阿昔洛韦在3种不同包装输液中的稳定性

目的考察阿昔洛韦在PVC袋(聚氯乙烯输液袋)、三层复合膜输液袋及玻璃瓶中的稳定性是否存在差异。方法阿昔洛韦分别以NS液及5%GS配制于PVC袋、三层复合膜输液袋及玻璃瓶中,于4℃,25℃,37℃下放置24h,分别于0,0.5,1,3,6,8,12,24h时取样检测其外观、pH值、含量、有关物质,其中含量和有关物质以高效液相色谱法进行检测。结果阿昔洛韦在各条件下于PVC袋、三层复合膜输液袋及玻璃瓶中各检测项目均无明显变化,3组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论阿昔洛韦在各条件下均较稳定,其在3实验组中的稳定性无差异。     

注射用头孢噻肟钠在4种不同包装输液中的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用头孢噻肟钠在聚氯乙烯(PVC)输液袋、聚丙烯(PP)塑料输液瓶、非聚氯乙烯(NPVC)多层共挤膜输液袋及玻璃瓶包装输液中的稳定性差异。方法将注射用头孢噻肟钠分别以0.9%氯化钠及5%葡萄糖注射液配制于PVC输液袋、PP塑料输液瓶、NPVC多层共挤膜输液袋及玻璃瓶中,各于4℃、25℃条件下放置,并于0、0.5、1、2、4、6h时取样,观察外观,测定pH值,另用紫外分光光度法测定含量。结果注射用头孢噻肟钠在各温度条件下于4种包装输液中各检测项目均无明显变化,4组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.1)。仅25℃时在PVC输液袋装5%葡萄糖注射液中浓度下降超过10%。结论临床上应避免头孢噻肟钠在高温下于PVC输液袋装5%葡萄糖注射液中使用。     

盐酸格拉司琼注射液在玻璃瓶和PVC软袋输液中的稳定性考查

目的考查盐酸格拉司琼注射液在玻璃瓶和PVC软袋(聚氯乙烯输液袋)输液中的稳定性是否存在差异。方法盐酸格拉司琼分别以生理盐水(NS)和5%葡萄糖(GS)注射液配制于玻璃瓶和PVC软袋中,于4℃、25℃、37℃下放置24h,分别于0、1、2、4、6、8、12和24h取样,检测其外观、含量和有关物质,其中含量和有关物质以高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)进行检测。结果盐酸格拉司琼在各条件下于玻璃瓶和PVC软袋输液中各检测项目均无明显变化,2组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论盐酸格拉司琼在各条件下均较稳定,其在玻璃瓶和PVC软袋输液中的稳定性无差异。     

3种材质输液容器对药物的相容性及吸附性考察

目的:考察非聚氯乙烯(PVC)多层共挤复合膜输液袋、PVC输液袋和玻璃瓶与大输液的相容性及3种材质输液容器对6种药物的吸附性。方法:将5%葡萄糖注射液(5%GS)、0.9%氯化钠注射液(0.9%NaCl)分别置于3种材质输液容器中存放1y,观察、测定并比较5%GS、0.9%NaCl各质量控制指标及其变化;将一定量6种药品加入3种包装材质输液中,与输液混合均匀后分别于0、1、24h时测定药物浓度,并与0h时比较。结果:与玻璃瓶比较非PVC和PVC材质输液容器中5%GS、0.9%NaCl多数检测指标结果无显著性差异(P>0.05),但PVC材质中2种大输液含量下降(P<0.05);在PVC输液袋中,胰岛素、硝酸异山梨酯和硝酸甘油含量在34.44%～80.80%之间,含量下降百分比与玻璃瓶比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05);在玻璃瓶中,硝酸异山梨酯和硝酸甘油含量为72.83%～81.86%,含量下降百分比与非PVC比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:PVC及玻璃瓶材质对部分药物有吸附性,应引起临床注意;非PVC材质与大输液相容性良好,对药物吸附性较小。     

4种输液包装材料对注射用美罗培南吸附性的考察

目的考察玻璃瓶、聚丙烯塑料瓶(PP)、聚氯乙烯软袋(PVC)、非聚氯乙烯复合膜软袋(NPVC)4种包装材料在葡萄糖和氯化钠两种溶媒大输液中对注射用美罗培南的吸附情况。方法将注射用美罗培南与4种不同材料包装的50g·L-1葡萄糖注射液及9g·L-1氯化钠注射液分别配制成配伍液,在室温(25℃)和5℃条件下,于0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7和8h取样,用高效液相色谱法测定美罗培南的含量,并观察其颜色变化。结果与葡萄糖注射液配伍时,4种包装材料对美罗培南的吸附性无显著差异(P>0.05),PVC软袋中溶液在5℃时放置8h后、室温时放置5h后变成微黄色,PP塑料瓶中溶液在室温放置7h后变成微黄色,其余颜色无变化。与氯化钠注射液配伍时,PVC软袋的吸附性大于PP塑料瓶和非PVC复合膜软袋,差异显著(P<0.05),PVC软袋中溶液在5℃和室温时均放置8h后变微黄色,其余颜色无变化。结论非PVC复合膜软袋是较理想的输液包装材料,具有广阔的前景。     

环磷酰胺注射液在玻璃瓶和PVC软输液袋中的稳定性考察

目的 考察环磷酰胺注射液在玻璃瓶和PVC软袋（聚氯乙烯输液袋）输液中的稳定性是否存在差异.方法 环磷酰胺用0.9%氯化钠注射液配制于玻璃瓶和PVC软袋中,于室温下放置24 h,分别于0、1、2、4、8、12和24 h取样,检测其外观和性状,并用高效液相色谱法检测其含量.结果 环磷酰胺在玻璃瓶和PVC软袋输液中外观和性状均无明显变化,12 h内2组输液稳定,2组之间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论 在室温12 h内,环磷酰胺溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液均较稳定,其在玻璃瓶和PVC软输液袋中的稳定性无差异.     

PVC输液袋及一次性输液器对马来酸桂哌齐特的吸附作用考察

目的考察PVC输液袋及一次性输液器对马来酸桂哌齐特的吸附情况。方法采用紫外分光光度法分别测定马来酸桂哌齐特在2种不同材质输液容器中及流经一次性输液器前后浓度变化。结果8h内在0．9％氯化纳和5％葡萄糖输液中,PVC纽与玻璃瓶组马来酸挂哌齐特含量均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;4h内流经输液器浓度变化小于2％。结论PVC输液袋及一次性输液器对马来酸桂哌齐特无吸附作用。可使用PVC输液袋和一次性输液器进行静脉滴注。     

注射用穿琥宁与4种输液配伍的稳定性

目的考察在25℃温度下,穿琥宁在5%葡萄糖、10%葡萄糖、葡萄糖氯化钠、0.9%氯化钠输液中配伍的稳定性。方法将穿琥宁加入到上述4种不同输液中,模拟临床用药浓度,放置25℃温度下,用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后不同时间混合液的吸收度,计算穿琥宁在输液中的含量,同时测定混合液的pH值,观察外观。结果穿琥宁与4种输液配伍后,在25℃温度下放置6h内,含量、PH值、外观均无明显变化。结论穿琥宁可与上述4种输液配伍使用。     

非PVC多层共挤输液膜与碳酸氢钠注射液的相容性

目的研究非PVC多层共挤输液膜与碳酸氢钠注射液的相容性。方法按生产工艺配制碳酸氢钠注射液,分装于非PVC多层共挤输液袋中,检测各项指标,并与玻璃瓶进行比较。结果用非PVC多层共挤输液袋包装的碳酸氢钠注射液中间体及成品长期室温放置条件下pH值明显升高。结论碳酸氢钠注射液不适用于非PVC多层共挤输液袋包装。     

穿琥宁注射液与5种输液配伍的稳定性

目的考察室温下穿琥宁注射液与5种常用输液配伍的稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后0～8h内穿琥宁的含量变化,同时观察配伍液的pH值、外观及穿琥宁紫外吸收光谱的变化。结果室温下8h内,穿琥宁注射液与5种输液配伍后pH值、外观、含量及紫外吸收光谱均无显著变化。结论穿琥宁注射液可与5种输液配伍应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.