍ、(４．３７±１．０８)ｍｍ。横孔韧带多分布在上位椎间孔,体横韧带多见于Ｌ５Ｓ１椎间孔处。结论:①腰椎间孔韧带形态变异较大,分布广泛而有一定的规律,应为正常的组织结构;②当椎间孔周围组织出现退变时,椎间孔韧带的存在可能会增加血管和神经根遭遇受挤压的危险性。     

胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的观测及意义

目的:通过胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的观测,为国人提供胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学资料。方法:选用足月胎儿尸体标本15具,解剖观察胸椎间孔韧带,用游标卡尺进行相关测量。结果:在30侧胸椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带和体横韧带,T1￣T12均发现横孔下韧带,其出现率从T1￣T12分别为10.0%、10.0%、23.3%、30%、46.7%、53.3%、76.7%、80.0%、80.8%、86.7%、90.0%、86.7%;T3￣T12横孔下韧带的长度随着椎骨序数的增加而有逐渐增加的趋势。结论:胎儿胸椎间孔韧带普遍存在,其为胸椎的正常组织结构,对胸椎神经根管内的结构具有固定、支持和保护作用。     

胎儿腰椎间孔韧带的观测及意义

目的:观察腰椎间孔韧带的形态,探讨其生理意义。方法:选用足月胎儿尸体标本11具,解剖观察腰椎间孔韧带,用游标卡尺进行相关测量。结果:在22侧腰椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带,L1、L2和L3横孔下韧带的宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L1:(1.4±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L2:(1.3±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L3:(1.6±0.1)mm、(0.4±0.1)mm、(2.8±0.9)mm,L4和L5椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带;标本中未发现体横上韧带,体横下韧带分布于L3～L5椎间孔的外侧,其宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L3:(2.1±0.4)mm、(0.6±0.1)mm、(4.5±1.2)mm、L4:(2.0±1.2)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.7±0.8)mm,L5:(2.4±0.8)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.0±1.0)mm。结论:胎儿腰椎间孔韧带普遍存在,其为腰椎的正常组织结构。     

颈椎椎间孔外口区韧带的解剖学观测

目的　对颈椎C_2~7椎间孔外口区域的韧带进行解剖学描述并探讨其临床意义。 方法　对10具成人尸体标本的 100个椎间孔进行解剖观测。鉴别所有出现的韧带,观察并记录C2~7椎间孔外口区域椎间孔外韧带的数量、形态、分布和起止位置。并用游标卡尺分别测量每条韧带的长度、宽度和厚度。 结果　在100个椎间孔外口区域共发现252个椎间孔外韧带。椎间孔外韧带可以分为放射型韧带236 个(93.7 %)和横跨型韧带16个(6.3 %)两种。放射型韧带将神经根连接到周围结构,可分为上方韧带（25.0%）,下方韧带（60.2%）,前方韧带（6.3%）和后方韧带（8.5%）;横跨型韧带与神经根相垂直并横跨于神经根上,其中,横跨型韧带在C4~5节段最为常见,在C4~5节段的平均长度为横跨型韧带长度为(8.12±1.38) mm(6.28~9.93 mm),厚度最厚可达1.04 mm,每个颈椎椎间孔最多只有一条横跨型韧带。 结论　椎间孔外韧带是椎间孔正常的生理结构,可能与颈椎减压术后C5神经麻痹的发生有关。在颈椎减压术后,横跨型韧带可能是造成神经根卡压而引起神经损伤的潜在原因之一。而放射型韧带可以限制脊神经移位,可能因此牵拉神经引起损伤。     

人体寰椎横韧带拉伸性能的实验研究

目的：研究人体寰椎横韧带的拉伸性能。方法：新鲜寰椎标本８例,制备成拉伸试件,进行定速率单向拉伸至横韧带断裂。结果：寰椎横韧带平均最大载荷为３１１．６Ｎ,最大变形量为６．０ｍｍ,刚度为７２．９Ｎ／ｍｍ。结论：寰椎侧块间的分离超过６．０ｍｍ,就可存在横韧带断裂。     

寰椎横韧带的形态特点及其生物力学特性研究

目的 :研究寰椎横韧带的形态特点及其抗拉伸性能。方法 :成人寰枢椎固定标本 2 4例及新鲜寰椎横韧带标本 9例。测量横韧带中点处的厚度、宽度以及左右两端的宽度。取 2例新鲜横韧带标本行组织学片观察。 7例新鲜横韧带标本 ,通过MTS -85 8材料试验机测试其抗拉伸性能。结果 :寰椎横韧带的长度为 ( 2 0 .0± 2 .4)mm ;中点处的厚度为 ( 2 .1± 0 .5 )mm ;中点处的宽度为 ( 10 .7± 1.6)mm ;左右两端的宽度分别为 ( 6.6± 1.1)、( 6.7± 1.0 )mm ;左右两端的厚度分别为 ( 3 .8± 1.1)、( 3 .7± 1.1)mm。横韧带与枢椎齿突的关系可分为三种类型 :①横韧带将齿状突后面完全包裹 ,占 3 0 .3 % ( 10例 ) ;②横韧带包裹齿状突后面的大部 ,超过 1/ 2 ,占 5 4.5 % ( 18例 ) ;③部分覆盖齿状突的后部 ,不超过其 1/ 2 ,占 14 .5 % ( 5例 )。寰椎横韧带的齿状突面的中部可见有纵行的纤维 ,组织切片显示为较疏松的结缔组织。横韧带的最大载荷为( 60 5 .5± 89.6)N ,最大变形量为 ( 4 .3± 0 .5 )mm。结论 :( 1)本文结果与国外的相关报道比较 ,在长度上较白种人稍短 ,而与黄种人相近 ,这与人种的高矮有关。 ( 2 )寰椎横韧带与齿突接触面的中部可有条索状的疏松结缔组织存在。 ( 3 )寰椎横韧带与枢椎齿突的关系不恒定 ,     

颈椎间孔内口锚链韧带的形态和分布特征

目的 通过解剖学观察,揭示颈椎间孔内口区锚链韧带的形态及其分布特征,探讨其与神经根型颈椎病神经卡压之间的关系。 方法 12具成人脊柱颈段防腐标本,正中矢状切开,从脊神经根袖根部切断根袖,在外科显微镜下解剖观察C3/4～C7/T1椎间孔内口处神经根袖周围的锚链韧带,记录韧带的形态、分布、起止点及走行。 结果 120个椎间孔内口脊神经根袖周围共发现560条锚链韧带,所有韧带均呈放射状连于神经根袖与椎间孔内口周围骨膜壁,两端附着紧密,不易分离。各椎间孔内口韧带的数目均≥4个。锚链韧带形态主要包括带形和索形两种。带形韧带258条,宽度（4.5±2.6）mm（4.1~5.2 mm）,索形韧带302条,直径（2.5±1.8）mm（1.2~3.8 mm）。C3/4、C7/T1椎间孔内口区韧带较为松散纤细,数量较少;C4/5~C6/7椎间孔内韧带较为坚韧而粗壮,数量较多。 结论 颈椎椎间孔内口区神经根周围存在锚链韧带,将神经根锚定于周围椎间孔骨膜壁,极大限制了神经根自由移动范围,可能与突出椎间盘一起导致神经根卡压,是神经根型颈椎病的潜在解剖学因素。     

胸椎椎间孔外韧带的解剖学观测

目的　对T1~12椎间孔外口区域的韧带进行解剖学研究并探讨其临床意义。 方法　对10具成人尸体标本的240个T1~12椎间孔进行解剖观测。鉴别所有出现的韧带，观察并记录T1~12椎间孔外口区域椎间孔外韧带的数量、形态、分布、起止位置和毗邻，并用游标卡尺分别测量每条韧带的长度、宽度和厚度。 结果　在229个胸椎椎间孔外口区域共发现564个椎间孔韧带，另11个椎间孔外口区域未发现韧带，椎间孔外韧带的出现率为95.42%。韧带有2种类型，放射型占24.11%（136个），横跨型占75.89%（428个）。放射型韧带在T1及T9~12节段较为常见，而在T2~8节段则相对较少。其中有43.44%（245个）韧带分布于椎间孔外口区域的前部，39.89%（225个）分布于后部，11.35%（64个）分布于上部，5.32%（30个）分布于下部。 结论　胸椎椎间孔外口区域存在2种类型的韧带；其中放射型韧带可能是一种脊神经抗牵拉的结构，对脊神经起到固定和保护作用，横跨型韧带可能是胸椎压缩性骨折后肋间神经痛的潜在原因之一。     

颈前路钩椎关节切除术的应用解剖

目的为临床颈前路钩椎关节切除手术提供应用解剖学基础。方法15套干燥成人颈椎标本,分别测定:①C3-C6横突孔的横、矢径;②钩椎关节与横突孔的间距;③横突孔前壁厚度;④钩椎关节与椎间孔的间距;⑤两侧椎间孔所在平面间夹角。14具成人尸体标本,解剖测定:①C3-C6各节段上下缘椎体正中线与椎动脉的距离;②各横突孔壁内和相邻横突孔间的椎动脉的长度;③椎间孔的横、竖径。结果①C3-C6中,C5的横突孔横径最小;②横突孔前壁厚度由C3-C6逐渐增加;③钩椎关节与横突孔间距在C6处最小;④椎体正中线与椎动脉V2段的距离由C3-C6逐渐增大。结论熟悉局部解剖是避免损伤椎动脉的关键     

Transforaminal ligament may play a role in lumbar nerve root compression of foraminal stenosis

Lumbar foraminal stenosis is a common pathological change, and lumbar nerve root compression in stenotic foramina was recently considered as one of the main causes of low back pain and leg pain. However, the exact mechanism of lumbar nerve root compression in foramina is still not clear. Previous studies indicated that loss of the intervertebral disc height could reduce the cross-sectional area of lumbar foramina, while lumbar nerve root compression by boundaries of foramina has not been observed in experimental reduction of the intervertebral disc height. Given the close anatomic relationship between transforaminal ligaments and lumbar nerve roots, we hypothesize that transforaminal ligament can be the leading cause of lumbar nerve root compression in foraminal stenosis. We also propose that there are two possible mechanisms of lumbar nerve root compression by transforaminal ligaments: (1) nerve roots are compressed by the transforaminal ligament which moves downward with the loss of the intervertebral disc height; (2) pathological transforaminal ligaments increase the risk of nerve root compression in foramina.     

DIAM植入对腰椎屈伸状态下椎管和椎间孔形态变化影响的应用解剖研究

目的:探讨棘突间植入物DIAM对腰椎屈伸状态下椎管、椎间孔形态变化的影响.方法:对9具新鲜成人L1～5脊柱标本在屈曲和后伸15°位进行CT扫描,所得图像用多平面重建法行三维重建,在ADW4.2工作站上对重建图像进行处理后获得椎管水平面和旁矢状面图像,在该图像上分别测量L2～3、L3～4和L4～5椎管前后径及椎间孔宽度、高度和面积(对照组);在L3～4棘突间安装DIAM棘突间植入物后再次进行CT扫描、重建和测量(DIAM组).对两组测量结果行单样本正态性检验和双侧自身配对t检验.结果:腰椎椎管和椎间孔在屈曲时增大,后伸时变狭窄.椎管前后径、椎间孔宽度及面积等指标变化组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);DIAM植入对椎间孔高度变化的影响无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:DIAM能够降低脊柱后伸时安装节段椎管和椎间孔变狭窄的程度,对相邻节段椎管和椎间孔形态无影响.     

Lingual foramina on the mandibular midline revisited: a macroanatomical study

The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence, size, location, course, and content of the foramina and bony canals located on the lingual side of the mandibular midline. Fifty dry human mandibles were morphometrically analyzed by measuring the distances of these midline foramina from the mandibular base and the dimensions of these foramina and their bony canals. In addition, macro- and microanatomical dissection was performed on 12 intact cadaver mandibles. The macroanatomic midline foramina were classified into superior and inferior genial spinal foramina according to their vertical location with respect to the genial spines. This study showed that out of 50 dry mandibles, 49 (98%) had at least one midline lingual foramen; only one lacked a true midline foramen. Evaluation of the microanatomical dissections indicated a clear neurovascular bundle in both superior and inferior genial spinal foramina and canals. For the superior canal, the content was found to derive from the lingual artery and the lingual nerve. For the inferior canal, however, the arterial origin was submental and/or sublingual, while the innervation derived from a branch of the mylohyoid nerve. In conclusion, different kinds of lingual foramina have been identified according to their location. The superior and inferior genial spinal foramina have different neurovascular contents, determined by their anatomical location above or below the genial spines.     

Localization of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable,bony landmarks

The purpose of this study was to locate the infraorbital, supraorbital, and mental foramina by using palpable anatomical landmarks that are conducive to surgical use. Fourteen embalmed cadavers (27 sides) were dissected to expose the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Measurements were made from the lateral orbital rim at the zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture to both the supraorbital and infraorbital foramina. The distance from the inferior orbital rim at the zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture to both foramina was also measured. The distance to the mental foramen was measured from the angle and the inferior border of the mandible. The supraorbital foramen was located 26.2 ± 2.8 mm medial and 13.5 ± 3.7 mm superior to the ZF suture. The infraorbital foramen was located 23.8 ± 3.1 mm medial and 30.9 ± 3.8 mm inferior to the ZF suture, on average. Vertical measurements made from the ZM suture to the supraorbital foramen averaged 34.4 ± 3.6 mm and from the ZM suture to the infraorbital foramina averaged 7.6 ± 2.2 mm. The mental foramen was 64.2 ± 6.4 mm medial to the angle of the mandible and 12.9 ± 1.6 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. This study provides data that may be useful in predicting the location of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for surgery in patients with missing teeth or fractures of the maxillary bone. Clin. Anat., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ligaments of the lumbar neural foramina: A sectional anatomic study

The ligaments of the lumbar neural foramina have not been systematically described. We sectioned the lumbar spines of 15 cadavers in the sagittal plane with a cryomicrotome and identified the ligaments in the neural foramina. Fibrous ligaments were identified in every lumbar neural foramen. The most constant ligament was a band of fibrous tissue behind the anulus fibrosus and distinct from it, originating in one vertebral body and inserting in the next. Ligaments connecting the posterior disc margin and the superior articular process were found in 48% of the neural foramina. A band of fibrous tissue originating from the anulus fibrosus and inserting along the pedicle and superior articular process was found in 44% of the foramina. Three other distinct types of ligament were found less commonly. Ligaments, which some investigators believe may contribute to lateral spinal stenosis, are commonly present in the neural foramina.     

Anatomic morphology and clinical significance of intraforaminal ligaments of the cervical spine

The cause of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy could be related to the intraforaminal ligaments (IFLs) of the cervical spine. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the IFLs and assess their clinical significance. Six intact cervical spine specimens from adult embalmed cadavers were dissected to expose the cervical nerve roots and their surrounding intraforaminal tissues fully. From the C1‐C2 to the C7‐T1 intervertebral foramina (IVF), the connective structures between each nerve root and its surrounding foraminal wall were examined under a surgical microscope. The morphology, number, and attachment points of the IFLs of each segment were documented, and the length, width, or diameter and thickness of the ligaments were measured with a vernier caliper. IFLs were observed in all 84 IVFs of the cervical spine. According to their locations, they can be divided into two categories: the first is entrance‐zone IFLs, which are radially distributed around the nerve root; the second is mid‐zone IFLs, which are thin, strip‐shaped fibrous tissues intertwined around the nerve roots, the number of ligaments being considerable but difficult to quantify. Ligament structures have been identified in the IVF of the cervical spine. Under physiological conditions, they could be protective in maintaining the position, shape, and function of nerve roots. However, under pathological conditions, the IFLs of the cervical spine could aggravate the symptoms of cervical nerve root radicular pain associated with other types of compression. Clin. Anat. 32:654–660, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.