多排螺旋CT血管成像技术对肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管的显示价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)显示肝硬化门脉高压症侧支循环血管的诊断价值. 方法对肝硬化门脉高压患者23例,使用16排螺旋CT机行上腹部增强CT扫描,采用MPR、MIP、VRT等三维重建技术进行图像后处理,获得门静脉系统血管图像以显示开放的侧支循环血管. 结果显示食管胃底黏膜下静脉曲张20例,食管旁静脉曲张7例;胃左静脉曲张18 例,胃短静脉曲张16例;奇静脉、半奇静脉曲张8例;脐旁静脉与腹壁静脉曲张9例;脾肾、胃肾之间分流7例;腹膜后分流11例.结论 MDCT门静脉系统血管成像技术能良好地显示肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管,具有重要临床应用价值.     

Portosystemic collateral vessels in liver cirrhosis: a three-dimensional MDCT pictorial review

Purpose

Portosystemic collateral vessels (PSCV) are a consequence of the portal hypertension that occurs in chronic liver diseases. Their prognosis is strongly marked by the risk of digestive hemorrhage and hepatic encephalopathy.

Materials and methods

CT was performed with a 16-MDCT scanner. Maximum intensity projection and volume rendering were systematically performed on a workstation to analyze PSCV.

Results

We describe the PSCV according to their drainage into either the superior or the inferior vena cava. In the superior vena cave group, we found gastric veins, gastric varices, esophageal, and para-esophageal varices. In the inferior vena cava group, the possible PSCV are numerous, with different sub groups: gastro and spleno renal shunts, paraumbilical and abdominal wall veins, retroperitoneal shunts, mesenteric varices, gallbladder varices, and omental collateral vessels. Regarding clinical consequences esophageal and gastric varices are most frequently involved in digestive bleeding; splenorenal shunts often lead to hepatic encephalopathy; the paraumbilical vein is an acceptable derivation pathway for natural decompression of the portal system.

Conclusion

Knowledge of precise cartography of PSCV is essential to therapeutic decisions. MDCT is the best way to understand and describe the different types of PSCV.     

胰源性门静脉高压症的多排螺旋CT表现

目的 应用多排螺旋CT门静脉成像技术研究胰源性门静脉高压症的侧支循环特点.方法 回顾性分析72例胰源性门静脉高压症的多排螺旋CT门静脉成像图像,研究其胃静脉曲张的部位、形态及侧支循环特点.结果 胰源性门静脉高压症胃静脉曲张以孤立型胃静脉曲张多见(88.89%),形态为多纡曲状(88.89%),胃周静脉以胃网膜静脉曲张为特征(100%).结论 胰源性门静脉高压症在多排螺旋CT门静脉成像上可表现出相应的特征,具有很好的诊断和鉴别诊断价值.     

超声内镜检查术对食管-胃底静脉曲张患者食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗效果的评价

目的 应用超声内镜检查术（EUS）对接受食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）的乙肝肝硬化伴食管-胃底静脉曲张（EGV）患者的治疗效果进行评价。方法 选取2019年6月-2021年12月该院接受EVL治疗,并定期来院进行胃镜或EUS复诊的乙肝肝硬化伴EGV患者64例（男42例,女22例）,年龄54.0 (41.0,70.0)岁。依据患者的EVL治疗效果,分为正常组（n=25）和不良组（n=39）,对两组患者一般资料、实验室指标及EUS表现进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 正常组年龄为51.0 (37.0,60.0)岁,小于不良组的60.0(43.0,72.0)岁,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;不良组血红蛋白（Hb）为107.0 (91.0,122.0) g/L,低于正常组的116.0 (102.0,141.0) g/L,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;不良组胃旁静脉、胃穿支静脉和食管穿支静脉发生率分别为56.4%(22例)、59.0%(23例)和64.1%(25例),与正常组的28.0%(7例)、20.0%(5例)和36.0%(9例)比较,差异均有统计学意义（P <0.0...     

Diagnosis of Gastric Varices and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Treatment Using Transabdominal Color Doppler Ultrasonography

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamics of gastric varices using transabdominal color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS). Methods. Using CDUS, we evaluated 41 consecutive patients with gastric varices. We examined color flow images and measured the velocity of gastric variceal blood flow using fast Fourier transform analysis. In addition, we compared detection rates of gastric varices and their outflow vessels using CDUS and computed tomography (CT). Results. Gastric varices were detected with CDUS in 41 of 41 patients (100%), and outflow vessels were detected in 34 (82.9%). Of these, 32 were gastrorenal shunts (GRSs), and 2 were GRSs and subphrenic veins. The velocity of the large and coil‐shaped varices (mean ± SD, 23.0 ± 5.8 cm/s; n = 13) was significantly higher than that of the enlarged and tortuous varices (14.1 ± 4.3 cm/s; n = 28; P < .001). With CT, gastric varices were detected in 41 of 41 patients (100%), and outflow vessels were detected in 38 (92.7%). Color Doppler ultrasonographic and CT findings were in complete agreement in 35 of 41 patients (85.4%). A total of 11 patients with a high risk of variceal rupture underwent balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, and CDUS and CT findings after treatments were consistent. Conclusions. Transabdominal CDUS is a useful noninvasive modality for the diagnosis of gastric variceal hemodynamics and for evaluation of the therapeutic effects of gastric variceal treatment.     

The detection of pulmonary embolisms after a coronary artery bypass graft surgery by the use of 64-slice multidetector CT

The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) after a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) using 64-slice multidetector CT (MDCT), and to determine the correlations between the occurrence of a PE and the clinical or surgical parameters. Three hundred and twenty-six consecutive patients, who underwent coronary CT angiography using 64-slice MDCT to assess the graft patency after CABG, were enrolled in this study. Additional axial CT images, which were reconstructed by adopting a large field of view and thinner image slices, were reviewed for the presence of PE. The relationship between the occurrence of a PE and the type of surgery (off-pump CABG versus conventional CABG), number of target vessels, use of a saphenous vein graft, and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) were evaluated. PE was detected on the CT images of 33 patients (10.1%), which involved the lobar or more proximal arteries in seven patients and the segmental or subsegmental arteries in 26. PE occurred more frequently after off-pump CABG (16.5%, 14/85) than after conventional CABG (7.9%, 19/241) (P = 0.024). Patients with PE were older (67 years vs. 62.7 years) and had longer stays in the ICU (5.6 days vs. 3.8 days) than those without (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively). No significant difference was observed in the number of target vessels and use of a saphenous vein graft between patients with and without an embolism. In a multi-variable analysis, the age of the patient, surgical methods, and ICU stay were independent predictors for the occurrence of PE (P = 0.013, P = 0.017, and P = 0.005, respectively). MDCT helps detect PE in patients after CABG. It is encountered more frequently after off-pump CABG than after conventional CABG and in older patients with longer ICU stays.     

CO2 wedged hepatic venography: technical considerations and comparison with direct and indirect portography with iodinated contrast

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of CO(2) wedged hepatic venography (CO(2) WHV) by comparing it with direct transjugular (DP) and indirect arterial portography (IP). METHODS: Twenty-one CO(2) WHV and IP examinations were performed in 20 patients; 13 of them also underwent DP within 48 h of CO(2) WHV and IP. IP involved the injection of iodinated contrast into the superior mesenteric and splenic arteries. DP was performed from a transjugular approach, during transjugular intrahepatic portosystem shunt placement, with the injection of iodinated contrast into the superior mesenteric or splenic vein. The parameters evaluated were visualization of vessels and varices, portal vein thrombosis detection, and complications. RESULTS: CO(2) WHV depicted the splenic vein in 57%, the superior mesenteric vein in 62%, the main portal vein in 90%, the right portal vein in 95%, and the left portal vein in 90% of patients. It also demonstrated gastroesophageal varices in seven cases, a splenorenal shunt in one case, mesenteric varices in one case, and a recanalized umbilical vein in one case; other varices were also seen. CONCLUSION: CO(2) WHV is a good and safe technique for demonstrating the portal circulation. It may provide information not obtainable by IP and DP. However, IP provides better demonstration of the variceal network.     

Transjugular retrograde obliteration for gastric varices

We evaluated the transjugular retrograde obliteration (TJO) in treatment of gastric varices with gastrorenal shunt. Twenty patients with posthepatitic cirrhosis were included in this study. A cobra-shaped 5 French occlusive balloon catheter was inserted into the gastric varices or gastrorenal shunt through the internal jugular vein. As the sclerosants, absolute ethanol and 5% ethanolamine oleate with iopamidol were injected into the varices to make thrombi. In all cases, gastric varices were obliterated successfully. Endoscopic examination 3 months after treatment revealed the complete eradication of gastric varices in all cases. No major complications during or after therapy were observed. We think that TJO can be an effective method for the treatment of gastric varices with gastrorenal shunt. Received: 21 October 1994/Accepted after revision: 7 February 1995     

Incidence and clinical significance of myocardial bridging with ECG-gated 16-row MDCT coronary angiography

Aims The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence and the clinical significance of myocardial bridging in 401 patients with chest pain examined with 16-row Multidetector CT (MDCT) coronary angiography. Material and methods Four hundred nine consecutive patients who had chest pain or symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease were involved in this study. Patients with heart rates ≥65 beats/min received 25–50 mg of atenolol orally 1 h before the scan. CT coronary angiography was performed with a 16-row MDCT scanner. CT coronary angiographic images were evaluated by consensus of two radiologists, who were blinded to clinical information. Clinical correlation was made between the presence and type of myocardial bridging on MDCT and the clinical results based on history, examination, and any subsequent clinical workup at the 2-month follow-up by a consensus of two physicians. Results Among the 401 patients, 23 (5.7%) cases of myocardial bridging were detected. Twenty-one (5.2%) cases of myocardial bridging were located at the middle third of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), one (0.25%) case was at the proximal third of the LAD, and one (0.25%) case was at the distal third of the LAD. Superficial bridging was identified in 15 patients and deep bridging in 8. The length of tunneled artery was between 5 and 27 mm, with a mean of 15.7 mm, and the depth of tunneled artery was between 1.0 and 7.0 mm, with a mean of 3.2 mm. Out of four patients whose chest pain was assumed to be associated with myocardial bridging, three patients had deep bridging. In the other 19 patients with bridging, alternative causes of chest pain were present. Conclusions We found the incidence of myocardial bridging in this patient group to be 5.7%. Larger multicenter studies are required to evaluate the incidence of myocardial bridging and to determine a link between myocardial bridging and chest pain.     

Hemodynamic evaluation by endoscopic ultrasonography of esophageal varices resistant to injection sclerotherapy

Purpose Some esophageal variceal cases are resistant to endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) using 5% ethanolamine oleate (5% EO). We evaluated the hemodynamics of esophageal varices that were resistant to EIS using 5% EO. Methods Selected for this study were 290 consecutive patients who underwent hemodynamic evaluation using endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS) and an ultrasonic microprobe (UMP) before EIS. EIS was performed using 5% EO with iopamidol (5% EOI) under fluoroscopy. We retrospectively evaluated the hemodynamic differences between patients resistant to and not resistant to EIS using 5% EOI. Results Nine patients were resistant to EIS using 5% EOI (group A). Various parameters were compared between the 281 patients who had been given EIS using 5% EOI for esophageal varices (group B) and the 9 patients in group A. The mean number of EIS treatments until shrinkage of esophageal varices was achieved in group A (6.8 ± 3.4) was significantly greater than that in group B (4.4 ± 2.1) (P < 0.01). The mean amount of 5% EOI used in group A (31.1 ± 17.4 ml) was significantly larger than that used in group B (14.9 ± 8.8 ml) (P < 0.001). The mean frequency shift of esophageal varices in group A (452.9 ± 106.6 Hz) was significantly higher than that in group B (313.0 ± 103.2 Hz) (P < 0.001) as determined by ECDUS. The mean diameter of esophageal varices as found by UMP was 8.0 ± 3.5 mm in group A and 4.6 ± 2.4 mm in group B, with the difference being significant (P < 0.01). Perforating veins inflowing from extramural to intramural regions were recognized in 8 (88.9%) of the 9 patients in group A and in 67 (24.1 %) of the 281 patients in group B. The mean diameter of the perforating vein was 3.8 ± 1.9 mm in group A and 2.1 ± 0.5 mm in group B, as shown by UMP, a difference that was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion Hemodynamic evaluation revealed that the esophageal varices were of a higher grade in group A than in group B. By using ECDUS and UMP, this study shed light on the hemodynamics of esophageal variceal cases resistant to EIS using 5% EOI.     

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein secondary to tumor thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: spiral CT visualization of the collateral vessels

Background: We investigated the constituting collateral vessels in cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) caused by tumor thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic (CT) examination. Methods: Fifty-four histopathologically proven HCC patients with tumor thrombosis-induced CTPV were retrospectively included and assigned to cirrhosis negative (n= 31) and positive (n= 23) groups. Another 15 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension but no HCC and CTPV were used for comparison. Standardized dual-phase contrast-enhanced spiral CT was performed for all patients. CT appearances of the collateral vessels of CTPV were observed, and their visualization rates were analyzed. Results: Biliary (cystic and paracholedochal veins) and gastric (left and right gastric veins) branches of the portal vein were the most frequently visualized collateral vessels of CTPV. There was a marked difference in CT visualization rates for biliary branches between patients with and without CTPV (83–94% vs. 0). No difference existed in visualization rates for gastric branches across the three groups (77–87% for left gastric, 58–61% for right gastric vein). Conclusions: Biliary and gastric branches of the portal vein are the major collateral vessels of CTPV. The intergroup differences in CT visualization rates may provide clues to the roles that they might play in the hemodynamic adaptation process of CTPV. Received: 13 October 1999/Accepted: 12 January 2000     

Usefulness of cone-beam computed tomography during balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) for gastric varices. Material and methods: Between December 2010 and March 2011, four patients underwent B-RTO for gastric varices that occurred after portal hypertension. In all, after insertion of sclerotic agents, CBCT was used to observe distribution of the sclerotic agent in the gastric varices and afferent gastric veins. Investigated was whether the entire gastric varices and afferent gastric veins were confirmed by retrograde venography performed when the sclerotic agent was infused and by CBCT obtained after insertion of the sclerotic agent. Results: On CBCT obtained after insertion of the sclerotic agent, distribution of sclerotic agents in the gastric varices and afferent gastric veins was clearly visualized. On the other hand, retrograde venography was inferior in detecting the area of distribution of sclerotic agents and the afferent gastric veins. Conclusion: Application of CBCT is helpful to precisely evaluate the distribution of sclerotic agents in B-RTO.     

64层螺旋CT门静脉成像诊断门静脉海绵样变性

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT门静脉成像在门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)诊断中的价值. 方法 收集并分析42例经证实的CTPV患者的64层螺旋CT门静脉成像资料. 结果 全部病例门静脉主干和(或)其分支闭塞和(或)狭窄.本组门静脉异常表现为门静脉主干和(或)其分支因栓子闭塞和(或)狭窄34例;门静脉受侵闭塞和(或)狭窄5例;门静脉原因不明的狭窄或闭锁3例.门静脉周围形成增粗、扭曲的侧支血管即门-门侧支血管:胆管周围静脉丛曲张39例;胆囊静脉丛曲张31例,有分支向肝内门静脉左支供血的胃左静脉曲张6例;并清楚显示多种门-体侧支血管;肝脏灌注异常18例;胆囊、胆管壁增厚28例. 结论 64层螺旋CT门静脉成像能很好地显示CTPV的特征,是很有效的诊断方法 .     

Endoscopic hemostasis of esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding with Histoacryl

Endoscopic injection of the tissue adhesive n-butyl-2-cyano-acrylate (Histoacryl) has been tried for esophageal or fundic variceal bleeding in 23 patients. Definitive hemostasis was achieved in 22 with a single injection of Histoacryl. Throughout the entire hospitalization period, which was completed with at least two weekly sessions of conventional sclerotherapy, only one recurrent bleeding was recorded. Four patients died of hepatic decompensation. It is suggested that Cyanoacrylate could overcome some of the shortcomings of conventional sclerotherapy such as early recurrent hemorrhage and bleeding from fundic varices.     

内镜治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓引起的食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效分析

目的明确内镜治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张出血的止血效果与意义。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-2015年12月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院住院收治食管胃底静脉曲张出血的肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的患者,比较非内镜治疗组和内镜治疗组患者止血治疗效果、主要死亡原因及生存时间。结果共纳入76例患者,非内镜治疗组27例,内镜治疗组49例。非内镜治疗组有40.7%(11/27)的患者1周内死亡,81.5%(22/27)死于食管胃底静脉曲张出血,平均生存期为(42.03±13.94)d;内镜治疗组仅16.3%(8/49)的患者1周内死亡(P0.05),55.1%(27/49)死于食管胃底静脉曲张出血(P0.05),平均生存期为(174.24±34.42)d(P0.05)。结论内镜下治疗能有效地降低患者死于食管胃底静脉曲张出血的风险,延长患者生存期,具有临床意义。     

64排螺旋CT血管造影评价肝硬化血管改变及侧支循环

目的 探讨MSCTA评价肝硬化肝脏血管的异常改变及侧支循环形成的价值。 方法 对168例肝硬化患者(肝硬化组)及120例无肝硬化的患者(对照组)行肝区三期MSCTA,应用MIP和VR进行重建,并对获得的图像进行对照分析。 结果 肝硬化组和对照组门静脉1级和肝静脉1级血管的显示差异无统计学意义(P分别为0.51、0.08),肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉分级显示差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肝硬化组肝动脉、门静脉起始部增粗85例,分支纤细、纡曲98例,门静脉癌栓形成9例,海绵变性8例,肝动脉持续显影55例、门静脉持续显影57例;对照组3例肝动脉、门静脉起始部增粗,2例分支纤细、纡曲,4例肝动脉持续显影,3例门静脉持续显影。肝硬化组交通支开放总数258支,其中食管胃底静脉曲张196例(196/258,75.97%),对照组仅2例见腹膜后分流。 结论 64排CT三期血管成像可准确、全面显示肝 硬化血管的异常改变及门体分流,尤其能较早、较全面地显示食管胃底静脉曲张,为临床提供更多可靠的诊断和治疗依据。     

胰源性区域性门静脉高压症的螺旋CT 诊断 ———与门静脉高压的对照研究

目的　探讨胰源性区域性门静脉高压 (PSPH)的CT表现及其鉴别诊断。方法　回顾性分析 1 8例PSPH的螺旋CT表现 ,并以 30例肝炎后门静脉高压 (PH)作为对照 ,着重观察胃周侧支静脉开放情况。结果　在PSPH和PH中 ,食管下端静脉、胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉、胃网膜静脉曲张或扩大的比例分别为 1 1 %、72 %、94%、94%和 1 0 0 %、1 0 0 %、2 8%、2 0 %。结论　与PH相比 ,PSPH的胃周侧支循环开放具有特征性 ,这对于PSPH的诊断和临床治疗具有指导意义     

Dedicated multi-detector CT of the esophagus: spectrum of diseases

Multi-detector computed tomography (CT) offers new opportunities in the imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. Its ability to cover a large volume in a very short scan time, and in a single breath hold with thin collimation and isotropic voxels, allows the imaging of the entire esophagus with high-quality multiplanar reformation and 3D reconstruction. Proper distention of the esophagus and stomach (by oral administration of effervescent granules and water) and optimally timed administration of intravenous contrast material are required to detect and characterize disease. In contrast to endoscopy and double-contrast studies of the upper GI tract, CT provides information about both the esophageal wall and the extramural extent of disease. Preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma appears to be the main indication for MDCT. In addition, MDCT allows detection of other esophageal malignancies, such as lymphoma and benign esophageal tumors, such as leiomyma. A diagnosis of rupture or fistula of the esophagus can be firmly established using MDCT. Furthermore, miscellaneous esophageal conditions, such as achalasia, esophagitis, diverticula, and varices, are incidental findings and can also be visualized with hydro-multi-detector CT. Multi-detector CT is a valuable tool for the evaluation of esophageal wall disease and serves as an adjunct to endoscopy.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在胰源性区域性门静脉高压症的诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的 探索多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在胰源性区域性门静脉高压症(PSPH)的诊断价值.方法 对38例PSPH 患者行全腹部CT 平扫及增强扫描,进行血管重建,分析脾静脉闭塞后侧支循环血管开放及曲张情况.结果 38 例PSPH 均表现为脾静脉闭塞.胃冠状静脉(GCV)未受累及32例中,胃短静脉(GSV)25例、胃冠状静脉(GCV)30 例、胃网膜静脉(GEV)25 例、胃结肠干(GCT)20 例;GCV受累及6例中,均出现GCV、GSV、GEV曲张.结论 MSCTA 能清晰显示PSPH 中脾静脉狭窄阻塞及侧支循环情况.     

Magnetic resonance angiography for monitoring prophylactic endoscopic treatment of high risk esophageal varices

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) are used worldwide as the treatment for esophageal varices. We evaluated portal hemodynamics using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in these two forms of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in 50 cirrhotic patients. MRA was performed to identify the hepatofugal supply vein selectively for esophageal varices. Those who showed a positive MR angiogram for the supply vein were randomly allocated to one of two groups, using the sealed envelope method, and underwent either EIS or EVL. On the other hand, those with a negative angiogram received only EVL. EIS was done to embolize esophageal varices as well as their feeders by intravariceal injection of sclerosant under fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: A positive MR angiogram of the hepatofugal left gastric vein as the supply vein was observed in 41 patients. Nine patients showed negative MRA results. Among those with positive angiograms, the rate of eradication of the left gastric vein was higher in the EIS-treated group than in the EVL treated group (50% vs. 8.6%). After either treatment, the recurrence-free rate for high risk esophageal varices was higher in patients with complete eradication of the left gastric vein than in those without (88% vs. 35%). In patients with negative angiogram results, who only underwent EVL, high risk esophageal varices did not reappear over a long period. CONCLUSION: MRA is useful for evaluating portal hemodynamics. With the aim of avoiding recurrence of esophageal varices, EIS was suitable for patients who had a hepatofugal supply vein for the varices because recurrence could be prevented by embolization of the supply vein. EVL may be expected to be efficacious in patients where no image of a hepatofugal supply vein is found on MRA.