经乳头内镜胰腺假性囊肿引流术

文章报告了３０例接受经乳头内镜胰腺假性囊肿引流术（ｅｎｄｕｓｃｏｐｉｃｔｒａｎｓｐａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｃｙｓｔｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ，ＥＴＣＤ）治疗的胰腺假性囊肿病人。２例病因为胆源性急性胰腺炎，２８例为慢性胰腺炎引起，平均主胰管最大直径４．２ｍｍ（３～１２ｍｍ），１１例存在胰管狭窄。本方法为通过主或副乳头置入假体管以引流与胰管系统相通的胰腺假性囊肿。施行诊断性ＥＲＣＰ后，进行短距（５ｍｍ）胰管括约肌切开术，可能的话事先行胆管括约肌切开术，扩张胰管狭窄后，置入胰管支架管，将导丝插入胰管并尽可能接近胰腺假性…     

急性胰腺炎早期ERCP及内镜治疗66例

目的探讨急性胰腺炎患者早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗应用的价值及安全性．方法急性胰腺炎患者作早期（１ｄ～７ｄ内）ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗（ＥＲＣＰ组，６６例），并以同期保守治疗的急性胰腺炎患者６０例作对照（对照组），观察两组患者血清淀粉酶恢复时间，腹痛缓解时间、住院天数、住院费用及并发症发生情况．结果ＥＲＣＰ组中，３６例为胆道疾病患者，４例为胰管结石，４例为胰腺分裂症，３例为乳头旁巨大憩室，１７例ＥＲＣＰ未见异常．作内镜下治疗３３例，其中ＥＰＴ及取石术１７例，４例作了副乳头切开及扩张术，１２例作了鼻胆管引流术．ＥＲＣＰ组腹痛缓解天数及平均住院天数分别为１１５ｄ±３６ｄ及２１７ｄ±５０ｄ，明显短于对照组（１５４ｄ±７８ｄ及３３０ｄ±６８ｄ，Ｐ＜００１）．血清淀粉酶恢复时间及住院费用两组相差不显著．两组均未发生严重并发症．结论急性胰腺炎早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗经济安全、有效，可缩短腹痛缓解时间及住院天数，作者认为对胆源性胰腺炎应尽早行ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗．     

先天性胆总管囊肿内引流术后癌变1例报告

先天性胆总管囊肿内引流术后癌变１例报告田自然患者女性，２７岁。１９８４年５月和１９８６年１０月两次因右上腹痛行Ｂ超检查：胆总管囊性扩张，８．０×７．３ｃｍ。静脉胆道造影未显影。ＥＲＣＰ见副乳头比主乳头大；摄片显示：胆总管显著纺锤形扩张，囊壁钙化，胆总...     

内镜治疗胆管结石124例分析

自１９９５年１月至１９９７年４月，我院对１２４例胆管结石患者经内镜综合诊治，现报告如下。资料和方法一、一般资料：本组１２４例中男５７例，女６７例；年龄２０～８０岁，平均５６岁。全部患者均有胆总管结石，其中伴乳头旁憩室４６例，肝总管结石４例，胰腺炎６例，急性胆管炎９例，乳头旁瘘２例。其中５４例肝功能有异常。１１９例Ｂ超示胆总管扩张（１．０～２．７ｃｍ）。１６例血白细胞升高。二、方法：常规经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）后，对２例胆总管十二指肠吻合术后患者直接用网篮取石，其余根据情况行经内镜乳头括…     

毕Ⅱ式胃切除患者行ERCP肠穿孔并发症的预防与治疗3例

１病例报告例１　男,７５岁,有多次胆道手术和胃切除史,因胆总管残余结石行ＥＲＣＰ,操作中内镜顺利到位,胆道造影成功后,采用余结石行ＥＲＣＰ,操作中内镜顺利到位,胆道造影成功后,采用针状切开刀行乳头括红肌小切开（长约０．５ｃｍ）,取石篮取石时颇困难,略用力取出直径１．０ｃｍ和０．５ｃｍ的结石各１枚,整个过程耗时１ｈ,当晚患者述腹痛,次日腹部透视发现膜后肾周及腰大肌旁有气体影,确认肠穿孔,ＥＲＣＰ后３０ｈ手术探查,术中发现十二指肠降段充血水肿,局部有少量渗血,打开侧腹膜见腹膜后有少量胆汁样渗液,考虑…     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术术后及随访结果

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ及国产球囊对４１例患者施行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ），成功的４０例平均左房压由术前的１５．７±３．１ｍｍＨｇ降到６．７±２．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨瓣压差由术前的１３．１±２．１ｍｍＨｇ降到４．５±２．４ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），二尖瓣口面积由术前的１．１０±０．２５ｃｍ２增加到１．９９±０．２７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房内径由４５．８±５．３ｍｍ减少到４１．２±４．９ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０５），心功能由术前的３．１０±０．６２级改善到１．５８±０．７４级（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２４例随访９±５个月结果示除２例发生再狭窄外，其余病例与术后３天相比，二尖瓣口面积和心功能无明显改变，左房内径进一步下降到３８．２±４．６ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明，ＰＢＭＶ的近远期效果良好。     

Oddi括约肌功能失调的内镜治疗

１９９５年１月至１９９８年３月 ,我们对３７例胆囊切除术后反复发作性上腹痛、并经内科治疗无效的病人行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术 (ＥＳＴ) ,近期疗效满意 ,现报告如下 :１．ＥＳＴ选择标准 :(１)胆囊切除术后 ;(２)典型的胆绞痛症状 ;(３)肝功能示血ＡＫＰ、ｒＧＴ升高 ;(４)ＥＲＣＰ示胆总管直径≥１２ｍｍ ,胆管无结石 ,下端呈鸟嘴状狭窄 ,ＥＲＣＰ后造影剂排空延迟。以上标准中 ,（３)为参考标准,其它各项为必备条件。二、一般资料 :３７例中男１２例 ,女２５例 ,年龄１９～７８岁。胆囊切除术后３个月～１４．５年 ,平均３２．１个月…     

内镜下机械碎石术治疗总胆管1.0cm以上结石(附121例分析)

内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术后应用机械碎石器治疗总胆管１．０ｃｍ以上结石１２１例，其中１枚结石６８例，２枚２１例，３枚１０例，３枚以上２２例。结石大小：１．０～１．４ｃｍ６３例，１．５～１．９ｃｍ３５例，２．０～２．４ｃｍ１７例，≥２．５ｃｍ６例。一次取净结石９９例，２次１６例，３次３１例，４次１例，失败２例，总成功率９８．３％，每例平均取石次数１．２次，术中渗血４例，术后出血２例，均经内镜下止血成功。术前准备要充分、器械消毒要彻底、操作时间不宜太长及术后卧床休息是预防并发症的关键。     

继发孔房间隔缺损与全肺静脉异位引流的心电图和血流动力学比较

观察１１２例房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）和３９例全肺静脉异位引流（ＴＡＰＶＣ）的ＥＣＧ，若ＱＲＳ电轴正常、左偏或右偏伴Ｖ１呈ｒＳ，可排除ＴＡＰＶＣ。电轴右偏，Ｒｖ１≥１５ｍｍ，Ｖ１呈单纯Ｒ或ｑＲ型，而Ｖ５～６导联为ｒＳ型伴ＰⅡ≥０．２５ｍＶ高度提示ＴＡＰＶＣ。ＴＡＰＶＣ的心导管检查诊断依据：１．ＳａＱ２８０～９０％，且与肺动脉血氧饱和度相近，２．轻度肺动脉高压（≥４．１ｋＰａ）伴大的左向右分流（Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ＞３∶１），３．导管进入异常途径并采血化验血氧含量高于正常，４．肺动脉选择造影右房提早显影。     

哑铃型气囊导管笃食管狭窄治疗价值的探讨

目的 探讨哑铃型气囊对食管狭窄的疗效。方法 采用ＥＶＩＳ２００系列ＳＹ哑铃型气囊导管扩张器治疗食管狭窄１１５例。结果 本组扩张前口径为０．３～０．５ｃｍ,第一次扩张后明显效果者５５例,扩张至口径１．２ｃｍ以上;有效者５６例,扩张后口径０．６～１．１ｃｍ,４例因吻合口狭窄伴有成角畸形严重,扩张３次后口径由０．４ｃｍ扩到１．２ｃｍ。结论 此方法简单、易行、安全、可靠,可迅速打开进食通道,解决病人进食困     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.