Sexual Behavior and Drug Use Among Asian and Latino Adolescents: Association with Immigrant Status

This paper contributes new evidence on the association between immigrant status and health by describing and attempting to explain patterns of co-occurring sex and drug use behaviors among Asian and Latino adolescents in the United States. Nine patterns of sex and drug use behaviors were identified from a cluster analysis of data from 3,924 Asian and Latino youth (grades 7–12) who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The relationship between immigrant status and risk cluster membership was evaluated with multinomial logistic regression. Compared to foreign-born youth, U.S. born Asian and Latino adolescents were more likely to engage in sex and drug risk behaviors. Family and residential characteristics associated with immigrant status partly accounted for this finding. The results indicate that among Asian and Latino adolescents, assimilation to U.S. risk behavior norms occurs rapidly and is evident by the second generation.     

Independent and Joint Effects of Socioeconomic,Behavioral, and Neighborhood Characteristics on Physical Inactivity and Activity Levels Among US Children and Adolescents

This study examines the independent and joint associations between several socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics and physical activity (PA) and inactivity prevalence among 68,288 US children aged 6-17 years. The 2003 National Survey of Children's Health was used to estimate PA prevalence. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds of activity and inactivity and adjusted prevalence, while least squares regression was used to model mean number of days of physical inactivity (PIA) in past month. The prevalence of PA varied substantially by socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics, with older, female, non-English speaking, and metropolitan children and those with lower socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood social capital having higher inactivity and lower activity levels. Children who watched television >or=3 h/day had 60% higher adjusted odds of PIA and 30% lower odds of PA than those who watched television <3 h/day. Children experiencing inadequate sleep during the entire week had 55% higher odds of PIA and 29% lower odds of PA than those who experienced >or=5 nights of adequate sleep during the week. Children whose both parents were physically inactive had 147% higher odds of PIA and 46% lower odds of PA than children whose parents were both physically active. Differentials in PIA by ethnicity, SES, television viewing, and parental inactivity were greater for younger than for older children. Subgroups such as older, female adolescents, children from socially disadvantaged households and neighborhoods, and those in metropolitan areas should be targeted for the promotion of regular physical activity and reduced television viewing time.     

北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行状况

目的 阐明北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重肥胖的流行状况。方法 2007年5—10月采取分层整群随机抽样,对北京市昌平区4247名7～18岁中小学生进行调查。测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压等。使用SPSS 11．5进行统计学处理,各组率的比较,采用x^2检验。结果 ①共4247名中小学生参加调查,其中女生2090名,男生2157名,超重肥胖572名;②儿童青少年超重肥胖患病率13．47％;③超重肥胖儿童青少年的高血压与体重正常高血压患病率分别为23．7％和6．3％,患病率差异有统计学意义（x^2=39．89,P〈0．01）。结论 儿童青少年患有超重肥胖率较高,有必要对超重肥胖儿童青少年控制体重,减少高血压的患病率。     

济宁市儿童青少年超重、肥胖状况及其影响因素的研究

目的了解济宁市中区儿童青少年超重及肥胖发生状况及其影响因素,为制定预防和控制对策提供依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法,自编问卷量表对4所居住小区,5560人进行调查,并与2004年对上述4所小区所获查体资料进行比对,用SPSS13．0统计软件包对数据进行统计分析。结果2004～2008年的5年间,济宁市市中区儿童不同年龄单纯性肥胖发生率由2004年的3．69％上升到2008年的5．13％（P〈0．01）。中度肥胖占肥胖构成比由2004年的25．64％上升到2008年的43．86％。儿童青少年中度肥胖在2008年明显多于2004年,比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论济宁市中区儿童青少年中度肥胖5年中人数明显增多。膳食习惯和运动行为以及父母的BMI是儿童肥胖的主要因素。     

A Multilevel Analysis of State and Regional Disparities in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States

This study examines state- and regional disparities in obesity prevalence among 46,707 US children and adolescents aged 10–17 years before and after adjusting for individual socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics and area deprivation measures. The 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health was used to calculate obesity prevalence in nine geographic regions and in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of obesity and adjusted prevalence. OLS regression was used to determine the amount of variance explained by income inequality, poverty, and violent crime rates. The prevalence of childhood obesity varied substantially across geographic areas, with the Southcentral regions of the US having the highest prevalence (≥18%) and the Mountain region the lowest prevalence (11.4%). Children in West Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, Tennessee, and North Carolina (adjusted prevalence >18.3%) had over twice the odds of being obese than their Utah counterparts (adjusted prevalence = 10.4%). Geographic disparities in obesity were similar for male and female children. Individual characteristics such as race/ethnicity, household socioeconomic status, neighborhood social capital, television viewing, recreational computer use, and physical activity accounted for 55% of the state and 25% of the regional disparities in obesity. Area poverty rates accounted for an additional 18% of the state variance in adjusted obesity prevalence. Although individual and area level socioeconomic factors are important predictors, substantial geographic disparities in childhood and adolescent obesity remain. Prevention efforts targeting individual risk factors as well as contextual social and environmental factors may reduce geographic disparities in childhood and adolescent obesity.     

Overweight and Obesity Among School Children in Jordan: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and determine their associated factors among school children aged 6–12 years in the north of Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children in the north of Jordan in the period between March 2006 and May 2006. A total of 2,131 children (1,052 boys and 1,079 girls) were selected at random using multistage cluster sampling method. The first part of the questionnaire was completed by pupils in schools and the second part was completed by their parents at home. The researchers measured height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and mid upper arm circumference of each student in the class. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the international cut-off points of body mass index for boys and girls between 2 and 18 years of age. Results Of the total 2,131 children, 19.4% were overweight (18.8% of boys and 19.9% of girls) and 5.6% were obese (5.6% of boys and 5.5% of girls). Watching television >2 h/day, daily pocket money >20 piasters (1 piaster = 1.42 cents), having overweight or obese mother/father were significantly associated with increased odds of both overweight and obesity. Age ≥ 10 years, female gender, and family size of ≤4 were significantly associated with being overweight and total monthly family income >300 Jordanian Dinars (JDs), (1 JD = $1.42) was associated with obesity. Conclusions While the prevalence of overweight was high among Jordanian children compared with that in the neighboring countries, the prevalence of obesity was lower.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

山东省成年居民超重肥胖流行现状分析

目的了解山东省成年居民超重肥胖流行现状。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查山东省18岁以上成年居民体格测量资料，用SPSS统计软件对成年居民超重和肥胖现状进行分析。结果山东省成年居民总体超重率为35．9％，肥胖率为17．5％，向心性肥胖率为49．5％。超重率和肥胖率均高于全国平均水平，且随着年龄的增长而升高，城市高于农村，女性高于男性。结论山东省成年居民的营养状况不容乐观，因此应加强公众健康教育，普及科学合理膳食知识，帮助人们树立自我保健意识，以保持良好健康的身体状况。     

Influence of Race, Acculturation, and Socioeconomic Status on Tendency Toward Overweight in Asian-American and Mexican-American Early Adolescent Females

Background Health disparities in chronic disease prevalence exist in the United States among racial/ethnic groups. This study explores relationships between physical, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics of a multi-ethnic sample of early adolescent females which may assist health educators in designing programs targeting these groups. Methods Mexican-American and Asian-American sixth grade females (n = 144) were enrolled in Adequate Calcium Today. Physical measurements included weight, height, and BMI. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry determined percent body fat (%BF). Socioeconomic status was determined by enrollment in free or reduced meal program (FRMP). An adapted Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II (ARSMA-II) measured acculturation. Results Mexican-Americans had greater height, BMI, %BF, and a greater tendency toward overweight (P < 0.01) than Asian-American. Asian-Americans were more acculturated than MA (P < 0.005), attributed to a lower ethnic orientation scale score. Within Asian-Americans, %BF was higher among FRMP participants than non-participants (P < 0.05). Discussion Income and acculturation may affect tendency toward chronic disease.     

我国儿童青少年肥胖超质量的相关研究进展

我国儿童青少年肥胖增势迅猛,已成为严重的公共卫生问题,引起了社会各界的高度重视。本文通过对我国儿童青少年肥胖、超质量流行概况、评定标准进行介绍,阐述其发生原因及对健康的影响,并对此严峻形势的干预措施进行了综述。     

Trends of Overweight and Obesity Among Children in Tijuana,Mexico

The objectives of this study were to compare the trends of obesity from 2001–02 to 2006–07 in school children of Tijuana, Mexico and to investigate the relationship with the child's gender and type of school attended. Bietapic random sample was selected by cluster of schools and groups. Results of the 1684 children from 6–14 years of age assessed showed an overall prevalence of obesity (> 95^th) of 28%. An overall increase of overweight and obesity of 7-percentage points (p = 0.0003), from 41 to 48%, being higher among boys and younger girls. Prevalence of obesity was higher among boys and children from private schools.     

Nutritional Status and Obesity Prevalence in People with Gender Dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is a condition that involves a failure to adapt and a body dissatisfaction that makes these individuals especially susceptible to eating disorders. The aim of this paper was to ascertain the nutritional status, dietary behaviour and lifestyle and their effect on overweight/obesity prevalence of the people with gender dysphoria.MethodsA longitudinal study on 157 individuals from the Gender Disorder Unit at the Ramón y Cajal Hospital (Madrid) who are undergoing hormonal treatment has been carried out. Usual dietary intake, physical activity habits and socioeconomic parameters were evaluated. The anthropometric parameters determined were weight, height, body-mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference and body fat content.ResultsThe mean of the population eats a large number of servings of food, which leads to high levels of energy intake: 3,614.32 ± 1,314 kcal/day. These intakes are related to the physical activity performed. The average diet among this population is unbalanced, with a high consumption of fats, especially saturated fats and cholesterol. The breakfast is skipped by 16% of the population. Together with cross-hormone treatment, this dietary habitsand lifestylelead to an increase in body fat, especially in the female to male group whose overweight andobesity prevalence increase (22.72% vs 34.85%).ConclusionThis population suffers a change of their nutritional status due to a variation in their eating behaviour and lifestyle. This increase in the obesity prevalencemake it susceptible to chronic diseases and cardiovascular disorders. It is therefore necessary to include nutrition education courses in the comprehensive treatment programme (anatomical, psychological, etc.) for these individuals.     

天津市城乡成人超重肥胖状况

目的了解天津市城乡成人超重、肥胖患病状况。方法在全国抽样入选的调查点(乡村为武清区1152人,城区为河西区1131人,共计2283人),采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,分别抽取3个乡镇和街道,每个乡镇(街道)再整群随机抽取2个村(居委会);按单纯随机抽样原则,在每村(居委会)抽取3个群,每群30户,共计90户(其中膳食调查30户,非膳食调查60户),以其中18岁以上成人为调查对象。按照《2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查工作手册》,对其进行调查和分析。结果BMI平均水平为(25.05±5.02)kgm/2,城区成人BMI随年龄增加而上升,差别有统计学意义(r=0.886,P=0.000)。城市成人超重率高于乡村,差别有统计学意义(χ2=4.29,P<0.05)。其中,城市男性超重率高于乡村,差别有统计学意义(χ2=54.66,P=0.000)。天津乡村女性肥胖率高于男性,差别有统计学意义(χ2=4.896,P<0.05)。各年龄组间超重率、肥胖率和腹型肥胖率比较,经χ2检验,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且超重率、肥胖率和腹型肥胖率均随年龄的增加而升高,经相关分析,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。乡村30岁～、40岁～和50岁～组腹型肥胖率均高于城区,经χ2检验,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无论城区、乡村还是天津市,腹型肥胖率均随年龄的增加而升高,经相关分析,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随年龄增加腹型肥胖率升高,经相关分析,差别均有统计学意义(r=0.874P,=0.000)。同年龄组男、女腹型肥胖率比较,经χ2检验,差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。18岁～组不同职业肥胖率比较,差别无统计学意义(χ2=12.92,P>0.05);40岁～组不同职业肥胖率比较,差别有统计学意义(χ2=20.04,P<0.05);60岁～组不同职业肥胖率比较,差别无统计学意义(χ2=2.52,P>0.05)。结论天津城乡两区成人超重率、肥胖率均高于2002年全国营养调查结果中全国人群超重、肥胖水平,其中腹型肥胖率尤高,达63.9%,应尽快采取措施加以防治。     

中国学龄儿童青少年超重肥胖流行趋势分析

目的 了解我国7～18岁学生1985-2005年超重和肥胖流行趋势,为制定我国学生肥胖防控措施提供依据.方法 利用1985,1995,2000和2005年全国学生体质调研各省、市、自治区资料,使用"中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖体质量指数筛查分类标准"筛查超重和肥胖,计算不同省、市、自治区不同时期男、女生超重、肥胖检出率.结果 我国中小学生超重、肥胖检出率在各省、市、自治区间存在较大差异,北京、天津、黑龙江、上海、山东、辽宁、河北等地区学生超重、肥胖检出率较高,而贵州、青海、广东、广西、四川、云南、海南等地区学生超重、肥胖检出率较低.1985-2005年我国中小学生超重、肥胖检出率呈迅速上升趋势;1995-2005年学生超重、肥胖检出率较1985-1995年的增长速度有所趋缓,但是仍然大于零,增长趋势仍存在;男生超重、肥胖检出率的增长速度大于女生;肥胖检出率的增长速度大于超重,并且超重、肥胖检出率的增长速度在不同省、市、自治区的不同时间段存在较大差异.结论 我国学龄儿童青少年肥胖流行现状和趋势在不同省、市、自治区间存在差异,各地区应根据各自特点制定有针对性的措施,达到防控学生肥胖的目的.     

安徽省2005年学生超重和肥胖分布状况

目的分析2005年安徽省7~22岁学生体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、超重和肥胖的分布状况,为预防和控制学生营养过剩提供依据。方法根据《中国学龄儿童青少年BMI超重、肥胖筛查分类标准》,对2005年全国学生体质健康调研的安徽省资料进行分析。结果城男、城女、乡男、乡女BMI均值随年龄呈上升趋势。7~9岁年龄组肥胖检出率最高,肥胖呈现出低龄化趋势。城市学生的超重和肥胖检出率高于乡村学生,男生超重和肥胖检出率高于女生。结论防治肥胖应该从小抓起,对城市和乡村、男生和女生应分别采取相应的干预措施,在保证青少年体格发育的同时做好预防超重和肥胖的发生。     

The Influence of Immigrant Status and Acculturation on the Development of Overweight in Latino Families: A Qualitative Study

Exposure to obesogenic environments in the U.S. may foster development of overweight in immigrants with greater acculturation. Few studies document mechanisms of the acculturation process from immigrants’ own perspectives or describe implications on the children of immigrants. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with immigrant Latina mothers (N = 51) examining mothers’ beliefs, attitudes and practices related to early child feeding and weight. Focus group participants completing the Marin Acculturation Scale more closely identified with Latino culture, although the mean score (2.04, SD = 0.59) was close to “bicultural”. Analysis revealed seven themes when mothers compared lifestyles between their native countries and the U.S., related to changes in (1) diet, perceived food quality and availability, (2) food and eating practices, (3) breastfeeding practices, (4) beliefs about food, child feeding and weight status, (5) weight status of mothers and children, (6) physical activity and sedentary lifestyles, and (7) social isolation and support.     

广西城市中老年人群超重和肥胖的流行现状研究

目的了解广西城市中老年人群超重和肥胖的流行特点,为制定全区肥胖防制策略及规划提供科学依据。方法运用多阶段分层随机抽样法,对广西城市人群7 881人进行现场问卷调查和体格检查。结果广西城市中老年人群肥胖患病率高于我国成年人的患病水平为8.62%,超重和肥胖已占到调查人群的44.64%,超重人群在职业、文化、经济分布上的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),肥胖人群中高血压的患病危险是正常人群的3.145倍。结论广西城市中老年人群肥胖患病率已处于较高水平,应结合其流行特点制定相应的防治策略,开展肥胖的预防与控制工作。     

河北省成年居民超重肥胖流行特征及相关因素的调查分析

目的了解河北省成年居民超重肥胖现状及相关因素。方法采用多阶段随机抽样,通过问卷、体格测量的方法,调查分析河北20个区(县)4 192名成人超重肥胖现状及相关因素。结果总体超重率为35.23%,肥胖率为16.34%,向心性肥胖率52.67%,均显著高于全国平均水平。中年男性、中老年女性是超重肥胖防治的重点人群。超重率、肥胖率随年龄的增长而升高,尤其是女性;无论男性女性,超重、肥胖和向心性肥胖组人群每周参加锻炼率均高于正常组,并且男性组高于女性组,男性组为27.79%,女性组为24.22%(P<0.01);参加中轻度和剧烈运动人群中的男性,超重率和向心性肥胖率都随锻炼次数增加而上升,而女性只是在参加中轻度运动人群中呈现此规律;在超重、向心性肥胖人群中,超重率与向心性肥胖率随着每天静坐时间的增加而上升;在超重人群中,选择骑自行车作为交通工具的人群超重率最低,而基本在家的人超重率最高。结论河北省成人超重率和肥胖率处于全国较高水平,而主动参加锻炼的人为数不多。在运动方式上,骑自行车是一种简单有效的锻炼身体好方式,能减轻体重,增进健康,适合大多数人采用。应加强对成年人群的健康教育,普及体育减肥健身知识,让人们在日常生活中应尽量避免静态的生活方式。     

呼伦贝尔地区1536名居民超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖现况调查

目的了解呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区居民超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖现况。方法对呼伦贝尔地区18岁以上居民1536人进行问卷调查,测量身高、体重和腰同,按照中国肥胖问题T作组给出的判断标准进行评价和分析。结果呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区居民超重检出率为男性37．7％,女性31．5％,肥胖检出率为男性29．O％,女性18．1％,腹型肥胖检出率为男性63．9％,女性43．8％,男性均显著高于女性;随年龄增长,超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖检出率呈上升趋势;蒙古族中超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖检出率分别为34．6％,24．9％和53．5％,汉族中超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖检出率分别为34．3％,18．7％和48．9％,肥胖检出率及男性腹型肥胖检出率蒙古族高于汉族。结论呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区居民超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖检出率较高,且不同年龄、性别和民族的居民间存在差异。     

西藏部分地区干部超重和肥胖患病情况与防治策略浅析

目的了解目前西藏部分地区干部患超重和肥胖的患病现状,探讨高原地区超重和肥胖的患病因素与相关疾病的关系,以及防治策略。为更好地做好西藏医疗保健工作提供依据。方法对不同海拔696名干部的体检资料进行分析,针对发现的问题提出防治策略。结果BMI总体水平有随着年龄增长而增高的趋势。男性高于女性,藏族高于汉族。超重和肥胖患病(检出)率为50.43%,与民族χ2=8.792、性别χ2=12.222、年龄χ2=40.888之间有关(P<0.05),藏族明显高于汉族,男性明显高于女性,随着年龄增长有一定上升趋势,主要发生在51~60岁组。超重肥胖组、非肥胖组血脂(TC、TG)水平与藏汉族、男女性别关系分析,TC水平藏族较汉族高;TG水平汉族高于藏族。TC水平在非肥胖组男性高于女性;TG水平男性高于女性。不同海拔(即>3 800 m组和3 650 m两组)超重和肥胖患病率分析:在>3 800 m组为79.66%,3 650 m组为47.72%;两组藏汉族在3 650 m组藏族为56.25%、汉族为39.94%;男女性别在3650 m组男性为53.81%、女性为28.29%;在>3 800 m组患病率,藏汉族之间、男女性别之间比较无统计学意义。患超重和肥胖人群与高血压、FBG、HUA、TG↑、HDL-C↓及脂肪肝的患病有明显的伴随关系。结论超重和肥胖患病(检出)率为50.43%,我们认为造成西藏高原藏、汉族超重和肥胖及相关疾病(高血压、FBG、HUA、血脂异常及脂肪肝)的主要原因:可能除了与他们不同的生活习惯、不合理的膳食结构、缺乏体育锻炼有关以外,也与高原缺氧及特殊的地理气候环境有关。在高原,应重视干部的定期体检、休假和健康教育,做好预防和保健工作。