宁心安神颗粒定性定量方法研究

目的建立宁心安神颗粒的定性定量方法。方法采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对方中的炒酸枣仁、刺五加和夏枯草进行定性鉴别;以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分别测定制剂中酸枣仁皂苷A和紫丁香苷的含量,酸枣仁皂苷A的含量测定采用Agilent C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),蒸发光检测器,雾化温度60℃,柱温为25℃;紫丁香苷的含量测定采用Agilent C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长265 nm,柱温为25℃。结果炒酸枣仁、刺五加和夏枯草的TLC图斑点清晰,分离度较好且阴性样品无干扰;酸枣仁皂苷A、紫丁香苷的线性范围分别为72.1～1154.3μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),4.5～90.8μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),仪器精密度和重复性试验的RSD均小于2%,平均加样回收率分别为103.5%、95.6%。结论本试验所建立的方法专属性强,准确可靠,可用于宁心安神颗粒的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定百年康口服液中橙皮苷的含量

目的：建立百年康口服液中橙皮苷的含量测定方法。方法：采用HPLC法,色谱柱为YWG C_(18)(150mm×4．6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0．25%磷酸水(20∶80)；检测波长为285nm,流速为1．0mL/min。结果：橙皮苷在5～50mg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9996),平均回收率为100．92%,RSD为1．78%。结论：本法灵敏、准确、重现性好、精密度高、专属性强,可用于百年康口服液中橙皮苷的含量测定和质量控制。     

十一味参龙口服液的质量标准研究

目的:建立十一味参龙口服液的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对人参、黄芪、白术和甘草进行定性鉴别。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定制剂中的淫羊藿苷、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re含量。淫羊藿苷检测色谱柱为VP-ODS(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液(26∶74,V/V),检测波长为270 nm;人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re检测色谱柱为VP-ODS(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),检测波长为203 nm。结果:人参、黄芪、白术和甘草的TLC斑点清晰、分离度好。淫羊藿苷、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re进样量分别在0.252 4⁴.038 4、0.250 24.038 4、0.250 2⁴.003 8、0.249 94.003 8、0.249 9³.998 7μg范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r分别为0.999 9、0.999 8、0.999 9,n均为6);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2%;平均加样回收率分别为98.57%、98.16%、98.93%,RSD分别为1.61%、1.34%、1.51%(n均为9)。结论:所建标准可用于十一味参龙口服液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定乳癖康片中橙皮苷的量

目的:探讨乳癖康片中橙皮苷的定量方法,以控制其质量。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为MerkLichrospher RP-18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)柱,流动相为甲醇-水(35∶65),检测波长为284nm。结果:橙皮苷质量浓度在25.12~125.60μg/mL具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.81%,RSD=0.72%。结论:该方法能满足乳癖康片中橙皮苷的测定要求,可以用于该制剂的质量控制。     

枳楂健胃颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立枳楂健胃颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中枳实和山楂进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定橙皮苷的含量:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(20∶80),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为40℃,检测波长为283nm。结果:TLC鉴别方法专属性强、重现性好,阴性对照无干扰。橙皮苷的进样量在0.102～1.122μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998);平均回收率为99.23%,RSD=0.20%(n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于枳楂健胃颗粒的质量控制。     

宝儿康颗粒的质量标准研究

目的建立宝儿康颗粒的质量控制方法。方法用薄层色谱法对宝儿康颗粒中的太子参、甘草、白术、薏苡仁、山楂进行定性鉴别;以橙皮苷为对照品,采用HPLC法测定了宝儿康颗粒中陈皮的含量。色谱柱:Inertsil ODS-3(不锈钢柱4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸溶液(40∶60);检测波长:283 nm。结果太子参、甘草、白术、薏苡仁、山楂均能以薄层色谱鉴别;含量测定中橙皮苷线性范围0.054⁰.54μg(r=0.9999),回收率为99.2%(RSD=0.63%,n=6)。结论方法操作简便,灵敏度高,专属性和重线性好,可有效地控制宝儿康颗粒的质量。     

HPLC-ELSD测定酸枣仁合剂中酸枣仁皂苷A的含量

目的 建立酸枣仁合剂中酸枣仁皂苷A的含量测定方法.方法 应用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLCELSD),色谱柱:Hypersil ODS-2C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(60:40),测定酸枣仁合剂中酸枣仁皂苷A的含量.结果 平均回收率为99.09%(RSD=3.05%).结论 本方法简便,重现性良好,可作为酸枣仁合剂的质量控制方法.     

HPLC法测定陈砂口服液中橙皮苷的含量

目的 建立陈砂口服液中橙皮苷的含量测定方法.方法 采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-OOS柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-冰醋酸-水(35:4:61),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长283nm.结果 橙皮苷在0.0895-0.716μg之间与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为99.16%,RsD=1.85%(n-6).结论 建立的方法 简便、准确,可用于陈砂口服液的质量控制     

维血康颗粒中药材的鉴定及橙皮苷的测定

目的 建立维血康颗粒的质量标准.方法 采用TLC法鉴别党参、熟地黄、何首乌;采用HPLC法测定橙皮苷的含量,色谱柱为Agilent Hypersil C_(18)(250 mm×4 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(21:79),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),测定波长283 nm.结果 定性鉴别的分离度好、重复性好、专属性强;橙皮苷的线性范围为1.084～5.240 μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.94%,RSD=1.69%.结论 所用方法准确、专属性强,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

养血饮口服液的质量标准

目的:建立养血饮口服液的质量控制标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对当归和大枣进行定性鉴别;用高效液相-蒸发光散射法测定黄芪甲苷的含量,选用的色谱柱为Luna C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(38∶62),柱温为40℃,流速为0.8 ml·min-1,蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度为85℃,气体流速2.0 L·min-1。结果:薄层色谱法检出了当归和大枣的特征斑点,黄芪甲苷的线性范围为0.522~4.176μg(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率为97.9%,RSD为1.03%(n=6)。结论:该方法易于操作,结果准确,重复性良好,可用于的养血饮口服液质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.