不同体位不同麻醉平面对剖宫产病人呼吸功能的影响

３１例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级择期剖宫产病人术前坐、卧位肺功能测定：卧位时ＦＶＣ、ＦＶ１．０、ＦＶ３．０、ＭＢＣ、ＥＲＶ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＩＲＶ显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＶＣ、ＦＶ０．５、ＭＭＦ有降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。不同麻醉平面麻醉前后肺功能比较，低平面组（Ｔ８以下）ＦＶＣ、ＶＣ、ＦＶ１．０、ＦＶ３．０、ＭＢＣ仍继续下降，而高、中平面组呈上升趋势或变化不大。观测结果提示由坐位改为平卧位，通气贮备和肺容量明显降低，Ｔ４以下阻滞平面对通气贮备和肺容量无明显影响；吸气肌未被阻滞时，腹肌的松弛有使肺通气贮备回升的趋势。     

转化生长因子β1及β3在前列腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的研究前列腺癌（ＰＣａ）组织中转化生长因子（ＴＧＦ）β１与β３的表达及与ＰＣａ的病理分级、临床分期和远处转移的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学（ＩＨＣ）方法对４６例ＰＣａ标本进行染色。结果３９例表现广泛的肿瘤细胞外基质（ＥＣＭ）和胞浆ＴＧＦβ１染色，余７例只ＥＣＭＴＧＦβ１染色。ＴＧＦβ１ＥＣＭ／胞浆染色指数与ＰＣａＧｌｅａｓｏｎ评分、临床分期及有远处转移的ＰＣａ（Ｄ２期）呈正相关（ｒ分别为０．４２／０．３１，０．８１／０．６４，０．６８／０．４４，Ｐ均＜０．０５）。４６例ＰＣａ标本中，４５例有明显的肿瘤细胞胞浆ＴＧＦβ３染色，２５例示较弱的ＥＣＭＴＧＦβ３染色；ＴＧＦβ３染色指数与ＰＣａ临床分期、Ｇｌｅａｓｏｎ评分及远处转移无显著性相关（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论ＴＧＦβ１在ＰＣａ中有高表达，可能通过自分泌和旁分泌机制对ＰＣａ生长起促进而非抑制的作用，并可作为监测ＰＣａ病程进展的瘤标。ＴＧＦβ３在ＰＣａ中虽有表达，但其作用尚待阐明     

骁悉与小剂量环孢素A在尸体肾移植中的联合应用

为观察骁悉（ＭＭＦ）与小剂量环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）联合应用于尸体肾移植中的效果，将１６例患者随机分为３组，ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组（ＭＭＦ用量为２．０ｇ／ｄ）；ＭＭＦ１．５ｇ组（ＭＭＦ用量为１．５ｇ／ｄ）；硫唑嘌呤（Ａｚａ）组。３组患者均同时接受相似剂量的ＣｓＡ和类固醇治疗。结果ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组未发生急性排斥；ＭＭＦ１．５ｇ组１例（１／５）患者先后发生２次排斥；Ａｚａ组３例（３／５）患者各发生１次排斥。术后６个月ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组患者血清肌酐值明显低于Ａｚａ组，其所用的ＣｓＡ剂量低于Ａｚａ组。认为ＭＭＦ无明显肝、肾毒性，每天２．０ｇ口服，并与小剂量ＣｓＡ和类固醇联合应用，临床疗效明显优于传统的三联疗法。     

图像分析与流式细胞计在膀胱癌预后判断方面的比较

应用图像分析（ＩＣＭ）与流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）检测膀胱癌石蜡包埋标本的ＤＮＡ含量，在４５例标本中，ＩＣＭ检测出异倍体癌３１例，而ＦＣＭ检测出２０例。结果表明，在发现异倍体方面，ＩＣＭ比ＦＣＭ更为灵敏（Ｐ＜０．０２５）。简要地比较了两种定量分析方法的优缺点。     

乳腺肿瘤的微知管密度与彩色多普勒血流显像的相关性研究

目的：探讨彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＥＩ）对乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：应用免疫组化技术ＣＤ３４测量４６例有乳腺肿瘤（〈２ｃｍ）微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）与．ＣＤＦＩ血流分级程度作相关性研究。结果：良恶性乳腺肿瘤ＭＶＤ与ＣＤＦＩ血流分级的等级相关关系显著且均呈正相关,生组和恶性组的等级相关系数分别为０．８４３和０．６１２。Ｂ－Ｕ＋ＣＤＦＩ较单纯Ｂ－ＵＳ诊断小乳腺癌的准确率由７１．７４％显著提高到９３。．４８     

七氟醚肝毒性研究的初步报告

为研究不同吸入浓度七氟醚对肝脏的影响，４０只ＳＤ大鼠被随机分为四组，对照组（Ｉ组，ｎ＝１０，０ＭＡＣ）；异氟醚组（Ⅱ组，ｎ＝１０，０．５ＭＡＣ）；０．５ＭＡＣ七氟醚组（Ⅲ，组，ｎ＝１０，０．５ＭＡＣ）；０．９ＭＡＣ七氟醚组（Ⅲ２组，ｎ＝１０，０．９ＭＡＣ）。各组动物分别吸相应浓度麻醉药，３ｈ／ｄ，共６ｄ，以肝功能变化，肝组织细胞这改变作为评价肝脏受损指标，结果提示，七氟醚对肝脏有一定的影响，与异氟     

地氟醚对老年病人血液动力学的影响

目的 观察地氟醚对老年病人血液动力学的影响。方法 择期老年手术病人３０例,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级。硫喷妥钠、琥珀胆碱、芬太尼诱导插管后,经口插入经食管多普勒心输出理测定仪。观察不同ＭＡＣ地氟醚对老年病人的ＣＯ、ＰＶ、ＦＴＣ、ＣＶＰ、ＣＩ、ＭＡＰ、ＳＶＲ的影响。结果 与吸入前相比,ＭＡＰ、ＳＶＲ在１．０ＭＡＣ、１．５ＭＡＣ及２．０ＭＡＣ时显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５或０．０１）,ＨＲ、ＦＴＣ在０．５ＭＡＣ时无明显     

大肠癌DNA含量与其生物学行为关系探讨

作者应用流式细胞仪（ＦｌｏｗＣｙｔｏｍｅｔｒｙ，ＦＣＭ）分析测定４４例手术切除大肠癌标本，旨在探讨大肠癌的生物学特性与临床的关系。结果表明：①非整倍体大肠癌，其生物学行为更具恶性特征：癌生长＞１／３圈肠腔的肿瘤，非整倍体检出率高达８０％；②术后生存期少于２年的患者其检出率为７３％，明显高于生存期３年以上用者检出率３０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；③大肠癌细胞增生指数均值０．３７±０．０８，高于正常大肠粘膜均值０．３０±０．０５（Ｐ＜０．０５）。高增生指数大肠癌易于腹膜种植转移。作者认为ＦＣＭ能客观反映大肠癌生物学特征，术前行ＦＣＭ测定，可为大肠癌的治疗方案设计及估计预后提供重要依据。     

七氟醚及其它挥发性麻醉药对肝药酶的影响

目的：观察七氟醚及其它挥发性麻醉药对肝药酶的影响。方法：将４０只月龄２～３月的ＳＤ大鼠随机分：对照组（Ｃ组，ｎ＝１０，０ＭＡＣ）、氟烷组（Ｆ组，ｎ＝１０，０．５ＭＡＣ）、异氟醚组（Ｉ组，ｎ＝１０，０．５ＭＡＣ）和七氟醚组（Ｓ组，ｎ＝１０，０．５ＭＡＣ）。各组动物分别吸入相应浓度的麻醉药，３小时／天，共７天。结果：表现为Ｆ组及Ｓ组肝脏代谢戊巴比妥钠的能力明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｉ组有高于对照组的倾向（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：七氟醚、氟烷和异氟醚有酶诱导作用或倾向。     

相同MAC浓度的安氟醚和异氟醚对脑电图功率谱的影响

２４例 ２０～５０岁、ＡＳＡⅠ级、行择期外科手术的患者，随机分成两组：安氟醚组和异氟醚组。不用术前药，麻醉诱导以静脉硫喷妥钠５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、阿曲库胺０．６～０．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。单纯吸入安氟醚或异氟醚维持全麻。气管插管后控制呼吸，维持呼气末二氧化碳分压（ＰＥＴＣＯ２）４．２７。４．９３ｈｐａ。以ＴＯＦ监测肌松，间断给予阿曲库胺 １０～１５ｍｇ，维持Ｔ４／Ｔ１＜２５％。采用 ＦＰ１－Ａ１、ＦＰ２－Ａ２双导联监护脑电，验证呼气末麻醉药浓度在 ０． ５、０．８、１． ０、１． ３和 １．５ ＭＡＣ时的脑电功率谱、９５％边缘频率（ＳＥＦ）和中心频率（ＭＰＦ）改变。结果发现，随ＭＡＣ增加脑电功率谱表现出波增加，α和β波减少，而ＳＥＦ、ＭＰＦ值随ＭＡＣ增加而减少的改变呈负性线性关系，ｒ＝－０．９５。提示脑电功率谱、ＳＥＦ和ＭＰＦ在评价全麻深度上有一定意义。     

The value of quantitative DNA flow cytometry of testicular fine-needle aspirates in assessment of spermatogenesis: a study of 137 previously maldescended human testes

In order to assess the suitability of DNA flow cytometry of fine-needle aspirates for quantiftring spermatogenesis, the results from DNA flow cytometry were compared to histological evaluation of testicular biopsies taken concomitantly from 171 previously maldescended testes. In 137 of 171 cases, sufficient material for flow cytometric as well as histological evaluation was obtained.
Histological analysis of surgical biopsy specimens revealed spermatogenesis including the spermatid stage in 117 of the 137 gonads. In six of the 117 gonads no haploid cells were found using flow cytometry. On the other hand, surgical biopsies failed to reveal spermatogenesis in five cases in which the corresponding aspirates contained haploid cells. Both methods therefore seem equally sensitive in detection of spermatogenesis.
Other types of histological patterns also corresponded to distinct DNA histograms.
Thus, in 11 of 12 cases with Sertoli-cell-only pattern in all tubules, at least 95% of the cells had a diploid DNA content. Furthermore, predominance of tubules with maturation arrest at the primary spermatocyte level corresponded to an increased proportion of tetraploid cells.
When compared to surgical biopsy, DNA flow cytometry of testiclar fine-needle aspirates is a more objective, easy and rapid method, which is more convenient for the patient. This study has indicatedthat DNA flow cytometry is a suitable method of quantitative assessment of spermatogenesis. One of the first target groups might be men with azoospermia. In such men, DNA flow cytometric analysis of fine-needle aspirates and surgical biopsy are apparently of equal sensitivity in detecting gonads with spermatogenesis. We conclude that DNA flow cytometry may become an alternative method for the quantification of spermatogenesis.     

DNA flow cytometric evaluation of spermatogenesis. Part 1: Analysis of nuclear DNA in cells from the human testicular tissue

The present study was carried out to establish the best method of preparing human testicular tissue for flow cytometric DNA analysis including dispersal, fixation and staining. Human testicular tissue could be dispersed to single cells by incubating in 0.05% collagenase solution at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes. Krishan's method which stains nuclear DNA directly without ethanol fixation and digestion in ribonuclease was not suitable for testicular cells. After ethanol fixation, testicular cells were treated with ribonuclease and pepsin, then stained with propidium iodide. Nuclear DNA in cells was measured by flow cytometry and a good DNA histogram was obtained. Ribonuclease influenced the DNA histogram little, but pepsin markedly improved it by digesting cell debris and decreasing cell aggregation. Analysis of the DNA histogram revealed the proportion of haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells accurately and quickly. Flow cytometric DNA analysis could be a useful method of evaluating cell kinetics in spermatogenesis.     

Procarbazine effects on spermatogenesis in golden hamster: a flow cytometric evaluation

The response of hamster testis to the administration of 450mg/kg procarbazine (PCB) over a period of 4 weeks was evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to investigate changes in cell populations in testicular single cell suspensions and to correlate these changes with those observed in histological sections. PCB caused significant decrease in testicular and epididymal weight and a drastic reduction in haploid cells and spermatogenic arrest, demonstrating variation among the test animals. The results obtained confirm previous observations concerning detrimental effects of PCB upon spermatogenesis in species such as the rat and mouse, though its effect on hamster testis is milder and does not include the germinal stem cells. The histological evaluation of the testis showed a good correlation with flow cytometric evaluation, emphasizing the usefulness of this method in providing quantitative and rapid results.     

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Flow Cytometry in the Assessment of Spermatogenesis

Purpose

We compared deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) flow cytometric analysis of testicular tissue to quantitative assessment of spermatogenesis.

Materials and Methods

We studied 35 infertile men with azoospermia or oligospermia. All patients underwent incisional testicular biopsies. DNA flow cytometric analysis was performed on each specimen to evaluate the ability of the method to quantify alterations in spermatogenesis. The results were compared to quantitative histological examination. At least 100 spermatic tubules were examined on each specimen and the number of spermatids per tubule was counted. All histological specimens were examined by the same pathologist.

Results

Of the 35 specimens analyzed with DNA flow cytometry 5 were normal, while the percentage of haploid cells (spermatids and spermatozoa) was decreased (hypospermatogenesis) in 14, complete maturation arrest was noted in 2 and almost complete absence of haploid cells was found in 14. Comparing the findings on histological examination with histograms, excellent correlation was noted in cases of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and complete maturation arrest, while 3 of 14 histograms with hypospermatogenesis demonstrated normal spermatogenesis on histological examination. Additionally 1 of 5 histograms with normal spermatogenesis demonstrated hypospermatogenesis on histological examination.

Conclusions

DNA flow cytometry of the testicular tissue seems to be an objective and quantified method that can be used to investigate spermatogenesis in infertile men. It is also less time-consuming than any histological examination, permits management decisions within 1.5 hours after biopsy and may replace testicular histopathological study. Flow cytometric diagnoses correlated well with histopathological findings.     

Pathogenesis of Varicocele: Experimental Study Using Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis: Zur Pathogenese der Varikocele: Experimentelle Studie unter Verwendung der Flow-Cytometrie-DNA-Analyse

Despite extensive investigation, a cause-and-effect relationship between varicocele and male infertility has not been fully proven. We investigated the effect of a unilateral varicocele on both testes. Spermatogenesis in the rats with a surgically induced left varicocele was evaluated 5 weeks postoperatively by measurement of testicular weight, flow cytometric DNA analysis and evaluation of the mean seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD). In rats with varicoceles, the testicular weight, the percentage of haploid cells and the MSTD were decreased in both testes in contrast to sham-operated rats. There was a greater decrease on the left side. These results suggest that unilateral varicocele may impair spermatogenesis in both testes, with the impairment being greater on the ipsilateral side.     

Assessment of testicular function in experimental varicocele rats by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy

To assess testicular function in experimental varicocele rats, we used ³¹P magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and compared MR spectroscopic parameters with flow cytometric DNA analysis. In vivo ³¹P MR spectroscopy and flow cytometric DNA analysis of testes were performed in 10 sham-operated and 9 induced varicocele rats. Although the testicular phosphomonoester (PM)/ATP ratio did not differ between sham-operated and induced varicocele rats, the phosphodiester (PD)/ATP ratio was significantly reduced and the inorganic phosphate (Pi)/ATP ratio was significantly increased in induced varicocele rats. There was no difference between the right and left sides. DNA flow cytometry showed a decrease in the percentage of haploid cells in induced varicocele rats, regardless of the side. This study indicates that in vivo ³¹P MR spectroscopy provides valuable information for assessment of testicular function. Received: 21 October 1997 / Accepted: 23 April 1998     

Flow cytometric DNA analysis demonstrates contralateral testicular deterioration in experimental unilateral testicular torsion of prepubertal rats

Summary. It has been postulated that unilateral testicular torsion causes damage to the contralateral testis and reduces fertility. However, in animal studies such an effect has not been fully proven by histopathologic examination or other conventional assays of spermatogenesis. We investigated the effect of unilateral testicular torsion on contralateral spermatogenesis in prepubertal rats using quantitative flow cytometric DNA analysis. Male rats were divided into three groups which underwent sham-operation, simple hemiorchiectomy or unilateral testicular torsion. Five weeks after these operations, fertility and spermatogenesis by flow cytometry were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in body weight, contralateral testicular weight or serum testosterone concentration among the three experimental groups. In the torsion group, mean seminiferous tubular diameter, number of foetuses, fertility rate and percentage of haploid cells were all significantly decreased compared to the other two groups. These results suggest that unilateral testicular torsion causes damage to the contralateral testis and consequently can reduce the future fertility of prepubertal rats.     

Differential diagnosis of testicular mass by cytological examination of seminal fluid collected by ejaculation or prostatic massage

The cytological examination of the seminal fluid of 3 patients with painless testicular masses was performed using an ordinary conventional technique. Neoplastic cells appeared in the ejaculate or fluid from prostatic massage of all patients. The final pathologies were seminoma, choriocarcinoma and mixed teratocarcinoma. Malignant cells were no longer found in the seminal fluid after orchiectomy. This sample, noninvasive technique plus further flow cytometric study of cellular DNA contents is a great help in the preoperative differential diagnosis of testicular masses.     

DNA flow cytometric evaluation of spermatogenesis of the rebound phenomenon with testosterone in adult male rats

To examine the effects of the rebound phenomenon on the rat testis, adult male Wistar rats were treated with 0.3 mg/day of testosterone propionate (TP) for 39 days. Observations were made on 0, 26, 52, 78 and 104 days following the TP treatment. The response of the testis was investigated by determining the testicular weight and DNA flow cytometric analysis in the testicular cells. The % haploid cells (spermatids) increased at the 52nd and the 78th day after TP treatment, and were equal to the rate of the control group. The % diploid cells and % tetraploid cells showed no change. The duration of the rebound phenomenon was about 2-2.5 months.     

Testicular blood flow alterations and flow cytometric analysis in prepubertal rats with experimentally induced unilateral varicocele

Unilateral testicular pathologies have been accused of causing contralateral damage through a decrease in testicular blood flow. However, the contralateral testicular blood flow in unilateral varicocele has not been studied in detail. Therefore, the present study has been designed to evaluate the effects of a unilateral varicocele on the ipsilateral and on the contralateral testicular blood flow and the flow cytometric alterations in prepubertal rats. Experimental stenosis of the left renal vein in prepubertal rats causes dilation of the testicular vessels after puberty. Partial stenosis of the ipsilateral renal vein during the prepubertal period has no effect on ipsilateral or contralateral testicular blood flow, but does induce significant testicular damage, as determined by flow cytometry.